Asymptotically near-optimal blind estimation of multipath CDMA channels

In this paper, correlation matching techniques are applied to estimate multipath code division multiple access (CDMA) channels. We arrange unknown multipath parameters for each of J active users in a vector. Then, the output correlation matrix is parameterized by J unknown rank one matrices, with each one formulated from the corresponding channel vector. This correlation matrix is further compared with its sample average. The resulting error can be first minimized to obtain unbiased estimates of J unknown rank one matrices in closed forms. Thus, our estimator for each channel vector is derived by singular value decomposition (SVD) on the associated rank one matrix within a scalar ambiguity. It turns out that the performance of our estimator can be improved by introducing an asymptotically optimal weighting matrix in our cost function. This weighting matrix can be estimated directly from data samples only with a small penalty on the asymptotic performance. The asymptotic covariance of our estimator is also derived and can be compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound, both in closed forms. Simulation results show the applicability of the proposed methods and consistency with our theoretical analysis     

PN sequence blind estimation in multiuser DS‐CDMA systems with multipath channels based on successive subspace scheme

In this paper, we proposed a new method based on expanding subspace algorithm and finite alphabet characteristics, for blind estimation of the users' spreading sequences in the multiuser direct sequence code division multiple access system in the presence of the multipath channels. In the proposed scheme, we show that the estimation of the users' overall channels in the direct sequence code division multiple access system is equivalent to the impulse response estimation of the multi‐input multi‐output finite impulse response channels. Our proposed approach is based on the successive estimation of the columns of the equivalent multi‐input multi‐output finite impulse response channels from the lowest degree columns to the highest degree ones. Accordingly, each user's overall channel that is the convolution of the original multipath channel and the spreading sequence is estimated. Then we extract PN sequences from the overall channel using finite alphabet characteristics of the spreading sequence chips for each user. According to simulation results, our proposed scheme outperforms the conventional methods in that it does not require symbol synchronization and does not have channel constraints (for example, AWGN and single user system) in the multipath channels.     

Direct blind multiuser detection for CDMA in multipath withoutchannel estimation

We consider the blind multiuser detection problem for asynchronous DS-CDMA systems operating in a multipath environment. Using only the spreading code of the desired user, we first estimate the column vector subspace of the channel matrix by multiple linear prediction. Then, zero-forcing detectors and MMSE detectors with arbitrary delay can be obtained without explicit channel estimation. This avoids any channel estimation error, and the resulting methods are therefore more robust and more accurate. Corresponding batch algorithms and adaptive algorithms are developed. The new algorithms are extremely near-far resistant. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods     

Adaptive maximum SINR RAKE filtering for DS-CDMA multipath fadingchannels

The conventional signature-matched RAKE processor for multipath direct-sequence code division multiple access channels is viewed as a regular linear tap-weight filter of length equal to the sum of the system processing gain and the user channel memory. In this paper, performance improvements are sought in the context of adaptive filtering under maximum signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio criteria. The minimum-variance-distortionless-response RAKE (RAKE-MVDR) filter and the lower complexity scalar optimized auxiliary-vector RAKE (RAKE-AUX) filter are developed. Bit error rate (BER) comparisons with the conventional RAKE signature-matched filter are carried out for training sets of reasonably small size, perfectly known, and mismatched/estimated channel coefficients, and extreme near-far system configurations     

Fixed-point blind adaptive multiuser detection algorithm for IR UWB systems in multipath channel

Using the hypothesis that data transmitted by different users are statistically independent of each other, this paper proposes a fixed-point blind adaptive multiuser detection algorithm for Time-Hopping (TH) Impulse Radio (IR) Ultra Wide Band (UWB) systems in multipath channel, which is based on Inde-pendent Component Analysis (ICA) idea. The proposed algorithm employs maximizing negentropy criterion to separate the data packets of different users. Then the user characteristic sequences are utilized to identify the data packet order of the desired user. This algorithm only needs the desired user’s characteristic se-quence instead of channel information, power information and time-hoping code of any user. Due to using hypothesis of statistical independence among users, the proposed algorithm has the outstanding Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and the excellent ability of near-far resistance. Simulation results demonstrate that this algorithm has the performance close to that of Maximum-Likelihood (ML) algorithm and is a subopti-mum blind adaptive multiuser detection algorithm of excellent near-far resistance and low complexity.     

