低能耗节约型钛及钛合金熔炼技术的发展趋势

钛合金具有密度低、比强度高和耐腐蚀性能好等优点,是一种优异的航空航天材料,其应用领域也正在向民用领域扩展.但是,熔融态的钛和钛合金具有极高的化学活性,几乎能与目前已知的所有耐火材料发生反应,因此,钛及钦合金熔炼技术及相关的耐火材料研究一直是钛合金研究极具挑战性的领域.综述了钛及钛合金的熔炼技术及相应的耐火材料的研究发展现状,并对高效节能钛合金感应熔炼技术所需的耐火材料的研究做了展望.     

中国航发北京航空材料研究院铸造钛合金技术中心EI北大核心CSCD

中国航发北京航空材料研究院是我国较早开展钛合金及其制造精确成型技术研究的单位,是航空航天系统的专业化钛合金材料研究单位,其中铸造钛合金及其精确成型技术专业至今已有50余年的历史。铸造钛合金技术中心(以下简称中心)主要从事航空航天、汽车船舶等行业用常规钛合金、高温钛合金、高强钛合金、钛铝系金属间化合物等轻质高温高强材料研制及其精确成型技术研究和产品研制,是北京市先进钛合金精密成型工程技术研究中心。     

600 ℃高温钛合金发展现状与展望

钛及钛合金具有比强度高、耐腐蚀性能和低温性能好、热强度高等优点,是航空航天工业中重要的结构材料。同时,相比于铝、镁轻合金,钛合金高温性能优异,因而在航空发动机耐高温部件中也有着相当大的应用潜力。1954年,美国研发出了第一种实用型高温钛合金Ti-6Al-4V,高温长时使用温度为300～350℃,综合性能良好,在之后的很长一段时间内被广泛使用。随着航空航天工业的不断发展,尤其是航空发动机的发展,其他各国也都相继研发出了一些使用温度更高的高温钛合金,直至1984年,英国开发出了世界上第一个使用温度达600℃的高温钛合金IMI834。IMI834的典型特点是在原有的近α型高温钛合金Ti-Al-SnZr-Mo-Si体系中加入了0.06%C,扩大了两相区的加工窗口,优化了组织。在此之后,美国于1988年在原有高温钛合金Ti-6542S的基础上通过调整一些合金元素的含量也获得了一种实用温度为600℃的高温钛合金Ti1100。1992年,俄罗斯在BT18Y的基础上用5%的高熔点W代替1%Nb也开发出了一种达600℃的高温钛合金BT36。而国内高温钛合金起步相对较晚,前期以仿制为主,后逐渐形成了以添加稀土元素为特色的高温钛合金体系,典型的有中科院金属研究所和宝钛集团研发的Ti60和西北有色金属研究院自主研发的Ti600,它们的实际使用温度均为600℃,综合性能优异。总体来说,目前高温钛合金的使用温度很难突破600℃,主要是由于使用温度高于600℃时合金的热强性与热稳定性难以匹配协调,并且合金的抗氧化性急剧下降,表面氧化严重,导致合金热稳定性以及疲劳性能下降,甚至可能使航空发动机高压压气机部位的零部件存在\"钛火\"的风险。本文综述了国内外600℃及600℃以上的高温钛合金的发展现状。重点介绍了美国的Ti1100、英国的IMI834、俄罗斯的BT36、中国的Ti60、TG6和Ti600(600℃高温钛合金)以及中国的Ti65和Ti750(600℃以上高温钛合金)。总结了各国发展高温钛合金的思路,指出了限制高温钛合金向更高使用温度发展的瓶颈并提出了可能的解决途径。从控制α2相大小、形态、含量以及改善热加工工艺的角度对未来高温钛合金的发展进行了展望,以期为进一步提高高温钛合金的使用温度、优化高温钛合金性能提供指导。     

金属间化合物结构材料研究现状与发展

对有序金属间化合物结构材料的现状和发展做了简要回顾,特别对我国的发展情况做了评述。提出金属间化合物结构材料的研究成果要从新材料发展和金属材料学科新发展两方面来评估,并简述了这两方面取得的成果。认为我国的研究成果很大,但对国内外研究有重大影响的成果不多,在新世纪中,从提高国家国力的战略上看,加强金属间化合物结构材料的研究是必不可少的。但要选择重点,强化设计－－材料－－应用一体化研究,要优先源头创新项     

