Simulation of digital transmission over mobile channels at 300 kb/s

Studies of digital transmission over typical urban and suburban mobile channels using simulations that employ a local area model for the time varying mobile channel impulse response are discussed. The digital transmission techniques of coherently detected and differentially coherent detected versions of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), and coherently detected binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) over example mobile channels are presented. Two measures of performance are considered; the mean bit error ratio (and irreducible bit error ratio), which is used to compare the robustness of the various modulation methods to delay spread, and the outage probability, which provides a measure of the overall transmission quality as would be perceived by a user. Emphasis is placed on results obtained for GMSK, which is the modulation scheme to be employed in the Pan-European digital cellular mobile system. The effects of RMS delay spread on the mean bit error ratio, mean irreducible bit error ratio, and probability of outage are considered for different channel types     

Analysis of DPSK error rate due to multipath delay spread

The intersymbol interference (ISI) produced by multipath channel delay spread can be approximated as Gaussian noise. The equivalent average signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) is defined. Very simple expressions for average bit error rate (BER) due to delay spread are derived for linear quaternary DPSK (QDPSK) transmission with differential detection over mobile radio Rayleigh fading channels.<>     

Performance of Multiple-Access DCSK Communication over a Multipath Fading Channel with Delay Spread

The bit error rate (BER) performances of variant delay multiple-access differential chaos-shift keying (VDMA-DCSK) communication systems over a multipath fading channel with delay spread are investigated. The BER formula of the VDMA-DCSK over the fading channel is evaluated. A two-ray Rayleigh fading channel model is used to simulate the VDMA-DCSK system. The theoretical and simulation results are presented and they match each other, which supports the theoretical analysis. The multipath performance of the VDMA-DCSK is compared with that of a benchmark coherent MA-CSK system and with that of an invariant delay MA-DCSK system. The results show that in the multipath fading channel with delay spread environment the VDMA-DCSK system performance decreases least.     

The effect of sample timing on bit error rate performance in a multipath fading channel

Digital mobile radio often suffers from fatal effects caused by frequency-selective fading, resulting in severe bit error rate (BER) degradation. The feasibility of digital mobile radio largely depends on the multipath-distortion tolerant capability of modulation technique. The BER performance is compared among four digital modulation techniques in a frequency selective fading channel with large multipath delay spread. In particular, taking the timing fluctuation of eye patterns due to delay distortion of a fading channel into account, the effect of sample timing on BER is analyzed. The analyses have revealed that BER performance markedly depends on the choice of sample timing, and also an interesting fact that BPSK is outstanding in the multipath-distortion tolerance, if coupled with adaptive sampling, and its BER curves remain almost the same as that of frequency-flat fading as long as multipath delay difference is less than a bit interval.     

基于ITS信道模型的HF信道模拟器的实现

提出了一种基于ITS短波信道模型的HF信道模拟器的实现方法,并给出了线性调频信号通过HF信道模拟器后频域的MATLAB仿真结果。信号通过信道后产生的时延展宽、多普勒频移和多普勒展宽都是利用现场可编程逻辑门阵列来实现。电离层参数是利用三维射线追踪技术根据选定的电离层模型得到。这种HF信道模拟器适用于高达500kHz带宽的信号。利用这种HF信道模拟器,实现了在实验室研究探测信号经过HF信道传输的特性的可能。     

Measurement Data-Based Link-Level and System-Level Simulations for Single Carrier SC/MMSE MIMO Turbo Equalization Technique

Current advances in multi-dimensional channel sounding techniques make it possible to evaluate performances of signal processing algorithms in realistic conditions. By using channel impulse response measurement data collected in the real fields, link-level performances of signal transmission techniques in the fields such as bit error rate (BER) and frame error rate (FER) performances can be evaluated. This technique is called link-level simulation. Through statistical analysis of link-level simulation results, system-level performances of the techniques such as geographical distribution of BER and FER in the area of interest can also be evaluated. This technique is called system-level simulation. This paper focuses on link- and system-level performances of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Turbo Equalizer in real fields. Methodologies for the link- and system-level simulations using field measurement data are first presented. Results of link- and system-level simulations using two-dimensional channel sounding field measurement data collected in Tokyo are then presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

初始判决指导的DS／CDMA最大似然检测算法

本文首先给出了多径异步多用户ＤＳ／ＣＤＭＡ系统的一种数学模型，得出了恒参信道下最大似然检测（ＭＬＳＥ）算法的一种新的表示形式，然后作者具体分析了以ＲＡＫＥ接收机作为衰落信道的匹配滤波器时，最大似然检测器的算法设计问题，分析指出，在多径环境下ＭＬＳＥ算法的复杂度和计算量与多径时延的分布有关，如果有用户时延扩散在一个信息码元之内，算法复杂度和恒参信道下相同，而其实现可以用状态中变的Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法来     