Adaptive Transmission for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications over Multipath Channels

A method is proposed and evaluated for energy-efficient adaptive transmission in direct-sequence spread-spectrum packet communications over specular multipath channels. The power, code rate, and symbol rate are adapted to match the multipath profile and propagation loss of the wireless communications channel. The adaptation of the transmission parameters is based on several statistics that can be derived in a spread-spectrum receiver. The transmission parameters are selected to optimize a performance measure that is related to the energy consumption and time duration of a packet transmission.     

Blind space-time multiuser channel estimation in time-varying DS-CDMA systems

A multistep linear prediction (MSLP) approach is presented for blind channel estimation for short-code direct sequence code division multiple access signals in time-varying multipath channels using a receiver antenna array. The time-varying channel is assumed to be described by a complex exponential basis expansion model. First, a recently proposed MSLP approach to blind channel estimation for time-varying single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems is extended to time-varying multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to define a "signal" subspace. Second, the knowledge of the spreading code of a desired user is exploited in conjunction with the signal subspace to estimate the time-varying channel of the desired user up to an unknown time-invariant scale factor. Equalization/detection for the desired user can be then carried out if the information sequence is differentially encoded/decoded. Sufficient conditions for channel identifiability are investigated. Three illustrative simulation examples are provided.     

多径环境下异步长码直接序列码分多址信号伪码序列及信息序列盲估计

针对低信噪比(SNR)下存在多径效应的传统单通道异步长码直接序列码分多址(DS-CDMA)信号伪码序列(PN)及信息序列难估计问题,该文提出一种基于平行因子的多通道盲估计方法.该方法先将接收到的多径信号建模为多通道模型,然后将长码DS-CDMA信号建模成短码DS-CDMA信号的缺失数据模型,形成观测缺失数据矩阵,并将其...     

Transmitter-based multiuser interference rejection for thedown-link of a wireless CDMA system in a multipath environment

In wireless code division multiple access (CDMA) communications systems, there has been interest in processing the transmitted down-link signal in order to shift signal processing to the transmitter where power and computational resources are plentiful, thus simplifying receiver operation and reducing the power it requires. Multiuser interference (MUI) and multipath effects observed by the receiver are anticipated and suppressed at the transmitter; channel equalization and multiuser detection are therefore not required. This paper introduces two methods that are able to combat both degradations, yet allow the receiver to remain as simple as a single user receiver for a perfect channel. For mild multipath channels, the performance of the algorithms is excellent, within a few decibels of the single user ideal channel case, at the cost of additional computation at the base station at which complete knowledge of the channels and the receiver codewords is required. One method, the decorrelating prefilter, is most flexible and applicable to existing systems yet less powerful than other previously published methods. The second, the jointly optimized sequences algorithm, has a performance on average superior to published methods. In addition to theoretical analysis and simulation of the algorithms' potential, these algorithms have also been implemented and tested on a software radio testbed and experimental data are shown. The jointly optimized sequences performed particularly well even in severe multipath and multiuser interference environments     

Single-user sparse channel acquisition in multiuser DS-CDMA systems

Single-user channel estimation in multiuser DS-CDMA systems for the case of sparse channels with large delay spreads is addressed. In addition, practical pulse shapes are considered. In sparse channels, the efficient way to estimate the parameters is to estimate the continuous delays of each path, instead of using the typical discrete tapped delay-line model. Due to the facts that the desired delays are not drawn from a simple finite set and that band-limited pulse shapes are employed, the resulting methods require numerical optimization techniques. To facilitate estimation, it is proposed to optimize the spreading code employed during the training, or estimation, phase. The optimal single-path spreading code is derived and extended for estimation in the multipath scenario. Both single-path and multipath channel estimation are considered. The proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation and via the determination of the Cramer-Rao lower bound on the estimation variance. Analytical approximations of key performance measures are also derived and are seen to be tight for a variety of scenarios.     