激光-电弧复合焊接技术现状及其在钛合金领域的研究进展

综述了激光-电弧复合焊接技术的原理、特点、分类、应用以及其在钛合金焊接领域的研究进展,介绍了其在船舶制造、交通运输和油气管道工程领域的应用状况,展望了钛合金激光-电弧复合焊接技术的工程应用前景。     

大厚度钛合金的电子束焊接技术研究现状

综述了大厚度钛合金电子束焊接技术的研究进展,主要介绍了电子束深熔焊的原理特点,接头成形及缺陷控制、组织性能和残余应力分布等方面国内外的研究情况,明确了大厚度钛合金电子束焊接技术研究尚需解决的突出问题并展望了未来研究的发展方向。     

钛合金精密铸造陶瓷型壳性能的研究

获得高质量精密铸造钛合金铸件的关键是制备出高质量的陶瓷型壳 .本文对Y/Y、ZY/ZY和TJ/ZC等三种面层材料的性能进行了研究 ,主要包括TG/DTA测试、型壳强度测试以及热膨胀性能测试 .实验表明 ,TJ/ZC材料是钛合金精密铸造理想的面层材料 .     

Al-Mg-Li-Zr系合金熔铸工艺研究

对Ａｌ－ Ｍｇ－ Ｌｉ－ Ｚｒ 系合金在工业条件下的熔炼与铸造工艺进行了详细和研究,控制氧化是稳定成分、减少夹杂的关键;采用氩气与真空精炼相结合并辅以合理的铸造保护措施可有效地降低合金中的氢含量,控制Ｎ 详细的研究,文章认为控制Ｎａ 含量;选用适当的铸造参数和保证方式可减少铸锭开裂,提高铸锭质量．     

Self-adjustment of Young's modulus in biomedical titanium alloys during orthopaedic operation

In spinal fixation devices, the Young's modulus of the metallic implant rod should be not only sufficiently low to prevent stress shielding for the patient but also sufficiently high to suppress springback for the surgeon. This paper proposes a novel function of biomedical titanium alloys—self-adjustment of Young's modulus. Deformation-induced ω phase transformation was introduced into β-type titanium alloys so that the Young's modulus of only the deformed part would increase during operation, while that of the non-deformed part would remain low. The Young's modulus increase by deformation was investigated for a binary Ti-12Cr alloy. This alloy successfully underwent deformation-induced ω phase transformation and exhibited the increase in the Young's modulus by deformation.     

医用钛合金的发展及研究现状

纯钛及其合金以其与骨相近似性的弹性模量、良好的生物相容性及在生物环境下优良的抗腐蚀性等在临床上得到了越来越广泛的应用;综述了医用钛合金的发展和研究现状,阐述了钛的生物相容性原理,同时简单评述了钛及其合金表面改性与钛基复合材料的研究现状,分析表明：纯钛及其合金具有出色的生物相容性主要归功于表面附着的氧化层;β型钛合金与α/α β型钛合金相比,具有较高的耐磨性,是一种很有前途的外科植入用钛合金;寻求更为理想的表面改性工艺从而获得高质量的涂层,或将生物活性相添加进钛合金基体中制备成复合材料是提高医用钛合金生物活性的两种有效途径。     

Fabrication of titanium scaffolds with porosity and pore size gradients by sequential freeze casting

This paper reports a novel method for producing porous Ti scaffolds with a gradient in porosity and pore size using the freeze casting method, in which TiH₂/camphene slurries with various TiH₂ contents (40, 25, and 10 vol.%) were cast sequentially into a mold, followed by freeze drying and heat-treatment in a vacuum at 1300 °C for 3 h. This simple sequential freeze casting method produced good bonding between the layers with different porosities of 35, 53, and 75 vol.% obtained using the TiH₂ contents of 40, 25 and 10 vol.%, respectively. In addition, the pore size could be increased significantly by increasing the freezing time. The pore sizes obtained in the regions produced using 40, 25, and 10 vol.% TiH₂ after freezing for 7 days were 96, 166, and 270 μm, respectively.     

