单弯管下游超声流量计的安装和测量性能研究

对大管径多声道超声流量计在单弯管下游流场中的安装和测量性能进行了数值仿真研究,分析了超声流量计在0.1 m、1 m和10 m口径下不同流速、声道数、旋转角以及前直管段长度时测量误差的变化规律。仿真结果表明,交叉声道布置形式对弯管产生的二次流所引入的横向测量误差有很好地抑制作用;对于大口径弯管下游流量测量,采用交叉4声道且将超声流量计安装在弯管下游5D位置可以获得1%的精度,且随着声道数的增多测量误差有减小的趋势;相同雷诺数时的测量误差基本相同。研究结果可为大管径多声道超声流量计的实际安装和使用提供一定的参考。     

基于神经网络的多声道超声气体流量计研究

在以弦向声道布置的多声道超声气体流量计原理的基础上,采用Gauss-Legendre数值积分和线性神经网络相结合的方法完成自适应调整权系数的多声道超声气体流量计建模。在建模过程中,根据Legendre正交多项式的节点值,计算多声道超声换能器的位置分布值,再按照Widrow-Hoff学习规则,由leanrwh函数求解出各声道的层流流速和权系数值表,最后根据实时测量出的层流流速,通过插值算法自适应匹配一组最佳的权系数值,计算出流速和流量值。并以4声道交叉布置方式的超声气体流量计为例,进行测量误差仿真实验和物理实验,误差均能满足实际测量要求。     

超声流量计探头安装位置对测量影响数值仿真研究

超声流量计非实流标定方法中一个尚待解决的问题是超声探头安装位置对流量测量的影响,该问题始终制约着超声流量计非实流标定技术的发展.为解决这一难题,提出利用计算流体动力学数值仿真来研究这一问题的方法.基于实流试验获得超声流量计探头位置对其测量结果的定量影响,并将其作为数值仿真依据,探索仿真模型建立方法;在验证数值仿真方法的基础上对超声探头的两个典型安装位置--全伸和全缩进行研究;通过分析流场流动机理、各声道速度分布以及探头处的流场变化,最终获得探头安装位置对流量测量的影响规律以及产生的测量误差.两个安装位置相比,探头全伸比全缩测量效果更好,即推荐探头全伸为超声流量计探头最佳安装位置.     

超声流量测量中换能器对流场扰动机理研究

超声流量计从原理上讲是可以实现非实流标定的一类流量计,但目前国内外仍未普遍推行该技术的一个重要原因是超声换能器对流场扰动影响的研究尚需深入,特别对于中、小口径超声流量计,换能器对流场的扰动作用、对测量精度的影响更为严重。利用计算流体力学数值仿真方法研究换能器对流场的扰动机理,前期已通过实流试验验证仿真方法正确性,在此基础上重点分析DN100超声流量计分别在单面、交叉1、2、4六种声道布置形式下,换能器插入深度对流速分布、测量误差的影响规律。研究结果表明,换能器对流场的节流作用使得采用交叉声道布置形式、换能器全部插入管道时的测量效果最好,测量误差最小;随着布置声道数目逐渐增多,换能器对测量误差的负向影响越大。     

探头扰流对多声道超声波流量计测量结果影响研究

为了研究探头扰流对高精度多声道超声流量计测量结果影响的机理,基于计算流体力学数值仿真技术对超声波流量计内部三维流场进行仿真,并对探头附近流场进行分析。提出了一种用8个面的平均速度替代声道位置平均速度的数据提取方法,适用于扰流对测量结果影响的定量分析。对比未带扰流和带有扰流的仿真模型,结果表明：探头处的扰流对积分结果带来的最大误差为0.60%。用K系数修正消除系统误差后,得到因探头扰流引起的最大积分误差为0.16%。     

多声道气体超声流量计在城市煤气的应用

一概述 1．气体超声流量计进入市场的机遇 在我国以前常用孔板、罗茨（腰轮）、涡轮和膜盒式等气体流量计来测量城市燃气的流量,直到上世纪90年代中后期才掀起使用气体超声流量计（Gas UItrasonic Flowmeter,GUSF）热潮,成为继孔板、涡轮流量计之后的一类重要的天然气用流量计,在“西气东输”的干线中将气体超声流量计作为流量计量的首选仪表。     

气体超声流量计声道的设计与应用

介绍气体超声流量计的组成、工作原理以及声道设计原理,着重分析和阐述了声道的形式和数量对流量测量精度的影响,以及不同声道组合形式对应用条件的要求,为产业化设计和应用提供了依据。     

