发酵豆粕研究进展

豆粕是饲料工业中应用最为广泛的植物性蛋白原料,但其中存在的多种抗营养因子,降低了动物对豆粕营养物质的吸收和利用.用微生物发酵法处理豆粕可以有效地去除豆粕中抗营养因子,并降解大分子蛋白质生成小肽,同时还可生成多种益生茵、积累有益的微生物代谢产物,最终得到具有多种功能的优质蛋白饲料--发酵豆粕.结合多年来国内外对发酵豆粕的研究成果,阐述了发酵豆粕的特点、生产方法、应用效果,以及对今后研究工作的看法.     

益生菌发酵豆粕产CLA及豆粕中抗营养因子降解的研究

以产CLA(共轭亚油酸)植物乳杆菌(ANCLA01)为发酵菌株,研究其接种豆粕发酵后CLA的产量及发酵豆粕中抗营养因子降解效果。试验结果显示,发酵豆粕中CLA的产量为65.093μg/g;经凝胶电泳分析,豆粕中7S抗原蛋白在发酵过程中得到一定程度的降解,但不完全,11S抗原蛋白降解不明显;发酵后豆粕中尿素酶活性由0.368 U/g降低到0.145 U/g,粗蛋白含量由44.15%增加到51.36%。     

微生物发酵对豆粕中抗营养因子的影响

采用不同种微生物(黑曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌和米曲霉),在适宜的条件下对豆粕进行固态发酵,然后测定发酵前后豆粕中的抗营养因子的含量变化.用这种方法可以有效的消除或降低豆粕中的抗营养因子.     

固态发酵豆粕的不同生产工艺及其营养品质比较

以米曲霉和植物乳杆菌WZ011为发酵菌种,研究了5种不同的固态发酵豆粕生产工艺及其营养品质。以灰分、粗蛋白量、可溶性蛋白量、游离总氨基酸量、氨基酸含量分布、酸溶性蛋白量、小肽含量、还原糖量、氮溶指数、蛋白分子量、脲酶含量、胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量以及体外消化率为指标,对发酵豆粕营养品质进行了比较和分析。结果表明,米曲霉单菌发酵后,高温水解处理对豆粕营养品质的提高有效,但在米曲霉和植物乳杆菌WZ011的双菌串联发酵过程中增加高温水解处理反而不利。在米曲霉有氧发酵后直接接种植物乳杆菌WZ011进行厌氧发酵条件下所得的豆粕营养品质最优,其中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量比原豆粕减少了91.8%,并含有小肽8.01%、乳酸4.95%、γ-氨基丁酸0.317 mg/g以及植物乳杆菌活菌数1.93×1010CFU/g。优化的豆粕发酵工艺操作简单且无污染,其产品富含营养。该工艺在饲料加工行业和养殖业具有应用意义。     

基于两步法制备生物发酵蛋白工艺的研究

该研究通过单因素、正交试验优化米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）固态发酵、酶解两步法协同处理农副加工产物（菜籽粕、豆粕）制备发酵蛋白,以达到改善蛋白质品质、降低抗营养因子的目的。结果表明,最佳发酵原料组成为70%菜籽粕+30%豆粕;固态发酵的最佳条件为发酵蛋白原料初始含水量45%,米曲霉麸皮种子接种量3%,发酵时间40 h,发酵温度30℃;最佳酶解条件为酶解时间32 h,酶解初始含水量56%,酶解温度50℃。在此工艺条件下,发酵蛋白的蛋白溶解度（65.80%）提高97.49%,酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白（44.13%）提高779.75%,硫苷含量（8.63μmol/g）降低69.14%。表明利用两步法处理农产品加工副产物,能在改善蛋白品质的同时,降低抗营养因子水平。     

