基于ACFM技术的焊缝跟踪传感器空间磁场建模

针对窄间隙I形坡口对接焊缝因其结构特殊性而缺乏直接有效的跟踪方法这一难题,设计了一种基于交流电磁场检测（ACFM）技术的新型焊缝跟踪传感器．建立了传感器焊缝表面感应电流的三维空间简化磁场模型,推导出了空间磁场磁感应强度计算解析式,利用MATLAB软件分析了三维方向的磁感应强度分布规律,重点分析工件焊缝引起的磁场畸变信号与焊缝位置之间的内在联系,采用近似二次多项式曲线拟合表征垂直焊缝方向磁感应强度Bz与焊缝左右偏离距离两者的数学关系,提出了一种新的焊缝偏差检测方法,为I形对接坡口焊缝自动跟踪系统的设计提供理论依据．     

外加纵向磁场GTAW焊缝成形机理

以外加间歇交变纵向磁场GTAW（气体保护钨极氩弧焊）为研究对象,通过采用测量相关参数和拍摄电弧的方法,研究了间歇交变纵向磁场GTAW焊接低碳钢、不锈钢和铝合金等材料焊缝成形发生变化的规律和原因。认为在本研究条件下,无论处于溶池下方还是上方的单励磁线圈产生的外加纵向磁场都使GTAW焊接电弧特征、熔池行为和结晶过程发生了变化,从而导致焊缝成形的改变;同时发现当励磁线圈和电弧中心线不同轴心时,外加磁场对焊缝成形的影响较为强烈,其中铁磁性材料所受影响较显著。     

基于Kriging代理模型的磁控电弧传感器参数优化方法

为提高磁控电弧焊缝自动跟踪系统的稳定性与跟踪精度,引入拉丁超立方取样试验设计方法和Kriging代理模型技术,建立磁控电弧传感器的参数（励磁频率、励磁电流、磁极间隙、线圈匝数）预测模型;分析磁控电弧传感器的主要参数对焊缝跟踪信号的影响规律及其在焊接过程中的稳定性;选取传感器参数的优化设计点,试验验证磁控电弧传感器参数优化的可靠性.结果表明,优化后的焊缝跟踪传感信号波形明显,且干扰少,由于提高了信号的信噪比,从根本上提高了焊缝跟踪的准确性和稳定性.     

磁控焊缝跟踪传感器非对称纵向磁场下的焊缝识别

针对纵向磁场作用下的电弧难提取焊缝信息的问题，设计一种由3个纵向分布磁感线圈组成的‘山’形分布纵向磁场传感器.利用COMSOL软件模拟非对称纵向磁场作用电弧形态.取焊接过程电弧电压分布对应的磁感应强度作为焊缝识别试验的磁感应强度.用高速摄影仪拍摄非对称纵向磁场作用下的电弧运动轨迹，并与新型传感器设计的电弧运动轨迹进行比较，验证纵向磁场传感器产生非对称纵向磁场的电弧形态变化.结果表明，非对称纵向磁场能控制电弧进行焊缝识别，并能解决窄间隙焊接过程中的咬边和侧壁不融合.该方法为磁控焊缝跟踪传感器在窄间隙焊接的应用开辟了新的方向.     

线圈法漏磁探伤的信号特性分析

由标量磁位计算圆柱形点缺陷的漏磁场，然后计算穿过式线圈及旋转式线圈探测点缺陷的漏磁场产生的感应电动势，分析这些检测信号的特性并得出相应的结论。     

交变磁场测量数学模型及类匀强场的建立

在介绍了交变磁场测量原理的基础上，分析并给出了交变磁场测量法的数学和理论模型，对缺陷模型进行了详尽的分析。为了实现交变磁场测量法，提出了类匀强场的概念并对其进行了论证。分析了用复合矩形激励线圈产生类匀强场的方法和理论基础。最后通过ANSYS有限元仿真技术对在该复合线圈激励下，工件表层感应电场及其相位，以及工件周围感应磁场进行了分析，验证了试验模型的正确性。     

横向磁场感应器结构优化及对焊缝加热效果的影响

直焊缝焊后感应热处理用横向磁场感应器拆分为主线圈与副线圈两部分,并分别设计制作了3种主线圈与3种副线圈.通过研究主、副线圈不同组合情况下所构成的感应器磁场、优化感应器结构,分析得出了各种感应器对焊缝感应加热的影响.所分析的感应器结构参数包括主线圈凹槽深度与宽度,副线圈相对主线圈配置的角度等.     

磁控电弧焊缝跟踪传感器的有限元分析

为了研究磁控电弧焊缝跟踪传感器的电磁特性,采用ANSYS软件对传感器进行了谐波磁场分析,当线圈匝数、空气隙长度、铁心磁导率等因素分别发生改变时,得出了磁控电弧焊缝跟踪传感器的磁力线分布和磁场矢量图;分析了电弧传感器主要参数对磁场分布和磁感应强度大小的影响规律,并与采用高斯计测得的实际磁感应强度进行了对比.结果表明,采用有限元方法对磁控电弧传感器的电磁特性的分析结果与试验结果吻合,为磁控电弧焊缝跟踪技术提供了基本的理论指导.     