超声波流量计整流器优化设计

气体超声波流量计的测量精度由飞行时间的测量精度和流量计自身的流场适应性决定,流量计的流场适应性又由流量计的声道布置和整流器的性能决定。文章设计了一种内嵌于流量计的整流器,详细阐述了该整流器的结构、各模块的功能。介绍了整流器性能优化的理论依据、过程以及整流器性能优劣的判别准则。该整流器性能优化主要取决于起旋器的优化,文章给出了装有8片起旋器和装有10片起旋器的整流器在直管、单弯管下的性能参数对比,试验结果显示装有10片起旋器的整流器有着更好的流场适应性：重复性满足国标要求,直管示值误差与弯管示值误差的差值<0.3%。文章的创新点在于给出气体超声波流量计整流器设计和优化的理论依据和一整套流程,对于设计气体超声波流量计整流器的科研人员有借鉴意义。     

上游弯管对超声波流量计精度影响及整流设计

针对上游弯管流场变化对超声波流量计测量精度的影响,利用CFD对测量管道内部流场进行数值仿真模拟,并设计整流器改善由弯管导致的明显的二次流和涡流等情况,以减小超声波流量计测量误差。研究对象为基于时差法的DN15超声波液体流量计,流量范围在0.1～1.5 m~3/h内,上游弯管与流量计之间测试直管段距离为2～20D。对比超声波流量计加装整流器前后测量误差,通过实验结果验证,未整流时流量计随着直管段越短测量误差越大,安装的整流器可以改善管道内流场的速度分布,将直管段长度缩短为10D,提升超声波流量计测量误差满足在±1.5%以内,验证了数值模拟的正确性,对工程实际应用具有一定指导意义。     

超声波流量计的弯管误差分析及修正研究

针对中小口径超声波流量计的弯管二次流误差问题,运用数值仿真技术,分析了弯管二次流垂直误差与水平误差,由二次流流线规律推导出了二次流误差的计算公式。结合实际的流量计测量范围,设定雷诺数的变化范围为3 000~50 000,定量分析了安装在弯管下游5D、10D、20D位置的流量计在不同雷诺数下的误差规律。提出了"用压力差来表现二次流强度,最终结合误差规律通过测量压力差来对弯管二次流误差进行修正"的方法。研究结果表明,在雷诺数29 000之后,10D处的二次流垂直误差超过了5D处的误差,二次流垂直误差和水平误差的最大值分别约为1.2%和0.7%,经过仿真验证结果表明,该修正方法可行。     

超声波流量计中反射装置的声-固耦合分析

对超声波流量计中的反射装置进行有限元模拟计算,利用声-固耦合的方法将流体域内的声压和固体域中的结构变形联系起来。在流体域内求解Helmholtz方程,得到的声压作用于固体表面使得超声波反射装置受到载荷,而结构变形在固体边界的法向上产生结构化加速度。选取一款超声波流量计的反射装置并将其置于无限大空间中,通过一个球体对计算区域进行分割得到有限元计算区域,将超声波换能器简化为垂直入射计算区域的平面波。通过对硬边界、铝材料和不锈钢的模拟结果进行对比,分析3种情况下超声波传播过程中3条路径上的声压级变化,得出固体域的结构变形对超声波传播过程中声压分布产生影响;不锈钢材料宜作为反射装置的材料。     

结构参数对超声波流量计水流特性影响的研究

超声波流量计应用于小管径时,在基表内部加装反射装置,延长声程,提高测量精度。反射装置对超声波流量计基表内水流特性影响较大,为了优化表内水流特性,本文针对U型反射的特点提出两种改进措施:反射柱上部削平部分和在此基础上加装导流片。利用SST K-ω模型,对3种基表内水流特性进行数值模拟,分析3种基表内流场分布、声道流速稳定性和压力损失。结果表明,反射柱上部削平部分没有改善流场分布,而在此基础上加装导流片流场明显得到改善,同时两者均增加了声道流速稳定性和减小了压力损失,但后者效果更为显著。     

反射装置对超声波流量计水流特性影响的研究

时差式超声波流量计加装超声波反射装置后对其基表内水流特性影响很大,研究采用标准k-ε模型,计算了采用不同的超声波反射装置和不同的通道结构时,过流通道内的各声路K系数值及标准差值;研究了超声波反射片与管壁间隙的大小对过流通道内水流特性的影响,得到了间隙值与K系数及其标准差值的关系;研究了超声波反射片在中心轴线上的距离对过流通道内水流特性的影响,得到了反射片轴向距离改变与K系数及其标准差的关系;研究了一种新型的渐缩通道结构对超声波流量计过流通道内水流特性的影响.最后,在综合计算结果分析得到最优声道的基础上,计算了该声道不同流量点下的水流特性,给出了K系数分布曲线.     