Fabrication of porous titanium scaffolds with high compressive strength using camphene-based freeze casting

We herein report the fabrication of highly porous titanium (Ti) scaffolds with unusually high compressive strength by freezing a titanium hydride (TiH₂)/camphene slurries at 42 °C. As the freezing time was increased from 1 to 7 days, the pore size obtained was increased significantly from 143 to 271 μm due to the continual overgrowth of camphene dendrites. However, interestingly, the formation of the micro-pores inside the Ti walls was suppressed at longer freezing time. This resulted in a significant increase in compressive strength up to 110 ± 17 MPa with a porosity of 64%. It is believed that this unusually high compressive strength with large interconnected pores makes this material suitable for applications as load-bearing parts.     

Development of highly porous titanium scaffolds by selective laser melting

The selective laser melting (SLM) of the TiH₂-Ti blended powder was performed in the present work. Porous titanium scaffolds characterized by high porosity (∼ 70%), interconnected Ti walls and open porous structures with macroscopic pores (in a range of ∼ 200 to ∼ 500 μm) were successfully prepared at a laser power of 1000 W and a scan speed of 0.02 m/s. The effects of componential and processing conditions in terms of TiH₂ content and scan speed on the microstructural development of porous titanium (porosity and pores size) were investigated. Reasonable mechanisms for pores formation during SLM apart from microstructural evolutions were proposed.     

Advances in the fabrication of titanium based composites

Titanium alloy metal matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide fibre are being evaluated for a range of highly loaded aerospace applications. Although expensive, if used selectively they can have a dramatic effect on performance and weight. The SMC has one of the strongest capabilities in Europe for the development and production of titanium fibre reinforced MMCs. Consisting of the DRA Sigma silicon carbide fibre manufacturing facility, producing fibre on a commercial basis, and the manufacture of titanium alloy MMCs in commercial quantities by the foil fibre route, and at pilot scale using the alternative matrix coated fibre route. In the foil fibre route a filament winding and fugitive binder method is used to produce a range of component shapes with excellent fibre distribution and consistent properties. The matrix coated fibre process is seen to have advantages over the alternative methods and is likely to become an important manufacturing route for titanium MMCs, particularly for exotic high temperature titanium alloys and intermetallics, and for shapes such as rings, tubes and shafts. As no titanium MMCs components have yet reached full production, it is unclear which of these fabrication methods will become commercially viable, if any. But, the choice is likely to be based on cost, availability and product quality.     

Artificial ageing of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys

The T6 heat treatment is commonly used for gravity cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys. The influence of the alloying elements Cu and Mg and the artificial ageing temperature on the age hardening response were investigated. Artificial ageing was conducted at 170 °C and 210 °C for various times for three alloys, Al-7Si-0.3Mg, Al-8Si-3Cu and Al-8Si-3Cu-0.5Mg, cast with three different solidification rates (secondary dendrite arm spacing of about 10, 25 and 50 μm). The coarseness of the microstructure has a small influence on the yield strength, as long as the solution treatment is adjusted to obtain complete dissolution and homogenisation. The peak yield strength of the Al-Si-Mg alloy is not as sensitive to the ageing temperature as the Al-Si-Cu and Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys are. The ageing response of the Al-Si-Cu alloy is low and very slow. When 0.5 wt% Mg is added the ageing response increases drastically and a peak yield strength of 380 MPa is obtained after 20 h of ageing at 170 °C for the finest microstructure, but the elongation to fracture is decreased to 3%. The elongation to fracture decreases with ageing time in the underaged condition as the yield strength increases for all three alloys. A recovery in elongation to fracture of the Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy on overageing is obtained for the finest microstructure, while the elongation remains low for the coarser microstructures. The quality index, Q = YS + K?, can be used to compare the quality of different Al-Si-Mg alloys. This is not true for Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys, as K depends on the alloy composition. Overageing of the Al-Si-Mg alloy results in a decrease in quality compared to the underaged condition.     

Ti-6Al-4V熔模精密铸造充型及凝固过程计算机模拟

应用自行开发的基于微机上运行的铸件凝固 /充型计算机模拟软件 ,对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金薄壁件精密铸造的充型及凝固传热过程进行了模拟分析 .应用自行安装的多通道钨铼热电耦温度数据计算机采集、分析系统 ,测定了该钛合金起吊接头精密铸件的凝固冷却曲线 ,获取了该合金有关的凝固参数 .对包括上述零件在内的钛合金薄壁件精密铸造的充型过程及凝固传热的温度分布进行了数值模拟 ,模拟计算与实测结果合理吻合 .基于该研究可对其精密铸造工艺进行优化设计 .