Out-of-Band Signaling Scheme for High Speed Wireless LANs

In recent years, the physical layer data rate provided by 802.11 Wireless LANs has dramatically increased thanks to significant advances in the modulation and coding techniques employed. However, previous studies show that the 802.11 MAC operation, namely the distributed coordination function (DCF), represents a limiting factor: the throughput efficiency drops as the channel bit rate increases, and a throughput upper limit does indeed exist when the channel bit rate goes to infinite high. These findings indicate that the performance of the DCF protocol will not be efficiently improved by merely increasing the channel bit rate. This paper shows that the DCF performance may significantly benefit from the adoption of two separate physical carriers: one devised to manage the channel access contention, and another devised to deliver information data. We propose a scheme, referred to as out-of-band signaling (OBS), designed to reuse (and remain backward compatible with) the existing 802.11 medium access control (MAC) specification. Performance evaluation of OBS is carried out through analytical techniques validated via extensive simulation, for both saturation and statistical traffic conditions. Numerical results show that OBS improves the throughput/delay performance, and provides better bandwidth usage compared with the in-band signaling technique employed by DCF.     

初始判决指导下的DS/CDMA最大似然检测算法

本文首先给出了多径异步多用户ＤＳ／ＣＤＭＡ系统的一种数学模型，得出了恒参信道下最大似然检测（ＭＬＳＥ）算法的一种新的表示形式。然后作者具体分析了以ＲＡＫＥ接收机作为衰落信道的匹配滤波器时，最大似然检测器的算法设计问题。分析指出，在多径环境下ＭＬＳＥ算法的复杂度和计算量与多径时延的分布有关，如果用户时延扩散在一个信息码元之内，算法复杂度和恒参信道下相同，而其实现可以用状态数可变的Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法来实现。最后，本文用传统判决方法得出的初始判决信息缩减Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法的搜索空间，在保证一定性能的前提下，算法的计算复杂度大大降低。     

OFDM系统基于导频的信道多径时延估计

本文针对宽带正交频分复用(OFDM)系统,分析了多径时延扩展与循环前缀(cP)长度及导频数目的关系.随后利用导频的频域相关性估计得到信道时域功率时延谱(PDP),并根据PDP提出信道均方根(RMS)时延及最大多径时延门限值的估计算法.最终实现OFDM系统对信道多径参量的实时跟踪,有利于系统参数自适应调整.仿真结果表明,本文算法在低复杂度条件下可以有效获知当前传输信道模型多径时延参数的近似统计信息.     

Narrow-band interference excision in spread spectrum systems usinglapped transforms

In order to mitigate narrow-band interference in spread spectrum communications systems, novel communications receivers incorporating transform domain filtering techniques are designed. In this paper, lapped transforms are used to transform the received data signal to the transform domain wherein adaptive excision is performed. Transform domain detection algorithms, which yield bit decisions based on the remaining signal energy, are analyzed and, together with excision, are employed on a block-by-block basis to suppress single-tone and narrow-band Gaussian interference. System performance is analytically quantified in terms of the overall system bit-error rate (BER). Subsequent results are presented for a variety of channel conditions and compared to those obtained using excision algorithms based on orthonormal block transforms (Medley 1995). These results demonstrate the improved performance and increased robustness with respect to jammer frequency and bandwidth of lapped transform domain excision techniques relative to similar algorithms based on nonweighted block transforms     

室内走廊环境高频段宽带无线信道测量与建模

为了验证在高频段进行宽带无线通信的可行性,介绍了针对室内走廊环境进行的14GHz宽带无线信道测量和所获取的信道特征。基于频域信道冲激响应测量方法,设计搭建了宽带无线信道测量平台,较好地克服了高频段电波传播能量实时测量采集的难度。基于实测数据提取信道参数化模型,获取了高频段电波传播特性参数统计分析结果,包括路径损耗与阴影衰落、时延扩展、角度扩展。测试与分析结果表明:高频段电波传播时延小、方向性强,适用于宽带互联通信。     

Diversity Enhancement of Coded Spread Spectrum Video Watermarking

This paper analyses the effect of signal combination techniques in videowatermark detection. A spatial spread spectrum based watermarking techique isused as embedding method, in combination with common error correction codes(BCH, Reed-Solomon with multilevel signaling, binary convolutional codes withViterbi decoding). Besides an analytical evaluation of the bit error rate, theeffectiveness of the channel coding and diversity techniques is also assessedexperimentally under MPEG-2 video compression.     

