Cultural sharing in a global village: Evidence for extracultural cognition in European Americans.

The authors examined the effects of exposure to foreign cultural environments and symbols on decision making among European Americans. Although European Americans predicted change less frequently than East Asians did (Pilot Study A), European Americans anticipated greater change when primed with East Asian culturally-laden locations (Pilot Study B and Study 1) and the East Asian yin–yang symbol (Studies 2–7). These effects held in the domains of stock prediction and weather forecasting and were stronger the more familiar European Americans were with the cultural primes, and the longer they had spent overseas. Together, these findings suggest that familiar culturally-laden cues sometimes prime people within one cultural milieu to make so-called extracultural judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Human acclimation to work in warm and humid environments

The aim of this study was to analyse the acclimation of male Europeans during a forty-one day stay in the hot and humid climate of Thailand. We also tried to examine the phases of acclimation which would eventually be used by trainers in the elaboration of the schedule of athletes' preparation to participate in competitions in a tropical climate. Twelve Polish male subjects ageing 21-38 years participated in these examinations. In Poland and Thailand the cycloergometric exercise test with the load of 53% of VO2max was performed until a 1.2 degrees C (delta Tre) increase in rectal temperature was reached. The exercise test was executed in the same environmental conditions (i.e. 30 +/- 1 degrees C and 70 +/- 3% of relative humidity). The duration of this exercise test (DE) was used as a criterion for the efficiency of thermoregulatory functions. During acclimation, three peaks of greater exercise thermoregulatory efficiency have been found, i.e. on the 4th-5th, 11th-12th and 29th-30th days of stay. These findings are particularly important for professional athletes who wish to prepare themselves for competitions held in hot and humid climates.     

依照节能法规做好节能工作

本文介绍公司近年来的有效节能方法和公司节能前景。     

强化计量工作合理节约能源

文章介绍了青铜峡铝业集团公司通过准确的计量数据为企业提供了可靠的管理依据，进行有效的在线工艺控制，使计量检测水平真正向自动化、一体化方向发展，为企业的产品质量和经济效益提高创造了科学的条件，起到了保证的作用。     

Changes in energy expenditure and work during response acquisition in rats.

The principle of least effort predicts that behavior will tend to maximum efficiency. To test this prediction, changes in the energy expended (VO?) and work performed per reinforcement were monitored continuously as rats learned to press a beam with a criterion force for liquid food rewards. All 12 Ss exhibited significant decreases in energy expended per reinforcement over the 16 days of observation. Of these, 10 Ss also decreased the work performed per reinforcement. Analyses of motor performance were undertaken to determine how motor programs for changing efficiency were generated. The 10 Ss showing decreased work reinforcement also exhibited significant decreases in the variability of temporal and kinetic response features and in mean response magnitude as a function of practice. Adjustments in work output were primarily accomplished by modifying temporal response features. The kinetic features remained relatively constant for these animals. The remaining 2 Ss differed in that response recruitment increased after Day 9. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of muscular mechanical energy expenditure and internal work in cycling

The hypothesis that the sum of the absolute changes in mechanical energy (internal work) is correlated with the muscular mechanical energy expenditure (MMEE) was tested using two elliptical chainrings, one that reduced and one that increased the internal work (compared to circular). Upper and lower bounds were put on the extra MMEE (work done by net joint torques in excess of the external work) with respect to the effect of intercompensation between joint torques due to biarticular muscles. This was done by having two measures of MMEE, one that allowed no intercompensation and one that allowed complete intercompensation between joints spanned by biarticular muscles. Energy analysis showed no correlation between internal work and the two measures of MMEE. When compared to circular, the chainring that reduced internal work increased MMEE, and phases of increased crank velocity associated with the elliptical shape resulted in increased power absorbed by the upstroke leg as it was accelerated against gravity. The resulting negative work necessitated additional positive work. Thus, the hypothesis that the internal work is correlated with MMEE was found to be invalid, and the total mechanical work done cannot be estimated by summing the internal and external work. Changes in the dynamics of cycling caused by a non-circular chainring may affect performance and must be considered during the non-circular chainring design process.     