发酵豆粕的营养特性及其在断奶仔猪中的应用

豆粕是动物饲料中常用的蛋白质来源,它含有的胰蛋白酶抑制剂、植酸盐、低聚糖等抗营养因子,限制了其使用。利用细菌或真菌进行微生物发酵,可以通过改变天然成分来提高豆粕的营养价值。细菌和真菌发酵导致各种抗营养因子的降解,增加了小肽的数量,并提高了必需和非必需氨基酸的含量。仔猪断奶之后,消化系统尚未发育完全,肠道内各种酶和微生物菌落群落沒有完全建立,对于营养的吸收存在很大障碍,此时的肠道对豆粕抗营养因子很敏感,饲喂普通豆粕很容易加重断奶应激。过去在生产中,减弱仔猪断奶应激的方法主要是使用抗生素,但随着无抗时代的到来,人们不得不把目光放在替代抗生素的添加剂上,发酵豆粕便是替代抗生素的一种优良仔猪断奶日粮。文章总结了豆粕中抗营养因子对猪生产的影响,就发酵豆粕的特性、使用菌种、在断奶仔猪生产中的应用效果及影响其在断奶仔猪中应用的因素作一综述。     

戊糖片球菌NCU301对豆粕强化发酵工艺优化及营养成分的测定

研究戊糖片球菌NCU301对豆粕(未灭菌)强化发酵的最佳工艺条件,测定豆粕发酵前后营养成分和抗营养因子的变化。以乳酸菌活菌量为指标,通过单因素实验和Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化豆粕强化发酵工艺,确定最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间50.0 h、发酵温度30.0 ℃、料水比1:0.82、接种量8%,优化后活菌量达到1.15×1010 CFU/g。此外,测定豆粕发酵前后营养成分和抗营养因子变化。结果表明:与未发酵豆粕相比,强化发酵豆粕中粗蛋白、酸溶性蛋白、小肽、游离氨基酸的含量分别提高4.78%、36.04%、52.21%、19.10%,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性和脲酶活性分别下降89.56%、91.72%;与自然发酵豆粕相比,粗蛋白、游离氨基酸总量分别提高0.6%、35.89%,酸溶性蛋白含量、小肽含量,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性和脲酶活性分别下降4.64%、3.35%、72.79%、60%。使用戊糖片球菌作为豆粕发酵的菌种不仅可以作为抗生素替代品,还可以提高豆粕的营养价值。     

三种益生菌发酵剂固态发酵对豆粕营养品质的影响

采用三种益生菌发酵剂固态发酵豆粕,通过测定发酵豆粕的感官品质、pH值、有益微生物含量、营养指标及卫生指标,比较三种益生菌发酵剂对豆粕品质的影响,以期筛选出适宜豆粕发酵的最优益生菌发酵剂。结果表明,益生菌发酵剂A和C对发酵豆粕的感官性状影响不大,三种益生菌发酵剂均能够显著降低发酵豆粕的pH值、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）和霉菌数量（P＜0.05）,显著提高有益微生物数量、粗蛋白、酸溶蛋白、总酸和有机酸含量（P＜0.05）。三种益生菌中以益生菌发酵剂A和益生菌发酵剂C效果即乳酸菌和酵母菌固态发酵豆粕效果较好,结合成本考虑优先选择益生菌发酵剂C。     

发酵豆粕的生产

介绍了发酵豆粕的营养特性、生产工艺、生物变化与优点,以及发酵豆粕生产质量控制。豆粕经发酵后,消除了其中的多种抗营养因子,提高动物对豆粕的消化利用率。     

固态发酵提高豆粕蛋白含量的条件优化研究

从6株微生物中筛选出1株合成蛋白能力较高的酿酒酵母A3对豆粕进行固态发酵。采用响应曲面法（Response Surface Methodology,RSM）对影响发酵豆粕的因素（接种量、培养时间、料水比、硫酸铵和葡萄糖的添加量）进行研究。通过对二次多项回归方程求解得知,在接种量7．5％,培养时间54h,料水比1：1,硫酸铵添加量2％和葡萄糖添加量1％时,发酵豆粕的蛋白含量从43．78％提高到53．33％。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the