Bayesian techniques for equalization of rapidly fading frequency selective channels

This paper applies the Bayesian conditional decision feedback estimator (BCDFE) to rapidly fading frequency selective channels. The BCDFE is a model-based deconvolution algorithm which jointly estimates the transmitted data and channel parameters. The BCDFE smoothly transitions between trained and blind operation and consequently provides robust performance in rapidly fading channels. We provide a brief derivation of the BCDFE and characterize the performance on the land mobile radio channel. We assess the BCDFE's principle design characteristics and the resulting performance in both transient and steady-state operation. The effects of delay spread, Doppler spread, and cochannel interference on the bit error probability performance are also presented. The BCDFE demonstrates many of the desirable characteristics of an equalizer for mobile radio.     

The effects of delay spread on 2-PSK, 4-PSK, 8-PSK and 16-QAM in aportable radio environment

Computer simulation results are presented of a study of delay spread on digital modulations with different constellations in a quasi-static multipath radio channel. Unfiltered 2-, 4-, and 8-PSK and 16-QAM with a rectangular signaling pulse are compared first, followed by 4- and 16-QAM with a raised-cosine Nyquist pulse. The bit error rate performances averaged over fading samples under the influence of the intersymbol interference caused by delay spread are compared for modulations of different levels. It is found that 4-level modulation is the most desired method for both performance and implementation in a quasistatic, frequency-selective fading radio channel. Both the spectral and the power efficiencies can be enhanced using Nyquist signaling pulses     

Dual diversity combining and decision feedback equalizer in indoor millimetre‐wave channel

Wideband communication characteristics of wireless indoor millimetre‐wave channel for arched and rectangular buildings are investigated. The impulse responses of arched and rectangular buildings for any transmitter–receiver location are computed by shooting and bouncing ray/image (SBR/Image) techniques. By using the impulse responses of these multipath channels, the impact of shapes of building is presented and the bit error rate performance of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) system with phase and timing recovery circuits are also calculated. Moreover, dual space antenna diversity technique and decision feedback equalizer (DFE) with four forward and three feedback taps are used to combat the multipath fading. Numerical results show that the mean root mean square (rms) delay spread for the arched building is smaller than that for the rectangular building. In addition, it is also found that the transmission rate can be up to 20 Mbps for indoor millimetre‐wave channel of these two buildings by using dual space diversity and DFE. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

31位低频声表面波可程序匹配滤波器

报道了３１位声表面波可程序匹配滤波器的结构、设计和性能参数。声表面波可程序抽头延迟线是近年来快速发展的直扩技术广泛应用的一种器件。它的强大信号处理能力和极高的运算速度，使得直扩序列信号的快速同步及匹配滤波较传统的技术大为简化。文章报道的３１位声表面波低频可程序抽头延迟线是一种用于扩频抗干扰通信系统所用的关键信号处理器件。在研制过程中，采用的ＣＯＭＳ／ＳＯＳ等新技术以及分裂抽头等新设计，使器件的时钟速率和主旁瓣比关键技术指标获得了较大的提高，完全满足系统要求     

Hidden Markov Modeling of Error Patterns and Soft Outputs for Simulation of Wideband CDMA Transmission Systems

In this paper, a Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) technique for a fast and accurate simulation of bit errors and soft outputs in wireless communication systems is presented. HMMs with continuous probability distributions are considered. Soft outputs and bit errors are combined to error patterns. We focus on binary phase–shift keying (BPSK) modulation for direct–sequence spread spectrum (code–division multiple access, CDMA) transmission as proposed e.g. for the third generation wireless communication system UMTS (uplink for the frequency division duplex mode (FDD)). Comparisons of simulated bit error rates for HMM models and Rake receivers are shown for AWGN, flat fading, and vehicular channel conditions. In order to assess the ability of the HMM to describe the dynamical behaviour of the channel a comparison for transmission with interleaving and convolutional coding is presented. Furthermore calculated autocorrelation functions of the error patterns and error gap distributions corresponding to the Rake receiver and to the HMM, respectively, are presented. Our investigations show a strong dependence of the required HMM order on E_b/N₀ and the channel conditions. The degree of accordance of the HMM outputs and the training data is examined based on calculated statistical scoring indicators.     

High-speed completion detection for current sensing on-chip interconnects

A novel completion detection technique for delay insensitive current sensing on-chip interconnects is presented. The scheme is based on sensing currents on the data wires and comparing the sum of these currents to an appropriately set reference. The goal is to solve the performance bottleneck caused by conventional voltage-mode detection methods. With the channel width of 64 bits, the proposed method is 4.65 times faster and takes 36% less area than the voltage-mode scheme. Furthermore, its speed does not degrade when increasing the channel bit width. It is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology.