液滴干燥过程的模拟研究

为更直观地体现液滴蒸发历程,详细分析液滴内部溶剂浓度与液滴比热、液滴表面饱和蒸气压、溶剂扩散系数之间的耦合关系,建立同时考虑液滴内部温度梯度变化及浓度梯度变化的单液滴蒸发模型,并基于网格重构技术解决液滴蒸发过程中的动边界问题,分别以纯水滴和硫酸钠溶液液滴蒸发为例,模拟分析不同操作工况下,液滴滴径、液滴内部温度梯度及溶质浓度梯度的瞬态变化。结果表明:数值模拟的结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on Rapid Evaporation of Ethanol Droplets and Kerosene Droplets During Depressurization

This paper reports an experimental and theoretical study of rapid evaporation of ethanol droplets and kerosene droplets during depressurization. For experimental method, an ethanol droplet or a kerosene droplet was suspended on a thermocouple, which was also used to measure the droplet center temperature transition. And the droplet shape variation was recorded by a high speed camera. A theoretical analysis was developed based on the heat balance to estimate the droplet center temperature transition, and the evaporation model proposed by Abramzon and Sirignano was used to describe the droplet vaporization. According to the experimental data and theoretical analysis, both of the environmental pressure and the initial droplet diameter have a prominent influence on the droplet temperature transition. Comparing the evaporation processes of ethanol droplets and kerosene droplets with water droplets, the ethanol droplets have the fastest evaporation rate, followed by water, and the evaporation rates of kerosene droplets are the slowest. Also it was found that a bubble can easily emerge within kerosene droplet, and its lifetime is more than 1 s.     

Rapid Solidification Process of a Water Droplet Due to Depressurization

This paper reports an experimental and numerical study of rapid solidification of a water droplet due to depressurization. During the experiment, a distilled water droplet was suspended on a thermocouple, which was also used to measure the droplet temperature, and the droplet surface temperature was captured by an infrared thermograph. The experimentally measured data indicates that freezing occurs from the droplet surface when the droplet temperature reaches a certain subcooling. A mathematical model was constructed to simulate the temperature transition and the temperature distribution within the sphere. The model considers the pressure reduction in the test vessel, the kinetic condition for undercooled solidification, and the heat transfers due to convection and sublimation at the ice surface. A coordinate transformation method was used to capture the two moving boundaries within the droplet, which are internal solidification interface and surface sublimation interface. The model-predictions agree well with the measured temperature data, demonstrating the soundness of the present model. The results show that the rapid solidification of a water droplet due to depressurization is a typical non-equilibrium phase transition, with a lower ambient pressure, the solidification speed will be faster, and the duration time for droplet center temperature keeps constant will be shorter.     

水滴在真空室内结晶过程的模拟

模拟真空室内水滴结晶过程是模拟真空雾化法制备冰浆系统的第一步。模拟了液滴在真空室内从较高的温度降温到零度,之后到一定的过冷度,然后发生相变为液-固两相,到最后为全部固相的整个过程。在该过程中热质传递迅速发生,模拟结果表明蒸发或者升华控制了整个过程。以扩散模型和以对流模型所得到的结果都与实验结果在一定程度上吻合,这是因为通过对流或者导热所传递的热量比相变潜热要小几个数量级。在整个结晶过程中液滴温度的变化表明:液固相变要占据较长的时间,是一个更为重要的过程。考虑重力、浮力和粘滞力的影响给出了液滴在结晶过程中的运动方程。从该模型计算出的液滴结晶过程中下降距离比仅考虑重力作用下给出的要准确。研究结果为更好的设计真空闪蒸室提供了理论依据和参考。     

低温环境下水滴在冷表面结冰过程的实验研究

本文研究了环境温度的变化和实验表面改变对水滴结冰过程的影响。在温度可调的低温环境测试箱中搭建了观测水滴结冰的实验装置。用气压控制器控制液滴发生装置内的压强并使其产生水滴,通过相机记录水滴在冷表面上的结冰过程。实验结果表明:实验板表面的导热系数对水滴的结冰时间影响较大,环境温度为-22. 0℃时,红铜表面的结冰时间为3. 8 s,不锈钢表面的结冰时间为5. 0 s,均小于玻璃表面上的结冰时间15. 2 s;水滴在不同实验表面上结冰时均会产生凸起,但仅在玻璃表面上会发生明显的凸起塌陷现象。     

