甜菜碱淀粉的制备及性能研究

以木薯淀粉、十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)为主要原料,采用水溶液法制备了甜菜碱淀粉。采用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、偏光显微镜(PL)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对其结构进行表征。结果表明,甜菜碱淀粉被成功制备,反应不仅发生在淀粉颗粒的无定形区,也发生在结晶区,且产生新的晶体结构。通过表面张力探讨甜菜碱淀粉在不同浓度、温度、pH和不同盐条件下的表面活性,及其与传统表面活性剂的复配性能,并研究其乳化性能和起泡性能。结果表明,甜菜碱淀粉临界胶束浓度3 g/L对应的表面张力为30.1 mN/m,饱和浓度10 g/L对应的表面张力为25.8 mN/m,在温度25～65℃、pH=7～12范围内均具有较高的表面活性,耐盐性能优良,乳化性能好,泡沫稳定性高,与传统表面活性剂兼容性好。     

胶原基有机硅表面活性剂的性能研究

合成了胶原基有机硅表面活性剂(CBES),并研究了CBES的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、HLB值、乳化性能以及与非离子表面活性剂异构十三醇聚氧乙烯醚复配后的表面活性和乳化性能。通过吊片法测得CBES可使水的表面张力降低至30.5 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为0.44 g/L;采用乳化法测定CBES的HLB值为14~15,表明CBES为水溶性表面活性剂。此外,CBES乳化大豆油、氨基硅油和聚醚硅油的乳化率分别为10.5%,48.7%和90.0%,且与异构十三醇聚氧乙烯醚复配在乳化效力上具有协同增效作用。     

α-癸基甜菜碱的表面活性和胶体性质

研究了两性表面活性剂α-癸基甜菜碱的表面活性与溶液性质.α-癸基甜菜碱亲水基团的立体结构有利于正、负电荷的相互作用,使得表面吸附层和胶束中表面活性剂分子排列更加紧密.实验测得溶液的最低表面张力为38.2 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为6.9×10-3mol/L,胶束形成标准自由能为-22.3 kJ·mol-1,胶束聚集数为74;表面活性剂溶液在等电点pH区域具有最低表面张力和临界胶束浓度.     

新型磺基甜菜碱与聚丙烯酰胺作用的研究

合成了一种耐温抗盐表面活性剂,通过红外光谱分析了该表面活性剂的结构。将其与2500万分子量聚丙烯酰胺进行复配,考察了复配体系的表面、界面性能。研究结果表明：所合成的产物为目标产物;磺基甜菜碱表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度（cmc）为2．19×10^-3mol／L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力（γcmc）为25．51mN／m;加入聚合物后临界胶束浓度变为4．09×10^-3mol／L,γcmc变为26．65mN／m;表面活性剂质量浓度在0．8—1．5g/L,可使胜利原油油水间的界面张力达到超低数量级（10^-3mN／m）;聚合物的加入有利于乳状液的形成。     

表面活性剂的复配及对甲维盐微乳剂物理稳定性的影响

通过测定不同类型的单一及复配型表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度和表面张力,研究了它对w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性的影响。膦酸酯类阴离子表面活性剂A的临界胶束浓度为1．79×10-4 mol／L,表面张力为28．90 mN/m;苄基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段型非离子表面活性剂B(EPE型)的临界胶束浓度为 1.91×10-4 mol/L,表面张力为20．70 mN/m;按m(A):m(B)=2:3形成的复配型表面活性剂2#的水溶液的临界胶束浓度为9．30×10-5 moL/L,表面张力为25．66 mN/m。当w(2#)=10％时,配制w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性最佳,各项指标均合格。     

一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂的复配研究

对一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂协同作用进行了研究,考察了该表面活性剂与无机盐、阴离子碳氢表面活性剂、阴离子氟碳表面活性剂和非离子氟碳表面活性剂的复配性能,并对结果进行了讨论。研究表明:该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂自身表面张力为24.0 mN/m;电解质氯化钠对该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂影响显著,可使表面张力下降到22.4 mN/m;阴离子碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)可使表面张力降至21.4 mN/m;阴离子氟碳表面活性剂全氟丁基磺酸钾和四乙基全氟辛基磺酸铵分别使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m和20.2 mN/m;而非离子氟碳表面活性剂N-乙基-N-聚氧乙烯(9)醚-全氟辛基磺酰胺能使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m。     