Measurement of steam flow rates using a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter with various wetness fractions

Most of the heat in industrial plants is supplied by steam. To minimize energy waste, measuring the steam flow rates in existing pipes is important. Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters are used for this purpose, for which the sensors are attached to the pipe wall. However, flow conditions that can be used are limited because the signal-to-noise ratio of the ultrasonic signal in a steam flow is low. Furthermore, the steam wetness increases with heat losses, which may affect measurement results. Therefore, flow rate measurements in wet steam flows using clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters have not been fully established. In this study, steam flow rates with various wetness fractions and system pressures were measured using a laboratory-made clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter. The results show that flow rates in wet steam could be determined within a 10% error under general conditions in a steam piping system, although the conversion factor from line-average to area-average velocities was calibrated in superheated conditions, and the speed of sound in saturated conditions at each pressure was used. However, the error of the flow rates tended to increase with the wetness fraction and was biased toward positive values. The speed of sound and liquid volume fraction were evaluated at different wetness fractions. The flow rate error due to the change in sound speed was less than 1%, and 1.2% of the flow rates were overestimated owing to the liquid volume fraction. The velocity distribution in wet steam was considered different from that in the superheated steam owing to the existence of the liquid phase, and the change in velocity profile may lead to an overestimation of the steam flow rates in the wet steam condition.     

超声波气体流量计的管道模型仿真和误差分析

为满足不断发展的超声波气体流量计测量精度的需要,改进传感器的设计精度和有效降低安装测试及样机调试成本,针对制约超声波气体流量计测量精度主要误差源之一的管道流场分析问题,结合计算机建模数值仿真技术及实验技术对其流场设计参数以及弯管安装条件等对超声波测量误差产生原因进行定量分析.理论研究和仿真实验结果表明,可以量化分析气体超声波流量计流场误差产生的原因、范围,并通过限定流场修止系数更有效地降低其测量误差,这项研究对该超声波气体流量计的优化设计和工程应用具有一定的指导意义.     

Response and flow characteristics of a dual-rotor turbine flowmeter

The technical problems of flow measurement in hypersonic flight could be mitigated through dual-rotor turbine flowmeters (DRT-FMs). In this study, a visual experiment platform was designed to reproduce the flow of a 1.3 cm diameter DRT-FM. A mathematical model considering two rotors was developed to perform a parameterised study and evaluate the rotor responses. Further, the entire flow passage was numerically simulated through an added automatic iterative rotor-dynamic calculation based on the angular momentum balance theory. According to the experimental results, the response range of the rotational speeds was divided into three stages: unresponsive, unstable, and stable. The downstream rotor responded at a lower flow rate, increasing the measurement range of the rotor turbine flowmeter. Considering the region of linear increase in the rotor speed in stable state under different flow media, tip clearances, and number of blades, the mathematical results indicated that the downstream rotor exhibited a compensation effect of the rotational speed on the calculation of rotational speed at the current flow rate conditions, which mitigates the measurement instability of the upstream rotor. Through the simulations, the rotation speed difference of the two rotors resulted in a slight periodic disturbance to the downstream rotor, which was alleviated after flowing through the spacer and could be ignored. Moreover, the high vorticity regions appeared around the rotors and areas of abrupt structural changes in the flow passage; the distribution gradually extended as the vorticity decreased. The present study provides an understanding of the DRT-FM and some recommendations to improve its characteristics.     

Experimental and numerical study of the flow characteristics of a novel olive-shaped flowmeter (OSF)

A novel differential pressure flowmeter with an olive-shaped flowmeter (OSF) is proposed and investigated both experimentally and numerically. The streamline, pressure and velocity are obtained and numerically analysed. The results indicate that the proposed OSF exhibits less permanent pressure loss than the orifice plate flowmeter (OPF). The pressure also tends to be more stable in the OSF, which ensures high measurement accuracy and repeatability. The OSF is superior to the OPF in terms of relative pressure loss, streamline distribution, pressure distribution and velocity distribution. In the experiment, an oil pump transported diesel oil into the measurement pipe, through the check valve, filter, pressure-regulating container, and flow-regulating valve, before it was finally returned to the fuel tank. The experimental results showed that the pressure loss of the OSF was only about 14.94% of that of the OPF under the same conditions. The pressure loss curve of the OPF increased rapidly by up to 2,700 Pa with each 1 m³/h increase in the flow rate, whereas that of the OSF increased only slightly.