磁化线圈磁场的分析及其应用

通过对磁化线圈磁场分布的理论计算，得到磁化线圈的磁场分布规律，从而说明在应用磁化线圈磁化时应注意的问题。     

交流电磁场检测中裂纹形状反演研究

针对交流电磁场检测（ACFM）智能可视化虚拟样机开发的需要，考虑到感应线圈测量精度和电磁场的分布特性，选取了裂纹反演的特征信号，确定了描述裂纹外形信息的样本特征向量，分析了裂纹尺寸反演的计算方法，采用数值模拟方法弥补了由于试验条件限制而无法对大量任意形状裂纹进行试验研究的不足，对多种不规则裂纹上方的磁场分布情况进行了仿真计算，分析了缺陷外形对于检测信号的影响，在此基础上提出了磁场信号与裂纹形状之间的相似性，研究了相似性内在机理并利用相似性建立了裂纹外形反演算法，经试验证明该算法是有效的。     

Using AC field measurement data at an arbitrary liftoff distance to size long surface-breaking cracks in ferrous metals

We propose a model-based inversion method to size long surface-breaking cracks in ferrous metals using alternative current field measurement (ACFM) data at an arbitrary liftoff distance. This method employs conjugate gradients optimization to invert measured surface ACFM signal to crack depth. To alleviate the adverse effect of sensor liftoff uncertainty on crack sizing, we propose a blind de-convolution algorithm for reconstructing respective surface ACFM crack signal. In this algorithm, the partially known filter function associated with the sensor liftoff is estimated from which the surface crack signal can be restored. The validity of the proposed inversion method is demonstrated by comparing the actual and predicted depths of several simulated and machine-made long cracks in mild steel test blocks.     

窄间隙埋弧焊的磁控与电感复合式焊缝跟踪方法

针对窄间隙埋弧焊焊缝横向和高低跟踪中存在的问题,设计一种基于电感原理的新型电磁传感器,通过初级线圈磁场控制电弧摆动扫描焊接坡口,采集电流信号经过单片机处理后获得焊枪的左右偏差,控制左右调节滑块的水平运动,能够较好地解决窄间隙焊缝焊接时侧壁不易熔合的问题;通过次级线圈感应电动势的变化反映焊炬的高低位置信息,实时识别焊枪相对焊缝的高低偏差,根据焊枪高低位置变化情况,进行PID算法设计,使系统能够快速平稳实现左右和高低双向跟踪. 结果表明,该传感器结构简单,灵敏度高,抗干扰能力强,为厚板窄间隙埋弧焊的跟踪提供了一种新的解决方案.     

Thin-skin analysis technique for interaction of arbitrary-shape inducer field with long cracks in ferromagnetic metals

In using the AC field measurement (ACFM) technique for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of metals, a current-carrying wire structure is used to induce eddy current within a thin layer of the metal and a magnetic field sensor to measure the field perturbations in the vicinity of the metal. The sensitivity of ACFM crack detection and sizing relies on an appropriate design of the wire structure geometry together with a dully placement of the sensor. This paper presents an analytical modeling technique for evaluating the electromagnetic field interaction of an ACFM probe with a long uniform crack in a ferromagnetic metallic slab. The probe in the proposed model can have an arbitrary-shape wire inducer with no restrictions on its relative sensor position. The technique is accurate and very efficient computationally. It first uses the two-dimensional Fourier transform to obtain the field distribution at the metal surface. The Laplacian field distribution above the metal is then determined by satisfying the so-obtained boundary condition at air–metal interface. To demonstrate the accuracy of the model, we consider the special case of a rhombic wire inducer. The comparison of our results with those obtained using the conventional algorithm in the literature validates the accuracy of the model introduced in this paper. To show the generality of the model, we also present theoretical and experimental results associated with a solenoid inducer with a three-dimensional geometry for which no analytical solution is available in the literature. The theoretical prediction of crack signal supported by experimental results is used to develop a model-based method for inverting crack signal into crack depth.     

On the suitability of induction coils for crack detection and sizing in metals by the surface magnetic field measurement technique

The surface magnetic field measurement (SMFM) technique has proved to be an accurate means for crack detection and sizing cracks in ferrous metals. The technique involves the use of two U-shaped current-carrying wires of sufficiently high frequency while measuring the discontinuity in the resultant magnetic field at the crack edge with an appropriate magnetic field sensor. In this work, we describe a mathematical algorithm to obtain the crack signal from the output of an induction coil used in a SMFM probe. We also discuss the measurement errors due to the coil size and shape. To reduce the measurement errors, we present an algorithm in which the crack signal is recovered by appropriate deconvolution of the coil output signal and its spatial transfer function. The algorithm is then used to recover crack signals for various coil shapes and sizes. The study of the results demonstrates the effectiveness of the algorithm in the case of large coils.     

基于LabVIEW的远场涡流管道检测系统

为了提高管道无损检测的精度,实现管道内外壁缺陷的检测,采用远场涡流的检测方法,依据检测线圈接收到的信号是激励线圈产生磁场两次穿过管壁后的信号,携带了管壁内外缺陷信息的原理,设计了远场涡流传感器、检测信号处理电路。对检测线圈接收信号进行放大、滤波处理,信号采集;采用LabVIEW编程计算检测信号幅值,互相关算法计算检测信号相位,确定缺陷深度。对内径36mm的有伤管道进行了试验。结果表明,所设计的仪器能检测出管道上深度为0．5mm及以上缺陷。利用LabVIEW对相位差计算提高了检测精度,为实际应用提供参考。     

基于变面积式双涡流传感器的焊缝跟踪系统

针对薄板对接接头错边问题以及搭接接头难以实现焊缝跟踪问题,提出了一种基于变面积式双涡流传感器的焊缝跟踪方法.将两变面积式涡流传感器置于焊缝的一侧,通过双传感器分别检测高低和左右的位置信息,相互补偿得到独立的偏差信号以实现焊缝跟踪.分析了变面积式涡流传感器的原理,利用响应面法拟合响应曲面,进行变量分离,得到了输出电压信号与面积的关系式.最后,搭建简易平台进行了薄板对接及搭接的焊缝跟踪试验.结果表明,双涡流传感器焊缝跟踪方法具有可行性与正确性,为自动焊缝跟踪技术研究提供了新的研究方向.