Orientation and strain dependence of stored energy of cold work in axisymmetric copper

X-ray line broadening characterizations of the stored energy of cold work in axisymmetric OFHC copper rods has been studied as a function of crystallographic orientation and uniaxial strain level. The results were correlated with a path-averaged Taylor factor. As previously reported for plane-strain rolling, the stored energy of cold work is found to increase monotonically with increasing Taylor factor. This correlation is observed to hold over the entire range of strains studied, 0.092 ≤ ε≤ 0.367. Particle size separation of the Fourier line broadening coefficients indicates that particle size effects are dominant in OFHC copper at a strain level of 0.367. Formerly Graduate Student of Mechanical Engineering at Brigham Young University     

企业深入开展节能减排工作的途径

本文结合中国铝业山西分公司在节能减排过程中的一些成功经验,通过树立企业节约意识,建设企业节约文化;建立节能减排管理模式,完善节能减排管理制度;提高设备和生产工艺的节能减排能力;强化企业技术创新;发展循环经济,提高资源利用率等五个方面展开讨论,为企业节能减排提供了有益的参考。     

Outbreak of vampire bat biting in a Venezuelan village

An outbreak of 154 cases of vampire bat biting in a four-month period in the gold mine of Payapal, a Venezuelan village, is reported. All patients were bitten during the night and the most bites were on their toes. No complication attributed to the bite was reported. Diagnoses of rabies virus made by means of immunofluorescence were negative. A possible reason for this outbreak may been the development of mining areas, with the inhabitants providing an alternative food source for the bats.     

An outbreak of vampire bat bite in a Brazilian village

An outbreak of 26 cases of vampire bat bite in one month in the rural area of Honorópolis, a Brazilian village, is reported. All patients were bitten during the night, when they were asleep, and most bites were on their toes. No complication attributed to the bite was reported. The patients were given prophylactic antirabies serum and rabies vaccine. Control of the outbreak was achieved by visiting bat roosting sites, smearing captured vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) with a paste of 2% warfarin in vaseline, and releasing them. No case of human or animal rabies was diagnosed in a 5-month follow-up. A possible explanation for the outbreak of bat bite is that, because of man-induced environmental modifications in their habitats, vampire bats in Honorópolis now live in the peridomiciliar area, where people are more exposed to their bites. An alternative explanation is related to the use in cattle of a pyrethroid insecticide to control the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, as both events were temporally related. The insecticide could have had a repellent effect on bats, that then started to seek alternative food sources.     

Primary care in the village. An approach to village self-help health programmes

The health clinic run in Kalirandu, Indonesia, by Foster Parents Plan, a private philanthropic welfare organization is described. In 1974 the Plan was serving 3000 families through 4 clinics, providing general curative services, pre- and postnatal services, family planning, dental care, and referral to the local urban hospital where needed. Each clinic treated about 100 patients per day at a cost of $1 per client family per month. However, few inocculations were given and few preventive health checks were requested. When the number of Plan families grew to 9500 while the population of the served communities grew to 400,000 with no increase in clinic budget, a different approach was tried. Instead of serving only the families helped direactly by the Plan, a total community service was developed. Plan personnel began to encourage use of the government health clinics. A rural health insurance system was developed which entitles the families to preventive health services. Plan medical staff and the local health center trained volunteers from Kalirandu in the use of a few simple medicines. The volunteers were selected by the village headmen and generally have elementary school education and a position of responsibility. This health "kader" works without payment and has 10-15 families living near him for whom he is responsible. At the time of writing there were over 500 kaders trained. Inservice courses are conducted to keep them up-to-date. An acceptors club was formed to motivate use of family planning. Seeking a more active role in village life, the acceptors club then took on child nutrition as a project, weighing children and reminding mothers of inoculations. The self-help momentum is spreading to housing and better farming practices, which is providing more vegetable gardens and better sources of Vitamin A. It is emphasized that this type of group responsibility cannot be imposed from outside. It is community leaders within that provide the motivation for self-help projects.     

