轴向低频振动对皮质骨钻削进给力的影响试验与分析

为了研究轴向低频振动辅助钻削方式在皮质骨钻削过程中对进给力的影响,对全钻头和横刃部分进给力进行了对比试验,并对切削刃切削单元的运动学和瞬时加工过程进行了分析。对比试验结果表明：在相同的钻削参数下,与常规方式相比,轴向低频振动钻削方式的全钻头进给力最大可减小约60%,横刃部分进给力可减小60%～80%。依据运动学分析和典型骨屑形态对比可以得出：在特定的钻削参数和振动参数配合下,轴向低频振动钻削方式可以实现钻头-工件周期性分离运动,显著影响瞬态加工过程,是进给力显著减小的主要原因之一。     

碳纤维复合材料钻孔加工的缺陷分析

为了解决碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)钻孔加工过程中出现的撕裂、毛刺、分层等问题,以及将碳纤维复合材料更好地应用到机械制造行业中,进行了碳纤维复合材料的钻孔试验.通过实验研究了碳纤维复合材料的钻孔缺陷,分析了碳纤维复合材料钻孔加工的主要缺陷分类,以及钻削力、刀具的锋利性、钻削温度等因素对孔加工质量的影响,建立了钻削速度、进给速度与钻孔质量之间的关系;采用DM2500M金相显微镜以及KEYENCE VHX-1000三维显微系统进行了相关的试验.研究结果表明,钻孔加工缺陷出现部位呈现一定的区域性,钻孔毛刺、撕裂缺陷主要集中在出口部位,入口处几乎没有毛刺、撕裂等缺陷;随着进给速度的减小和主轴转速的增大,钻孔缺陷能够得到明显的改善;采用PCD钻头加工复合材料时宜在中、高转速下进行,高转速下钻头切削刃更易切断纤维,可以得到质量更高的钻孔.     

阶跃式多元变参数振动钻削的动态轴向力、扭矩及加工精度分析

针对叠层复合材料的微小孔加工,提出阶跃式多元变参数振动钻模型。按照双刃针斜角切削理论和单刃正交切削理论,分别把钻头主切削刃和副刃分解成一系列微小双刃动态斜角切削单元,把横刃分解成一系列微小单刃动态正交切削单元,从而建立了振动钻削叠层复合材料7个区段的动态轴向力和扭矩的理论公式,并以入钻定位误差,孔扩量,出口毛刺高度作为钻削过程质量评价指标进行了试验优化分析,结果表明,阶跃式多元变参数振动钻削显著提高了叠层复合材料的微小孔加工精度。     

麻花钻磨损特性的研究

通过对调质合金结构钢的大量钻削试验,研究了麻花钻磨损区的图形特征和磨损机理以及钻头失效与磨损图形参数、钻头切削寿命与钻削速度的关系。结果表明,麻花钻的磨损具有非线性特征,钻头转角和主刀刃及横刃区有两个显著不同的磨损区,随钻削速度的提高,这两个磨损区的特征差异及磨损带宽度之比明显增大。在钻削速度较低、钻头失效时,两个磨损区为较均衡的磨粒磨损和粘结磨损;钻削速度较高时,转角区剧烈的粘结磨损和氧化磨损使钻头加快失效,而主刀刃及横刃上的磨损却很小。受此影响,麻花钻的磨钝标准、耐用度问题较为复杂,钻头的寿命（Ｔ）－速度（Ｖ）曲线的泰勒特性范围很窄。     

两种钻头高速钻削碳纤维复合材料时的钻削力与钻削温度对比

采用金刚石涂层钻头和硬质合金麻花钻头对单向T800碳纤维复合材料进行高速钻削试验,对比分析了两种钻头在不同转速和进给速度下钻削时的钻削力与钻削温度,并研究了钻削力对制孔质量的影响。结果表明:高转速、低进给速度能有效提高孔的加工质量;在相同加工参数下,与硬质合金麻花钻头相比,用金刚石涂层钻头钻削时,钻削轴向力减小40%,钻削温度至少降低17%,更适合钻削碳纤维复合材料。     

基于横刃轴向力的CFRP钻孔分层临界进给量研究

为避免或减少钻削出口分层缺陷,控制钻削轴向力不超过出口分层临界轴向力具有重要的实际意义.将钻头横刃上的轴向力分为两部分,其一是横刃前刀面与碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymers,CFRP)之间作用力的轴向分量,其二是横刃圆弧与CFRP接触力的轴向分量.基于复合材料的细观力学...     