低压环境固着盐水液滴蒸发析晶过程实验研究

实验研究了低压环境下固着盐水液滴在不同基底表面(铜、载玻片和聚四氟乙烯)的蒸发析晶过程,分析了表面性质和环境压力的影响。结果表明,低压环境下易在接触线处析出白色盐晶。铜表面由于表面能较大,接触面上覆盖盐晶体,液滴蒸发过程接触直径几乎不变,接触角逐渐减小。在载玻片表面,当环境压力较高时,液滴蒸发造成接触线收缩,伴随盐晶体的生长和移动接触角波动。在聚四氟乙烯表面,接触面处易产生气泡,气泡的生长和爆裂导致接触角明显波动。Pe数可以揭示液滴蒸发过程外部传质扩散和内部离子扩散的相对大小。研究成果有助于指导海水淡化的工业应用。     

Experimental Investigation on Flash Evaporation of Saltwater Droplets Released into Vacuum

In this paper, the flash evaporation process of saltwater droplets released into vacuum is experimentally investigated. During the experiment, a saltwater (NaCl) droplet was suspended on a thermocouple junction, which was used to measure the temperature evolution. The droplet surface temperature was captured by an infrared thermal imager, and the shape variation was recorded by a high speed camera. According to the experimental results, the component and solution concentration has great influence on the evaporation process. With a rise of salt concentration in water, the evaporation rate decreases. The shape of temperature transition curve also depends on the salt concentration in solution, no matter whether it is higher or lower than the eutectic point (22.4%). The effects of environmental pressure, initial droplet temperature and initial droplet diameter on the temperature transition of droplets were also summarized based on the experimental data.     

Modeling of an isolated liquid hydrogen droplet evaporation and combustion

In this model, diffusive governing equations of Liquid Hydrogen (LH) evaporation and combustion were solved. The simulation reveals that, there exists a critical radius (a_cri) where radiation heat is equal to conduction heat (Q_rad = Q_cond) and a_cri is a function of ambient temperature during LH droplet evaporation process. Under pure evaporation condition, for large liquid hydrogen droplets (a > a_cri) radiation heat is dominant at a given environment temperature, but as liquid droplet size decreases, radiation heat becomes insignificant and thermal conduction will be dominant for liquid evaporation. When LH droplet is burned in a cold environment (T_∞ = 300 K), there are two films above the LH surface, Film I is from LH surface to flame front within which a dense hydrogen gas cloud is formed; Film II is from flame front to the free stream where oxygen is diffused inward to react with hydrogen. The flame front is located about 95 times of the droplet radius (r_f = 95a) and the flame temperature could rise up to 2077 K. When an LH droplet is immersed in a hot environment (T_∞ = 2050 K), the flame front is located at a similar distance to the LH droplet (r_f/a = 114) and flame temperature could go up to 3769 K.     

Numerical analysis of the cool flame behavior of igniting n-Heptane droplets

For many technical combustion applications like Lean Prevaporized Premixed (LPP) Systems the knowledge of droplet self-ignition processes as the basic element of spray ignition is necessary. Especially the two-stage ignition behavior due to a cool flame and therefore the Zero Temperature Coefficient Behavior (ZTC) are hereby important. Detailed Numerical Simulations give the opportunity to analyze these processes leading to droplet self-ignition, to get a deeper insight into the existing phenomena. The present study is carried out with a former validated, detailed numerical model including a substantial chemical reaction mechanism for n-Heptane with 437 reactions and 92 species. The Temperature Profiles as a function of time and as a function of radius as well as the profiles of the temperature gradient as a function of time and as a function of radius clarify the characteristics of the ignition process. The mixture fraction due to evaporation and diffusion and therefore the pool on the for the cool flame appearance important species OQ’OOH determines the activity of the low temperature reactions and thus the maximum possible cool flame temperature. The first local temperature rise, which is produced by the low temperature reactions, takes place below ambient temperature at very low fuel / air mixture ratios. It can be found, that the place of the maximum temperature and of the maximum temperature gradient as well, do not coincide during the first stage of ignition. The spatial in-homogeneity of the temperature and species concentration field around the droplet allows for a parallel burning of a cool flame caused by low temperature reactions, even when hot flame ignition has already occurred.     

Brownian Diffusion Inside a Micron-Sized Droplet and the Morphology of Ensembles of Nanoparticles

Three types of morphologies of ensembles of nanoparticles inside the evaporating micron-sized droplet of a solution at a low pressure have been described on the basis of experimental and theoretical results. It has been shown that the basic processes inside the droplet that influence the morphology are the coalescence of nanoparticles and their Brownian diffusion. Parametrically, all the processes are influenced by the rate of evaporation of the droplet. It has been found that a higher-than-average concentration of nanoparticles at the droplet’s edge, which gives rise to "hollow"-type structures of agglomerated nanoparticles, develops in rapid evaporation. It has been shown that the final morphology of nanoparticles can be influenced by changing the viscosity of the solution droplet or the total pressure in the reactor.     