An improved blind adaptive MMSE receiver for fast fading DS-CDMAchannels

Blind adaptive minimum mean-squared errors (MMSE) receivers for multiuser direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems that assume knowledge of the steering vector, i.e., the cross-correlation between the desired output and the input signal, are known for their robustness against channel fading as they do not attempt to explicitly track the channel of the user of interest. However, these receivers often have higher excess mean squared error and, hence, poorer performance than training-sequence based adaptive MMSE receivers. In this paper, an improved correlation matrix estimation scheme for blind adaptive MMSE receivers is provided. The new scheme takes advantage of the fact that the desired linear receiver can be expressed as a function of the interference correlation matrix only, rather than the total data correlation matrix. A theoretical analysis is performed for the flat fading case which predicts that the new estimation scheme will result in significant performance improvement. Blind adaptive MMSE receivers with the new estimation scheme appear to achieve performance comparable to the training-sequence based adaptive MMSE receivers. Detailed computer simulations for the fast multipath fading environment verify that the proposed scheme yields strong performance gains over previous methods     

Maximum-likelihood-based multipath channel estimation forcode-division multiple-access systems

The problem of estimating the channel parameters of a new user in a multiuser code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication system is addressed. It is assumed that the new user transmits training data over a slowly fading multipath channel. The proposed algorithm is based on maximum-likelihood estimation of the channel parameters. First, an asymptotic expression for the likelihood function of channel parameters is derived and a re-parametrization of this likelihood function is proposed. In this re-parametrization, the channel parameters are combined into a discrete time channel filter of symbol period length. Then, expectation-maximization algorithm and alternating projection algorithm-based techniques are considered to extract channel parameters from the estimated discrete channel filter, to maximize the derived asymptotic likelihood function. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated through simulation studies. In addition, the proposed algorithms are compared to previously suggested subspace techniques for multipath channel estimation     

Adaptive power techniques for blind channel estimation in CDMA systems

The problem of blind adaptive channel estimation in code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems is considered. Motivated by the iterative power method, which is used in numerical analysis for estimating singular values and singular vectors, we develop recursive least squares (RLS) and least mean squares (LMS) subspace-based adaptive algorithms in order to identify the impulse response of the multipath channel. The schemes proposed in this paper use only the spreading code of the user of interest and the received data and are therefore blind. Both versions (RLS and LMS) exhibit rapid convergence combined with low computational complexity. With the help of simulations, we demonstrate the improved performance of our methods as compared with the already-existing techniques in the literature.     

On pilot-based multipath channel estimation for uplink CDMA systems: an overloaded case

The paper considers a coding scheme for multipath channel estimation in uplink code-division multiple-access systems where each user transmits an individual pilot signal (sequence) to estimate its multipath channel coefficients. Assuming a common radio channel model with a uniform power delay profile, we derive lower bounds on the maximum mean square error for two types of linear channel estimators: an inverse filter and a linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator. In contrast to previous work, the main focus here is on overloaded systems where the total number of multipath channel coefficients of all users is greater than processing gain. We show that the inverse filter bound is attained if and only if each pilot sequence is a perfect root-of-unity sequence. Interestingly, the conventional matched filter achieves the same lower bound if pilot sequences form a complementary periodic sequence set. In case of the MMSE estimator, the lower bound is either met or not depending on some system parameters. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving the bound when pilot sequences are arbitrary vectors on the unit sphere. This paper gives insight into the performance limits of practical systems.     