无患子皂苷-十二烷基苯磺酸钠复配体系表面活性及在制备氢氧化镍复合材料中的应用

研究了无患子皂苷与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)复配体系的表面活性,并将其应用于氢氧化镍复合材料的制备中;采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对复合材料进行了结构表征,考察了表面活性剂对材料形貌的影响。研究表明,自提无患子皂苷临界胶束浓度(cmc)和对应表面张力(γ_(cmc))分别为0.200 g/L和38.3 mN/m;在复配体系中,当SDBS的质量分数为5%时,两者表现出协同作用,而当SDBS的质量分数增至20%后,则呈现对抗作用;以SDBS质量分数为5%的表面活性剂复配体系作为添加剂,在0.83 g/L时,制备得到直径约为3μm形貌均匀的球状氢氧化镍复合材料。     

羧酸盐型咪唑啉磷酸酯的合成与结构表征

以脂肪酸、羟乙基乙二胺、丙烯酸乙酯、五氧化二磷和氢氧化钠等为原料合成了一种羧酸盐型咪唑啉磷酸酯两性表面活性剂。研究了反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量对反应的影响,通过IR和HNMR对其结构进行了表征,并采用K12表面(界面)张力仪测定了其水溶液的表面张力。结果表明:最终产品中磷酸酯的含量为84%,该咪唑啉两性表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为17.64 mg/L,最低表面张力(γcmc)可达28.58 mN/m。     

全氟辛基两性磷酸酯表面活性剂的合成与性能

以全氟辛基磺酰氟、N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、环氧氯丙烷、磷酸二氢钠等为原料,合成出了磷酸酯为亲水基团的氟碳两性表面活性剂。通过红外光谱对合成的中间体和表面活性剂进行了结构表征。测试了该表面活性剂的水溶液最低表面张力为24.0 mN/m、临界胶束浓度为1.99×10-3mol/L、等电点为pH3.5~7.5、c20为1.58×10-6mol/L。并将合成的氟碳两性磷酸酯表面活性剂的表面性能与常用表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠进行比较,证实了该氟碳表面活性剂具有优越的表面活性。     

一种新颖的松香酰基甘氨酸型两性双子表面活性剂的合成及性能分析

以酸值为170.54 mg(KOH)/g的松香酸为原料,经酰化、成盐等化学反应制备了以乙二胺为联结基的松香酰基甘氨酸型两性双子表面活性剂,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪确证目标产物的基本结构,通过表面张力仪等方法对产物进行性能分析,结果表明,双子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为5×10-4mol/L,γCMC为34.208 mN/m;乳化时间为2.5 h,乳化力很强,可作为较优的乳化剂;由泡沫力分析可知产物的泡沫性能稳定,泡沫力强。     

Physicochemical Properties of Novel Phosphobetaine Zwitterionic Surfactants and Mixed Systems with an Anionic Surfactant

A series of novel zwitterionic phosphobetaine (PPBT) surfactants were synthesized using long chain fatty alcohol, epichlorohydrin, dimethylamine and sodium dihydrogen phosphate as raw materials. The physicochemical properties of the phosphobetaine surfactants such as isoelectric point, foaming, surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC) and Krafft point were measured. Low CMC and surface tension values indicated the surface activities of the phosphobetaine surfactants were quite excellent. The CMC and surface tension values of PPBT/SDS mixed systems were determined. It was found both of CMC and surface tension values decreased compared with single surfactant system because of the association between dodecyl sulfate anions and cationic groups in phosphobetaine by electrostatic attraction.     

