远洋渔船制冷系统设计的分析与体会

本文扼要地介绍了远洋渔船几种形式的制冷设计。根据笔者十多年的设计经验，对渔船设计中，制冷系统的确定、制冷设备的选用、冻结设备的形式进行分析，并提出一些建设性的意见。     

中小型渔船制冷技术的研究进展

远洋渔船带有制冷装置，而100吨以下的中小型渔船因其柴油机的限制，无法安装压缩机式制冷机。出海作业时，均需携带冰块做渔产保鲜。本文介绍压缩式渔船制冷的现状，回收渔船尾气余热的吸收式制冷系统，吸附制冷的冷冻水系统，吸附式制冰系统等实验装置。其中吸附式制冷系统具有良好的开发价值。     

渔船动力余热制冷技术

渔船通常需要带冰或使用压缩式制冷来满足渔获冷藏保鲜的需要,而渔船发动机尾气中有大量的热能被排放到环境中去,利用渔船发动机尾气余热制冷是一种既经济又节能的好方法。本文介绍了吸附式、吸收式和喷射式三种热能驱动的制冷循环,并针对渔船制冰工况对这三种循环在渔船中应用的优缺点进行了分析;重点讨论了使用喷射式制冷技术对渔船现有压缩式制冷系统进行改造的可行性。研究结果表明,将喷射制冷与压缩制冷结合,可减少渔船制冷系统燃料消耗54.5%,在1年内即可收回改造成本。     

大容量浓盐水保鲜冷藏系统

为开发具有自主知识产权的用于大型远洋金枪鱼围网渔船的大容量浓盐水保鲜冷藏系统,以中国上海水产集团建造的70级大型金枪鱼围网渔船为依托,完成关键制冷设备的研发和制造,并对其进行试验。试验结果表明,温度的突变不会导致蒸发器冰堵,制冷系统性能可靠、运行稳定,满足设计和使用要求。     

吸附制冷技术研究概况及在渔船领域应用的前景分析

与传统的冷冻保鲜技术相比,吸附制冷技术由于具有一些独特的优点,近年来受到了制冷界人士的广泛关注,国内外在吸附制冷技术的发展上进行了大量的研究工作.本文简要叙述了吸附制冷的工作原理,对吸附制冷技术的研究进展进行了综述.近年投入实用的吸附制冷系统主要集中在用冰保鲜和压缩式制冷两个方面,而用吸附式冷冻保鲜的实践很少、这是由于现有的吸附制冷技术上尚不能很好的满足渔船冷冻保鲜的用冷要求,本文在分析吸附制冷独有特点基础上展望其在渔船领域的应用前景.     

新型无相变制冷调节系统的研究

制冷调节系统广泛应用于制冷设备的测试,在介绍常规制冷调节系统的基础上,本文介绍一种新型无相变制冷调节系统。通过对比分析发现,该系统与常规系统相比,设备较少,运行较节能。     

USB端口驱动半导体制冷制热能效研究

近年来,半导体制冷技术在很多领域上得到飞速发展,使其独特地优越性及广泛地适用性越发突出。特别在各种冷藏用制冷装置中,节能环保、占用空间小、无噪音、无污染的半导体冷藏设备正日益引起人们的重视。因此,在基于环保的背景下,研究如何在有限地空间内进行有效制冷,设计并开发出耗能较小、携带方便、实用性强的储能设备,就具有非常现实的意义和广阔的市场前景。本文设计了一种基于USB端口驱动半导体冷暖两用箱,并进行对比实验研究。探讨了冷端单独铝块导冷,冷端强制导冷,增大散热器、导冷片面积和增大输入功率等因素对半导体制冷制热两用箱效率的影响。     

吸附式制冷系统应用于中小型渔船冷库的探讨

介绍了吸附式制冷技术的原理，对吸附式制冷系统应用于中小型渔船冷藏库鱼体冷却保鲜的方案进行了探讨。研究表明：吸附式制冷系统在中小型渔船冷藏库中的应用是可行的，且前景非常广阔。     

大型装配式冷库——美式冷库制冷系统设计

本文以制冷负荷计算,制冷设备选型,制冷系统管道设计为例,对美式冷库制冷系统设计做了较为详细的介绍。     

家用制冷设备的设计缺陷及解决方法

根据家用制冷设备使用、安装、维修工作中所遇到的问题，指出了家用制冷设备存在的可靠性较差，压缩机的再启动困难，空调器的冷冻油循环不畅通，家用制冷设备的噪音增大，分体式空调器的制冷剂容易泄漏等设计缺陷，并提出了解决问题的一些建议和方法。     

Towards the development of intelligent navigation support systems for group shipping and global marine traffic control

Computerised navigation is a developing technology in a branch of autonomous and intelligent engineering systems. It aims to enhance safety and security at sea and to improve the reliability of ship-to-ship operations and global marine traffic control. A recently standardised automatic identification system (AIS) takes full advantage of GPS based real-time positioning and timing information of ships. The use of the AIS is steadily growing to meet the needs of the merchant shipping and fishing industries. Nevertheless, a significant decrease in the number of ship accidents and hazardous incidents in open waterways has yet to occur. The work gathered in this paper is to establish a proactive means to prevent marine accidents by the use of the full potential of the AIS. Specifically, this paper describes the development of an AIS synthesis capable navigation support system enhanced with a degree of intelligence built from a physical model suitable to capture the dynamics of group based navigation of ocean-going vessels. The system envisioned is to provide adequate decision making support for group shipping, especially during the critical maneuvering in restricted areas such as channel passing and harbour approaches. Foundations for and experimental results of this study, including an analysis with the simulated traffic of Tokyo Uraga Channel route, are presented.     