Digital Radio Receiver Responses for Combating Frequency-Selective Fading

Frequency-selective fading in a radio channel, caused by multipath propagation or any other phenomenon, can seriously degrade the effectiveness of digital transmission. Receiver processing that adapts in an appropriate way to the prevailing channel response can strongly reduce the harmful effects of such fading. We examine here the theoretical possibilities of adaptive processing by deriving and analyzing receiver responses for three different criteria. The criteria used permit an analytical approach that is simple and exact. The performance characteristics derived for the three receivers bracket the "best" performance that is possible in practice and reveal possible tradeoffs between performance and practicality. The analysis applies generally to the broad class of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals, which are assumed to be filtered in the transmitter to enforce spectral emission requirements. For each receiver response we derive a formula for the "power penalty", defined as the increase in transmitter power (over some theoretical minimum) needed to compensate for transmit filtering and channel fading. The power penalty formulas are evaluated for a two-ray multipath fading channel and for each of two common forms of modulation/transmit filtering. Graphical results are given for numerous combinations of the multipath parameters and the transmitter bandwidth-to-symbol rate ratio. The results of this study can be used to predict the probability (time fraction) of multipath outage, provided that the statistics of the channel parameters are known. Some cursory comparisons are made between the new results and those of a previous analysis for fixed receivers. The outage reductions made possible by using appropriate receiver responses are found to be quite large, possibly two or more orders of magnitude.     

On CDMA with space-time codes over multipath fading channels

We explore code-division multiple-access systems with multiple transmitter and receiver antennas combined with algebraic constellations over a quasi-static multipath fading channel. We first propose a technique to obtain transmit diversity for a single user over quasi-static fading channels by combining algebraic constellations with full spatial diversity and spreading sequences with good cross-correlation properties. The proposed scheme is then generalized to a multiuser system using the same algebraic constellation and different spreading sequences. We also propose a linear multiuser detector based on the combination of linear decorrelation with respect to all users, and the application of the sphere decoder to decode each user separately. Finally, we consider the generalization to multipath fading channels where the additional diversity advantage due to multipath is exploited by the sphere decoder, and a method of blind channel estimation based on subspace decomposition is examined.     

A space-time channel estimator and single-user receiver for code-reuse DS-CDMA systems

A blind asynchronous single-user code-reuse direct sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) array receiver is proposed for the uplink. By assigning each short PN-code more than once, code reuse allows the number of active users to be increased beyond the spreading gain. The proposed receiver is based on a blind single-code multipath joint space-time channel estimation technique that utilizes the concept of the spatio-temporal array manifold, in conjunction with a novel preprocessor, to deal with the multipath problem. From the estimated space-time channel parameters of a particular active code, the subset of parameters of a specific co-code user is then identified, and a single-user receiving weight vector is finally formed. The proposed approach is a subspace type method, and therefore, it is "near-far" resistant. Furthermore, in contrast to existing receivers such as the space-time decorrelating detector, the proposed receiver weight vector is tolerant to partial channel estimation errors and the incomplete estimation of channel parameters. The theoretical framework is supported by computer simulation studies.     

Optimum binary spreading sequences of Markov chains

In the presence of multipath, even if it is supposed that the received signal is the input to the correlation receiver matched to the PN code signal of some user, the multiple-access interference from the other channels still depends on even or odd autocorrelation values. This is the most significant difference between the asynchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems with multipath and those without multipath. Here, two-state Markov chains are considered and the optimum binary spreading sequences generated by such Markov chains are given, as far as bit error probabilities of DS-CDMA systems in multipath environments are concerned     

Adaptive Hybrid Acquisition of PN Sequences Based on Automatic Multipath Cancellation in Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

A hybrid PN-code acquisition scheme is proposed and studied for direct sequence code division multiple access communications in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. The most important feature of the proposed system is its ability to dynamically estimate the number of multipath signals that may lie in the reference channel. The basic idea of the considered algorithm is to sort the partial correlations and carry out successive censoring tests by updating the noise estimation until the first path synchronization. Exact expressions for the probability of false alarm and the mean acquisition time are derived. The performances of the proposed system are then studied and compared with those of the adaptive hybrid acquisition processor (AHAP) and the ordered statistic hybrid acquisition processor (OSHAP). The effects of various channel parameters on the acquisition performance, namely the number of resolvable paths, the multipath intensity profile and the signal-to-noise ratio are also investigated. Numerical results show that the proposed acquisition scheme outperforms the conventional ones which are based on AHAP and OSHAP algorithms.