基于CFD技术的预冷参数对盒装荔枝微环境温湿度的影响

目的 深入研究外环境参数对荔枝包装盒内环境的影响，获得荔枝包装盒内外环境温度湿度规律。方法 建立盒装荔枝果实和外流场的三维模型。结合荔枝果实和包装物理特性，对预冷过程中包装荔枝果实内外环境温湿度变化进行数值分析，获得包装内流场的分布情况。结果 在达到二分之一冷却时间之前，提高风速可以缩短预冷时间，并且能够加快荔枝果实的传热;在达到二分之一冷却时间之后，风速超过6 m/s后，荔枝果实温度变化不显著，相邻风速间果实温度标准差的差值较小，标准差趋于稳定;包装内相对湿度主要受荔枝果实温度的影响;预冷初始阶段选择较低环境温度，有利于加快荔枝果实与空气的传热，促进果实温度的降低，但是荔枝果实间的温度差异随着环境温度降低而增大。结论 在预冷期间，外环境参数温度和风速对包装内环境温湿度有较大的影响。     

Transcritical phenomena of autoignited fuel droplet at high pressures under microgravity

An experimental study has been performed under microgravity to obtain the detailed information needed for the deep understanding of the combustion phenomena of single fuel droplets which autoignite in supercritical gaseous environment. The microgravity environments both in a capsule of a drop shaft and during the parabolic flight of an aircraft were utilized for the experiments. An octadecanol droplet suspended at the tip of a fine quartz fiber in the cold section of the high-pressure combustion chamber was transferred quickly to be subjected to a hot gaseous medium in an electric furnace, this followed by autoignition and combustion of the fuel droplet in supercritical gaseous environment. High-pressure gaseous mixture of oxygen and nitrogen was used as the ambient gas. Temporal variation of temperature of the fuel droplet in supercritical gaseous environment was examined using an embedded fine thermocouple. Sequential backlighted images of the autoignited fuel droplet or the lump of fuel were acquired in supercritical gaseous environment with reduced oxygen concentration. The observed pressure dependence of the ignition delay and that of the burning time of the droplet with the embedded thermocouple were consistent with the previous results. Simultaneous imaging with thermometry showed that the appearance of the fuel changed remarkably at measured fuel temperatures around the critical temperature of the pure fuel. The interface temperature of the fuel rose well beyond the critical temperature of the pure fuel in supercritical gaseous environment. The fuel was gasified long before the end of combustion in supercritical gaseous environment. The proportion of the gasification time to the burning time decreased monotonically with increasing the ambient pressure.     

Launch ascent testing of a representative Altair ascent stage methane tank

In order to support long duration cryogenic propellant storage, the NASA is investigating the long duration storage properties of liquid methane. The Methane Lunar Surface Thermal Control (MLSTC) testing is using a tank of the approximate dimensions of the Altair lunar ascent propellant tanks. The tank was insulated with multilayer insulation and placed inside of a vacuum chamber to simulate the various environments that would be encountered during launch and travel from the earth to the lunar surface, including long duration stays on the lunar surface. One of these environments to be studied is the launch and ascent environment; while all the effects of this mission phase cannot be simulated at the same time, an effort was made to simulate as many as possible. Boil-off testing included ambient pressure ground hold testing followed by a rapid depressurization of the vacuum chamber during which the liquid methane tank was allowed to come to steady state condition in the high vacuum environment. The data gathered from the series of tests fit with-in pre-test predictions and yielded much needed test data for rapid depressurization using liquid methane.     

垂直Bridgman法生长CaF2单晶传热过程的数值分析

采用有限元法对大尺寸氟化钙单晶的生长过程进行了传热分析,准稳态模型简化模拟计算过程.研究了梯度区不同的温度梯度对界面形状和晶体生长速度的影响,讨论了辐射传热对晶体生长过程传热的影响.研究表明:晶体生长过程中界面凸度发生变化;晶体生长速率与坩埚下降速率不一致;25 K/cm为合适的梯度区温度梯度;晶体内部辐射传热对单晶生长传热过程有重要影响.计算结果表明,3个时期的固相等温线的曲率小于液相的.根据数值模拟结果进行了晶体生长实验,生长出的晶体完整,透明,无宏观缺陷.     

Effects of ambient pressure and precursors on soot formation in spray flames

The effects of ambient pressure on soot formation in spray jet flames are investigated by means of a two-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS). In addition, the effects of precursors on soot formation are also discussed. The inception models considering acetylene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) precursors are employed and compared in this study. The extended flamelet/progress-variable approach (EFPV) in which heat transfer between a droplet and the surrounding fluid can be considered is employed as a combustion model. Jet A is used as a liquid fuel with considering the detailed chemistry including 274 chemical species and 1537 elemental reactions by the flamelet library. The evaporating droplets’ motions are tracked by the Lagrangian method and the non-equilibrium Langmuir–Knudsen model is used as an evaporation model. Results show that the spray jet flame structure and the soot formation characteristics are considerably affected by the ambient pressure condition. The soot volume fraction increases with increasing the ambient pressure. It is also revealed that the dominant process to promote the soot formation is different between the acetylene and PAH precursor models. It is essential to model a soot inception process with appropriate precursors in order to understand a detail mechanism of soot formation, since the precursor which plays the important role depends on the type of fuel and the combustion conditions.     