船舶摇摆振动对传热和制冷系统的影响研究述评

渔船发动机尾气制冷系统和核动力舰船的自然冷却系统在海洋条件下的安全稳定性是关乎其应用的重要问题。研究海洋条件下的流动与换热特性对提高制冷系统的稳定性具有重要意义。文中综述了海洋条件下船舶的摇摆与晃动对储液容器、换热器的热传递以及制冷系统影响的研究现状。大量研究表明,海洋条件下摇摆与晃荡会对流动与换热造成影响,而传热传质的强化或削弱依具体海况(摇摆和晃荡的剧烈程度)而不同。渔船尾气吸收式制冷系统在比较恶劣的海洋条件下将受到较大的影响。通过在储液容器(如吸收器、发生器)中增加阻尼板或阻尼网,可有效抑制储液容器内部液面波动,提高系统运行稳定性。     

Developments in marine refrigeration

The expansion in the traffic of refrigerated cargo, coupled with economic pressures, has led to developments in refrigerated cargo vessels. Containerization is rapidly replacing conventional ships. The ventilation and insulation of container ships is discussed in this paper and the design of air ducts and of temperature control systems is described, as are developments in the use of pallets for packing.Changing conditions in the fishing industry have led to an increase in vessels which freeze and store fish at sea, and these freezing systems are discussed.No references are given in the paper, but a bibliography is listed at the end.     

半导体制冷器优化设计工作状态的实验研究

模拟小空间制冷环境,在实验确定半导体制冷器最大制冷系数状态和最大制冷量状态工作参数基础上,综合分析计算给出了等功率状态和最佳工作状态参数,弥补传统设计理论的不足,为半导体制冷器优化设计提供依据.     

Causal factors in accidents of high-speed craft and conventional ocean-going vessels

An analysis of 40 ocean-going commercial vessel accidents is compared with the study of a similar number of high-speed crafts (HSCs) accidents, using in both cases a methodology that highlights the sequence of events leading to the accident and identifies the associated latent or causal factors. The main objective of this study was to identify and understand the difference in the pattern of causal factors associated with HSC accidents, as compared with the more traditional ocean-going ships. From the analysis one can see that the HSC accidents are mainly related to bridge personnel and operations, where the human element is the key factor identified as being responsible for the majority of the accidents. When compared with ocean-going commercial vessels, it is clear that navigational equipment and procedures have a larger preponderance in terms of the occurrence of accidents of HSC and particular attention should be given to these issues.     

活塞式与螺杆式制冷压缩机的选型设计

本文通过活塞式制冷压缩机和螺杆式制冷压缩机在几方面的比较分析 ,结合设备各自存在的特点 ,以及对新老用户的选型建议 ,为设计和使用单位在选取制冷压缩机时提供了理论参考。     

Refrigerator-recirculator systems for large forced-cooled superconducting magnets

Forced-cooled superconductors are viewed as a promising alternative in the development of high field superconducting magnets for future fusion devices. The high current density cable superconductor is protected against thermal instabilities by forcing (single phase) supercritical helium through the cable.The cryogenic cooling system for a forced-cooled superconducting magnet works as a refrigerator and a reciculator at the same time. The paper discusses the conceptual design of the cooling systems for forced-cooled superconducting magnets with the overall objective of reducing the refrigeration costs. The general conclusion of this article is that economic cooling systems must employ efficient cold pump recirculators in which the large flow demanded by the forced-cooled superconducting magnet is confined to the cold end of the refrigerating column. If the liquid helium pump efficiency is less than 40%, systems employing elevated temperature compressors are more economic.     

Economie d'énergie et récupération de chaleur notamment en transport maritime

In evaluating the energy performance of refrigerating systems, two aspects are considered: the efficiency with which cold is produced and the effectiveness of cold utilization. The first aspect is examined using exergy functions which allow the real losses of a plant to be quantified in the light of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The exergetic efficiency is very low, particularly at partial operating loads. The second aspect is related to the difference between the total refrigerating effect available and the proportion usefully employed. Exergy losses in fans and pumps for circulating fluids, poor insulation of walls and pipes, bad defrosting methods and door opening, etc. are responsible for this difference, which constitutes the wasted refrigerating effect. The situation is critical, especially in small plants, such as domestic refrigerators, and in refrigerated transport. In the case of sea transport one must take into account that containerization is rapidly replacing conventional ships and that there is an increase in vessels which freeze and store fish at sea. These two aspects are discussed in the Paper from the viewpoint of energy economy. Heat recovery in refrigerated sea transport is also considered.