Effect of nonionic surfactant upon surface tension of anionic surfactant

The surface tension of sodium dodecyl sulfate was determined in the presence of nonionic surfactant. The nonionic surfactant used was homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether which has no poisson distribution of added mole numbers of ethyleneoxide. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate was changed at various fixed concentrations of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether. Two inflection points were observed on each surface tension curve, and the surface tension maintained a constant value between the inflections, regardless of the concentrations of added homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether. However, the concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate at the inflections were affected at the concentrations of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether, respectively. When the homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether concentrations were fixed below the critical micelle concentration, the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate at the lower inflection point decreased with increasing concentration of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether, while that of the higher was hardly influenced. If the homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether concentrations were fixed above the critical micelle concentration, the sodium dodecyl sulfate concentrations at the two inflections both increased with an increment of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether concentration. These results were interpreted in terms of mixed surface layer and mixed micelles consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate and homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether. Also, the surface tension curves of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, as well as those of sodium dodecyl sulfate with given concentrations of homogeneous pentaethyleneglycol-n-dodecylether, were studied.     

Synergistic Behavior Between Zwitterionic Surfactant α-Decylbetaine and Anionic Surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Here, we present experimental surface tension isotherms of mixed solutions of a zwitterionic surfactant α-decylbetaine (DB) and an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in different molar ratios. These mixed solutions show a composition dependency with respect to both surface tension effectiveness and critical micelle concentration. The pseudo-regular solution theory has been used to evaluate the interaction parameters in the micelle, β ^m and at the surface, β ^s. The results revealed that the mixed solutions of DB/SDS behave synergistically in both surface tension reduction effectiveness and mixed micelle formation at all mole fractions investigated. The values of adsorption area per surfactant molecule at air/solution interface were estimated, which provides some useful information on evaluating the interaction between DB and SDS in mixed adsorbed monolayers. The solubilization behaviors of toluene in DB/SDS mixed solutions were also investigated to help in understanding the structure of mixed micelles of DB and SDS.     

Effect of Inorganic Additives on a Conventional Anionic–Nonionic Mixed Surfactants System in Aqueous Solution

The interaction between an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a nonionic surfactant [polyoxyethylene (9.5) octyl phenyl ether] in aqueous salt solution was investigated using the surface tension method. The critical micelle concentration values were determined for the individual surfactants and their corresponding mixtures. The interaction parameter between the surfactants in the mixed micelles, the activity and activity coefficients in the mixed micelles, and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated using various approaches, viz., Clint, Rubingh, and Maeda models. It was observed that the critical micelle concentration of the mixed surfactants system reveals little deviation from ideality.     

十二烷基三甲基氢氧化铵与十二烷基苯磺酸钠复配体系的表面活性

考察了十二烷基三甲基氢氧化铵(DTAH)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及其混合体系的表面活性、碱性和稳定性。结果表明,复配体系n(DTAH)∶n(SDBS)=9∶1时,不仅降低表面张力能力和效率均有显著提高,而且具有很好的稳定性和强碱性,其CMC(临界胶束浓度)、γCMC(临界胶束浓度时的表面张力)和pH分别为3.02×10-5mol/L,28.10 mN/m和12.46,DTAH/SDBS复配体系在表面和胶束中的相互作用参数βσ和βm分别为-18.36,-22.69,表现出很好的协同作用。     

二元表面活性剂体系微乳液的相行为及热力学研究

用表面张力法研究了苯乙烯基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段型非离子表面活性剂(PEP)分别与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)复配体系分子间的相互作用,并根据测定的临界胶束浓度(CMC)及正规溶液理论计算了复配体系分子间相互作用参数及分子交换能,考察了表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、温度等因素对复配表面活性剂体系微乳液形成过程的相行为及热力学性质的影响。结果表明,二元组分(PEP+SDS)及(PEP+CTAB)复配体系在胶束中和表面吸附层中的都存在较强的增效作用,体系的能量降低,且前者的增效作用大于后者。(PEP+SDS)/正己醇/正庚烷/水微乳液的W/O微乳区域面积最大,温度对该微乳液的相行为影响很小。在此微乳液形成的过程中,助表面活性剂醇从连续油相进入微乳液界面层的标准自由能变化ΔGs0;标准焓变-ΔHs=0,为无热效应过程,ΔGs是由醇分子的混乱度熵变ΔSs决定的。     