车用TiC4板超声振动辅助钻削动力学及钻孔过程试验

为了提高汽车轻量化所用钛合金的钻削质量,以TiC4合金板为例,开展超声振动辅助钻削动力学及钻孔过程试验研究。构建了动力学模型并完成各项参数的估计,完成模型的超声振动测试。动力学试验结果表明：当系统到达钻削阶段时,形成了相应的倍频。钻头除了存在沿自身匀速旋转运动以外,还沿进给方向形成了明显的简谐激振力,从而产生了而具有周期性的切削厚度。按照设定进给速度与主轴转速参数,对钛合金工件实施钻孔测试。钻孔试验结果表明：设置轴向振动之后,轴向力明显的下降,且变化更为平稳。超声振动方式能够增强钻头切削能力,促进断屑并快速排出,由此获得稳定的钻削效果。该研究对提高钛合金板的钻削质量具有很好的实际应用价值,易于推广实现。     

钻削GH4169高温合金薄壁件钻削力仿真研究

GH4169高温合金的薄壁钻孔与厚壁钻孔相比有特殊性,运用ABAQUS软件进行钻削GH4169高温合金薄壁件的仿真,研究钻削加工过程中钻削参数和工件厚度对钻削力的影响规律及变化特征,分析应力的分布规律。结果表明:钻削初期,横刃的挤压和主切削刃切削长度的增加使钻削力和扭矩增大;稳定钻削阶段,横刃切出后,主切削刃切削长度不变切削直径增加,钻削力和扭矩稳定增加;钻削后期,副切削刃参与切削,主切削刃切削长度减小,轴向钻削力和扭矩减小,但副刃与孔壁的挤压摩擦,曲线波动较大;钻削速度、进给量及工件厚度的增加都会导致轴向钻削力和扭矩的增加;钻削时的最大应力分布在横刃和主切削刃与工件的接触部位。     

304不锈钢的超声振动辅助微孔钻削试验研究

通过304不锈钢的100μm微孔超声辅助钻削试验,研究了超声振动辅助钻削的理论未变形钻削厚度,钻削轴向力与加工参数的关系,孔壁的表面质量,微孔入口处的毛刺以及加工后钻头刃部的状态,结果表明:超声振动辅助钻削在入钻后为连续切削;超声振动辅助可以明显改善微孔表面质量和入口处毛刺的尺寸,减小钻头刃部积屑馏的形成;钻削轴向力随进给速度和单次钻削深度的增加而增大,随主轴转速的升高而减小。     

钻削飞机钛合金结构维修孔的钻头横刃优选试验

针对飞机钛合金薄壁结构维修工艺孔的手工钻削特点,选取了三种不同横刃形状的麻花钻头,通过所构建的微量复合油雾喷射润滑(CMJ)条件下的钻削试验系统,开展了钻头横刃形状对钻削性能影响的对比试验,优选出适合战伤抢修环境下使用的飞机钛合金蒙皮钻削的钻头形状,以期提高飞机钛合金结构的修理质量和效率。试验表明,横刃形状为S型钻头最适合飞机钛合金薄壁结构维修工艺孔钻削,虽然S型和短横刃型的钻头均可有效降低钻削轴向力,提高孔口圆度,但短横刃钻头因横刃区域面积小,磨损较为严重。     

碳纤维复合材料/钛合金叠层钻孔质量研究

碳纤维复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)/钛合金叠层的钻孔机理不同于单层材料钻孔,钛合金切屑在排出孔外过程中会对CFRP孔质量造成损伤。为了探究CFRP在叠层钻孔时的质量特性,设计正交试验分析了钛合金切屑和切削参数对CFRP层钻孔质量的影响。观察了轴向切削力和力矩的变化以及钛合金切屑形态,分析CFRP层孔径超差和入口撕裂的机理。结果表明:大进给量条件下,高温、高硬度的钛合金切屑会对CFRP产生严重的侵蚀,是导致CFRP孔径超差的主要原因,并会增大入口撕裂程度;CFRP入口撕裂主要产生在切削速度和纤维方向夹角θ=45°的位置,低切削速度不利于切削CFRP,会加大入口撕裂程度。因此,应使用小进给量钻削钛合金层,使用大切削速度钻削CFRP层;在保证钻头强度的前提下,推荐使用具有较大容屑空间的钻头。     