Freezing of a water droplet due to evaporation—heat transfer dominating the evaporation–freezing phenomena and the effect of boiling on freezing characteristics

One of the authors has proposed a novel transport/storage system for the waste cold from the gasification process of liquefied natural gas (LNG), which consists of an evaporator, a cold trap, and a pipeline. In order to estimate the performance of this system, one should know the pressure in the evaporator, in which evaporation–freezing of a PCM occurs, and in the cold trap, as well as the pressure drop of the pipeline due to the flow of low pressure vapor of the PCM. In this paper, the cooling/freezing phenomena of a water droplet due to evaporation in an evacuated chamber was experimentally examined, and the heat transfer dominating the evaporation-freezing phenomena was investigated in order to estimate the pressure in the evaporator. From the results, it was shown that the water droplet in the evacuated cell is effectively cooled by the evaporation of water itself, and is frozen within a few seconds through a remarkable supercooling state, and that the cooling rate of the water droplets were dominated by heat transfer within the droplet under the abrupt evacuation condition. The later result means that, in order to obtain an ice particle by evaporation–freezing, the surroundings of the water droplet should be evacuated at the pressure as low as the saturate pressure of water at the maximum supercooling temperature of the droplet.     

Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin

We have developed mathematical models for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of selected chemical warfare agents (CWA), including the evaporation and settling of contaminant liquid droplets. The models and numerical results presented may be utilised for designing protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA's. The model AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD) was extended to treat two nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodynamical evolution of a five-component aerosol mixture, consisting of two-component droplets together with the surrounding three-component gas. We have performed numerical computations with this model on the evaporation and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersal and atmospheric conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the maximum radii (r(M)) of a totally evaporating droplet, in terms of the ambient temperature and contaminant vapour concentration. The radii r(M) range from approximately 15-80 microm for sarin droplets for the selected ambient conditions and initial heights. We have also evaluated deposition fractions in terms of the initial droplet size.     

Evaporation and Settling Behavior of Metalworking Fluid Aerosols

Environmental and industrial hygiene issues have been receiving ever increasing attention. One important issue is metalworking fluid (MWF) mist formation since it can have a negative effect on workplace air quality. A model is presented to characterize the evaporation and settling behavior of a diluted water-soluble MWF mist under ambient conditions. The model is based on the Langmuir-Knudsen law and Stoke' law. The Langmuir-Knudsen law is employed to describe the evaporation process of each MWF droplet and allows for nonequilibrium effects associated with small droplet size. Stoke' law is applied to characterize the droplet settling mechanism at small Reynolds numbers. Experiments are performed to validate the model. Experiments show that the evaporation rate decreases to zero as the water in a droplet completely evaporates to produce a small nonvolatile oil drop. It is found that the evaporation and settling of a collection of MWF droplets can be predicted by the proposed model.     

超声波作用下动态闪蒸制备冰浆

本文基于闪蒸理论,设计了一套超声波作用下动态闪蒸制备冰浆的实验装置。研究同一真空度下不同超声波功率、喷射体积流量及不同质量浓度的乙醇添加对冰浆真空动态闪蒸特性的影响。结果表明:与无超声波作用相比,超声波对增大水的闪蒸强度作用明显;体积流量一定时,降温降压速率随超声波功率的增大而增大,较高的超声功率有助于增强水的闪蒸强度,有利于动态制冰;而同一超声功率下随着体积流量的增大最终平衡压力也越高。较大体积流量不利于闪蒸的持续进行;乙醇添加剂能促进溶液降温,质量浓度越高,温度降得越低;质量浓度为5%时,可消除溶液过冷度,更利于产生冰晶。     

Analysis of the heat transfer and friction factor correlations influence in the prediction of evaporating flows inside tubes

A methodology for analysing the influence of the heat transfer and friction factor correlations in the prediction of the two-phase flows inside horizontal ducts under evaporation phenomena is presented. An experimental unit based on single stage vapor compression refrigerating system with two parallel evaporation devices has been built to work under real refrigeration conditions. The first evaporation device consists of a double pipe evaporator which allows determining the heat flux through the pipe. The second device is an electrically heated pipe evaporator with uniformly distributed temperature and pressure sensors along the fluid path. The experimental data of temperature and pressure distribution along the smooth heated duct is compared with a selected set of heat transfer and friction factor correlations through a detailed numerical evaporation model. The aim of this paper is to determine possible criteria to select the most suitable heat transfer and friction factor correlations available.