Selection of surfactant pairs for optimization of interfacial properties

Guidelines are provided for the selection of surfactant pairs when synergism in various interfacial properties in aqueous media is desired. To maximize the reduction of the critical micelle concentration, the two surfactants should show strong attractive interaction in the mixed micelle; in order to maximize efficiency in surface tension reduction, strong interaction in the mixed monolayer at the aqueous solution/air interface (large negativeβ values is needed). The more surface-active material should predominate in the mixture. When interaction is not strong, the two surface-active materials used should have approximately equal surface activities and should be used at equimolar concentration in the aqueous phase. To minimize the surface tension (γ) of the solution, the surfactant-surfactant attractive interaction in the mixed monolayer at the aqueous solution/air interface must exceed that in the mixed micelle. Optimization can be achieved by using two surfactants with approximately equal γ values at their respective critical micelle concentrations (CMC’s). When these γ values are not equal, the surfactant with the higher γ value at its CMC should have the smaller area/molecule at the surface. The greater the difference between attractive interaction at the interface and in the micelle, the lower the value of the surface tension.     

Bulk and interfacial physical properties of aqueous solutions of sodium lauryl sulphate and lauryl alcohol with air and benzene systems: Part II — mixed aqueous solutions of sodium lauryl sulphate and lauryl alcohol

The pH, density, bulk viscosity and electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of mixtures of sodium lauryl sulphate and lauryl alcohol were measured for a range of concentrations at 25°C. The influence of interface age on the interfacial tension of mutually saturated benzene/aqueous solution surfaces is also reported. The effect of impurities on various physical properties was illustrated using an impure lauryl sulphate system. A detailed comparison of these data with those reported in the literature shows satisfactory agreement above the critical micelle concentration of the sodium lauryl sulphate in water. Current data in the premicellar concentration range reveal anomalous behavior. Data reported in the literature are summarized for the pH, density, bulk viscosity, electrical conductivity, surface tension, interfacial tension with benzene, surface excess concentration, surface shear viscosity, critical micelle concentration and molecular complex formation of the sodium lauryl sulphate/lauryl alcohol aqueous solutions. The interactions of the anionic-nonionic surfactants at fluid/fluid surfaces and their influence on the physical properties are examined. The use of such systems in the stabilization of dispersions is also discussed. Eighty-five references are cited.     

Properties of Didecyldimethylammonium Formate and Sodium Fatty Alcohol Ether Carboxylate Mixed Systems

The surface activities and application properties of didecyldimethylammonium formate (DDAF) and sodium fatty alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC-9Na) mixed systems were measured. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration and surface tension of mixed systems have lower values than that of a single surfactant solution, which is attributed to the synergism of DDAF and AEC-9Na. It was found that the emulsifying properties for kerosene and wetting properties of the mixed systems were also better than single component surfactants. In addition, the mixed systems of AEC-9Na (16 wt%) with DDAF showed both better detergency and excellent antibacterial properties.     

硫酸酯盐双子表面活性剂的合成和界面张力的研究

实验室条件下,以长链羧酸(月桂酸)、聚乙二醇等为主要原料,通过赫尔-乌尔哈-泽林斯基反应等和酯化反应,用醚键加入方式加入联接基团,用浓硫酸加成反应加入硫酸酯键,从而在实验室条件下合成具有特殊结构的双子表面活性剂-GA12-S-12.通过用旋转液滴法测合成的硫酸酯盐阴离子双子表面活性剂的表面张力,测得其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为438 mg/L,临界胶束浓度下表面张力为30.9 mN/m,并对比十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液表面张力,显示GA12-S-12[低聚二醇(α-硫酸酯钠)月桂酸双酯阴离子双子表面活性剂]具有更优的表面活性.进一步配制不同浓度的GA12-S-12表面活性剂溶液,测定它们与长庆五里湾原油的界面张力,效果显示其适用于五里湾区原油采收率的提高.