An experimental investigation on the process parameters influencing machining forces during milling of carbon and glass fiber laminates

Milling is the most feasible machining operation for producing slots and keyways with a well defined and high quality surface. Milling of composite materials is a complex task owing to its heterogeneity and the associated problems such as surface delamination, fiber pullout, burning, fuzzing and surface roughness. The machining process is dependent on the material characteristics and the cutting parameters. An attempt is made in this work to investigate the influencing cutting parameters affecting milling of composite laminates. Carbon and glass fibers were used to fabricate laminates for experimentations. The milling operation was performed with different feed rates, cutting velocity and speed. Numerically controlled vertical machining canter was used to mill slots on the laminates with different cutting speed and feed combinations. A milling tool dynamo meter was used to record the three orthogonal components of the machining force. From the experimental investigations, it was noticed that the machining force increases with increase in speed. For the same feed rate the machining force of GFRP laminates was observed to be very minimal, when compared to machining force of CFRP laminates. It is proposed to perform milling operation with lower feed rate at higher speeds for optimal milling operation.     

C/E复合材料螺旋铣削制孔方法抑制缺陷产生的机理

传统钻削加工碳纤维/环氧树脂(Carbon/epoxy,C/E)复合材料时容易产生加工缺陷,而螺旋铣削作为一种新的制孔方法在航空材料的加工中逐渐受到关注。为分析螺旋铣削制孔方法抑制缺陷产生的机理,以传统钻削加工为参照,分别利用螺旋铣削及传统钻削两种方法对C/E复合材料进行制孔试验,并对螺旋铣削与传统钻削刀具的运动轨迹进行分析。在具有相同的加工效率及刀具切削速度的基础上,对两种加工方法的加工参数进行优化。进行制孔对比试验,并对制孔过程中的切削温度、切削力及加工质量进行检测与分析。结果表明,切削温度是影响C/E复合材料制孔质量的重要因素,且由于螺旋铣削制孔时的切削温度显著低于传统钻削制孔温度,因此螺旋铣削制孔质量明显优于传统钻削制孔质量。螺旋铣削制孔时的切削温度较传统钻削时降低69℃以上,降幅大于36%,因此有效避免了制孔出口处的撕裂及分层现象。     

Study on cutting force and surface micro-topography of hard turning of GCr15 steel

This work investigates the cutting force and surface micro-topography in hard turning of GCr15 bearing steel. A series of experiments on hard turning of GCr15 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools are performed on a CNC machining center. Experimental measurements of cutting force, 3D surface micro-topography, and surface roughness of the workpiece are performed. The 3D surface micro-topography of the workpiece is discussed, and the formation mechanism of the 3D surface is analyzed. The influence of cutting speed and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness are discussed. The 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters are compared and discussed. It is found that feed rate has greater influence on cutting force and surface roughness than cutting speed and there exists the most appropriate cutting speed under which the minimum surface roughness can be generated while a relatively small cutting force can be found. Recommendations on selecting cutting parameters of hard turning of GCr15 steel are also proposed.     

金刚石磨头刀具磨铣加工对高体份SiCp/Al复合材料加工表面质量的影响

针对高体份SiCp／Al复合材料,采用佥刚石磨头刀具磨铣切削的加工方法,研究了高速磨铣加工中机床主轴转速、工件进给速度及背吃刀量对材料加工表面形貌损伤以及表面粗糙度的影响规律。研究表明,机床主轴转速的提高、工件进给速度的减小都能够减小材料表面形貌的损伤情况,改善加工表面粗糙度质量：背吃刀量的改变对材料表面形貌损伤以及表面粗糙度的影响不大。     

The influence of the cutting tool microgeometry on the machinability of hardened AISI 4140 steel