确定燃油粘度在节能工作中的重要意义

燃油油温与其粘度存在着对应函数关系，通过检测油温可知其相应粘度，同时又可决定在燃油输送及雾化过程中所必须的蒸汽用量，可达到既不浪费蒸汽，又能保证其正常运输和雾化的双重目的，在确保安全的前提下最终实现节能目标。     

Regulation of energy metabolism of the heart during acute increase in heart work

We determined the contribution of all major energy substrates (glucose, glycogen, lactate, oleate, and triglycerides) during an acute increase in heart work (1 microM epinephrine, afterload increased by 40%) and the involvement of key regulatory enzymes, using isolated working rat hearts exhibiting physiologic values for contractile performance and oxygen consumption. We accounted for oxygen consumption quantitatively from the rates of substrate oxidation, measured on a minute-to-minute basis. Total beta-oxidation (but not exogenous oleate oxidation) was increased by the work jump, consistent with a decrease in the level of malonyl-CoA. Glycogen and lactate were important buffers for carbon substrate when heart work was acutely increased. Three mechanisms contributed to high respiration from glycogen: 1) carbohydrate oxidation was increased selectively; 2) stimulation of glucose oxidation was delayed at glucose uptake; and 3) glycogen-derived pyruvate behaved differently from pyruvate derived from extracellular glucose. Despite delayed activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase relative to phosphorylase, glycogen-derived pyruvate was more tightly coupled to oxidation. Also, glycogen-derived lactate plus pyruvate contributed to an increase in the relative efflux of lactate versus pyruvate, thereby regulating the redox. Glycogen synthesis resulted from activation of glycogen synthase late in the protocol but was timed to minimize futile cycling, since phosphorylase a became inhibited by high intracellular glucose.     

The distribution of intestinal helminth infections in a rural village in Guatemala

Alterations in pigmentation of the skin are commonly encountered as a patient's primary reason for seeking medical care. They may be discovered as incidental findings on examination of the skin. The physician should be able to recognize and treat some of the common pigmentary disorders and to make referrals when appropriate. It is important to be aware of associations of pigmentary changes with systemic diseases.     

Self-determination in a work organization.

Research testing self-determination theory was discussed in terms of recent work on intrinsic motivation, participative management, and leadership. On three occasions, managers' interpersonal orientations—toward supporting subordinates' self-determination versus controlling their behavior—were related to perceptions, affects, and satisfactions of the subordinates. Data from 23 managers and their subordinates in a major corporation showed that managers' orientations did correlate with the subordinate variables, although the magnitude of the relation varied, seemingly as a function of factors in the corporate climate. An organizational development intervention, focused on the concept of supporting subordinates' self-determination, was provided for the managers. Evaluation of the program showed a clearly positive impact on managers' orientations, though a less conclusive radiation to subordinates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Human habituation to an acoustical energy distribution spectrum.

Do people become used to aircraft noises? "A group of 28 Ss showed a significant increase in tolerance for the jet-engine noise (in comparison to propeller noise) after two series of exposure trials a week for three consecutive weeks. The tolerance for the habituated group at the end of three weeks was also significantly greater than that shown by 20 control Ss tested then for the first time. A test using additional Ss in another experiment corroborated the results of the first test." People do tend to mind jet noise less with repeated exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

It takes a village: Children's transition to kindergarten.

Reviews the books, The transition to kindergarten by R. C. Pianta and M. J. Cox (Eds.) (1999); and Successful kindergarten transition: Your guide to connecting children, families, & schools by R. C. Pianta and M. Kraft-Sayre (Eds.) (2003). The book, The Transition to Kindergarten, is a compilation of information presented by chapter authors at "The Transition to Kindergarten: A Synthesis Conference" in 1998. In addition, four synthesis groups focusing on transition research, practice, training, and policy contributed the final chapters of the book. The result is a comprehensive text that includes coverage of a variety of topics and perspectives on the transition to kindergarten. The Transition to Kindergarten is a detailed and comprehensive text that reviews current literature and provides direction for future research, policy, practice, and training of personnel. Successful Kindergarten Transition provides a theory-based practical approach to planning transition activities that allows for planning according to specific school and community needs. No other available texts specifically cover kindergarten transition, which makes these texts unique. Whether the reader is interested in researching the transition to kindergarten or planning/ implementing related activities, these texts are indispensable references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)