The aim of this work is to define the cutting conditions that allow the dry drilling of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CFRE) composite materials taking into consideration the quality of the drilled holes (the exit delamination factor and the cylindricity error) and the optimum combination of drilling parameters. A further aim is to use grey relational analysis to improve the quality of the drilled holes. The machining parameters were measured according to 3³ full factorial parameter designs (27 experiments with independent process variables). The experiments were carried out under various cutting parameters with different spindle speeds and feed rates. Drilling tests were done using WC carbide, high-speed steel (HSS), and TiN-coated carbide drills. The experiment design was accomplished by application of the statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that the thrust force is mainly influenced by the tool materials and the feed rate, which has a strong influence on the exit delamination factor. On the other hand, the spindle speed particularly affects the cylindricity error of the holes. Correlations were established between spindle speed/feed rate and the various machining parameters so as to optimize cutting conditions. These correlations were found by quadratic regression using response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, tests were carried out to check the concordance of experimental results.     

Cutting forces prediction in generalized pocket machining

Cutting force prediction is important for the planning and optimization of machining process. This paper presents an approach to predict the cutting forces for the whole finishing process of generalized pocket machining. The equivalent feedrate is introduced to quantify the actual speed of cutting cross-section in prediction of cutting force for curved surface milling. For convenience, to analyze the process with varying feed direction and cutter engagement, the milling process for generalized pocket is discretized into a series of small processes. Each of the small processes is transformed into a steady-state machining, using a new approximation method. The cutting geometries of each discrete process, i.e., feed direction, equivalent feedrate per tooth, entry angle, and exit angle are calculated based on the information refined from NC code. An improved cutting force model which involves the effect of feed direction on cutting forces prediction is also presented. A machining example of a freeform pocket is performed, and the measured cutting forces are compared with the predictions. The results show that the proposed approach can effectively predict the variation of cutting forces in generalized pocket machining.     

Analytical modelling of slot milling exit burr size

A computational model was recently proposed by authors to approximate the tangential cutting force and consequently predict the thickness of the exit up milling side burr. To calculate the cutting force, the specific cutting force coefficient with respect to material properties was used. The model was sensitive to material yield strength and few cutting and tool geometrical parameters. However, the effects of cutting speed, tool coating, and tool rake angle on burr size were neglected. Other phenomena that could affect the burr size such as friction and abrasion were not taken into account either. Therefore, in the current work, a mechanistic force model is incorporated to propose a burr size prediction algorithm. The tangential and radial forces are calculated based on using specific cutting force coefficients in each direction. Furthermore, using the new approach, the burr size is predicated and the effects of a broad range of cutting parameters on burr size and friction angle are evaluated. Experimental values of burr size correlated well with prediction. It was found that the cutting speed has negligible effects on force and burr size. Lower friction angle was recorded when using larger feed per tooth. Consequently, thinner exit up milling side burr was obtained under high friction angle.     

Temperature measurement and machining damage in slotting of multidirectional CFRP laminate

Compared to metallic materials, carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have lower thermal conductivity and minor thermal expansion coefficient. Despite this, their machining can generate accuracy errors if the cutting temperature is not controlled. In this paper, an experimental study of slotting of multidirectional CFRP laminate (G803/914) with three micrograin carbide burr tools with different geometries is considered in order to investigate tool-workpiece contact point temperature, chip temperature, machined surface damage, subsurface defects and tool degradation. The experiment is made on a computer numerical control (CNC) machine with cutting speed ranging from 80 to 200 m/min and feed per tooth from 0.008 to 0.060 mm/rev/tooth. The data were analyzed in order to establish empirical models showing the dependence of cutting temperature on tool geometry and cutting conditions. Based on the results, it is concluded that cutting speed is the factor influencing cutting temperature the most, the heat generated during slotting is removed mainly by chips and the chip temperature is greater than the tool-workpiece contact temperature of about 18.5°C on average for the three burr tools.     

高速铣削过程中表面粗糙度变化规律的试验研究

在高速铣削试验的基础上 ,研究分析切削速度与进给量对加工表面粗糙度的影响。试验数据表明 ,切削速度的提高有利于改善加工表面粗糙度 ,当切削速度超过某一范围后 ,随切削速度的进一步提高 ,加工表面粗糙度的降低并不明显 ,有时还会使表面粗糙度增加。根据试验结果 ,对具体工件材料与刀具材料匹配选择合理的切削速度与进给量范围 ,可以获得最小加工表面粗糙度值