温度对压接型IGBT器件内部接触热阻的影响

温度是功率半导体器件备受关注的问题,不仅直接影响功率半导体器件的电气性能,而且还间接影响功率半导体器件的热学和机械特性.压接型IGBT器件内部是电磁场、温度场和结构场的多物理量耦合场,器件内部各组件间的接触热阻是温度场与结构场双向耦合的重要桥梁,也是器件可靠性的重要影响因素.通过单芯片子模组有限元模型分析了各组件间的接触热阻,重点研究了温度对接触热阻的影响,计算了热阻测量前后的接触热阻值,并进行了对比.鉴于目前接触热阻测量方法的局限性,通过测量单个快恢复二极管(FRD)芯片子模组结到壳热阻值与温度的变化关系间接得到接触热阻与温度的关系,并对有限元计算结果进行了验证.     

压接型IGBT器件单芯片子模组功率循环试验仿真

压接型绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)器件因具有双面散热、短路失效和易于串联等优点,正逐步应用到柔性直流输电等领域.但其在工作过程中的热学、力学特性与传统焊接式IGBT模块相比有很大差异,故存在不同的长期可靠性问题.基于有限元法建立了压接型IGBT器件单芯片子模组多物理场耦合仿真模型,研究了三种功率循环仿真条件下器件的热学和力学特性,并且在功率循环过程中利用金属弹塑性模型来模拟材料的瞬态特性.仿真结果表明,IGBT芯片发射极表面与发射极钼片相接触的边缘是应力集中区域,芯片发射极表面栅极缺口和四周边角处有明显的塑性变形.同时,将仿真结果与实际失效的IGBT芯片进行了对比,进一步验证了仿真模型的有效性和适用性.     

压接型IGBT器件升温曲线测量方法

利用热网络模型和有限元仿真分析了压接型IGBT器件升降温曲线不具有等效性的原因,研究了压接型IGBT器件升温曲线的测量方法,对比了大电流通态压降(V_CE)法和大电流阈值电压(V_GE,th)法的测量原理,对压接型器件的适用性和测量准确度等。仿真结果表明,接触热阻在升温和降温阶段受压力的影响出现了不同的变化趋势,导致了升降温曲线的非等效性。实验结果表明,大电流V_GE,th法有效降低了压力对测量带来的影响,测量更为准确,测量误差基本在1 K以内,低于大电流V_CE法,为压接型IGBT器件进一步的多物理场耦合研究和老化监测提供了参考。此外,实验结果还表明压接型IGBT器件在升降温过程中,压力变化越大,升降温曲线的差异越明显。     

弹簧式压接IGBT模块内部应力及温度仿真分析

功率半导体器件的寿命与其内部的热力情况直接相关，而接触热阻严重影响压接式IGBT模块内部的温度分布，因此对于接触热阻的精确模拟尤其重要。本文对弹簧式压接IGBT进行了有限元仿真建模，基于蒙特卡洛方法来模拟接触热阻，详细分析了IGBT芯片表面温度和力的分布，提出了施加在单个芯片上的适当压力。对比了子模组中不同芯片表面的温度和应力大小，分析了多芯片子模组中极易首先发生失效的芯片。本研究结果可为弹簧式压接IGBT模块在实际生产制造和提高寿命方面提供理论参考。     

IGBT芯片静态输出曲线连续测量方法

绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)芯片的静态输出曲线是考核其能量损耗及指导多芯片并联设计的重要指标之一。现有测量IGBT静态输出曲线的方法多采用商用化的功率器件分析仪,然而商业化功率器件分析仪存在价格昂贵、夹具单一的问题。亟需开发一种简单、快速、有效的静态输出曲线测量方法。面向高压IGBT芯片,提出一种新的静态输出曲线连续测量方法及测试电路,有效减小了IGBT芯片的电导调制效应和温升效应对静态输出曲线的影响。通过实时测量动态过程中的电压及电流,可以快速得到IGBT芯片静态输出曲线。通过对比本文连续法与功率器件分析仪的测量结果,证明了所提方法的有效性。     

基于改进线性同余算法的随机参数的生成研究

绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)器件的结温是导致其失效的重要因素。为了抑制IGBT的结温,本文在IGBT器件中引入一种新型随机脉冲宽度调制(RPWM)策略,其结温的上升和波动会有效地降低。通过线性同余算法产生伪随机数,引入马尔科夫链算法与之相结合,使产生的随机序列的随机性得到强化,进一步抑制对IGBT的结温效果。实验结果表明：IGBT器件在给定的时间段内运行时,采用该新型随机PWM策略比未采用时IGBT器件的结温温度要低3.56 K,表明基于引入马尔科夫链的线性同余法的随机PWM策略能较好地抑制IGBT的结温。     

应用于车载变流器的RC-IGBT工作特性

逆导型IGBT (RC-IGBT)是将IGBT功能与续流二极管功能集成在一个芯片上,实现了在相同封装体积下,可获得更大的功率密度,由于IGBT与二极管紧密的移相热耦合,在相同散热条件下,RC-IGBT允许的工作结温更高.同时,RC-IGBT的本征二极管还受到栅极电压控制,通过栅极电压控制策略,可以降低器件损耗,优化系统特性.介绍了RC-IGBT的基本工作原理和二极管退饱和控制特性,研究了RC-IGBT应用于变流器系统的损耗优化控制策略,分析了应用RC-IGBT的单相脉宽调制(PWM)整流器的工作特性与损耗特性.通过一个具体的应用工况运行仿真,分析对比了RC-IGBT和普通IGBT在PWM整流器应用中的损耗特性.结果显示,应用RC-IGBT后总体损耗有所降低,验证了RC-IGBT退饱和脉冲控制的有效性.     

PWM整流器中IGBT结温特性的研究

绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)是风电系统中PWM整流器的核心器件,而结温是影响IGBT使用寿命的主要因素,因此有必要对PWM整流器中IGBT工作状态下的结温特性进行研究。文章详细介绍了IGBT模块结构和SVPWM调制策略,设计了PWM整流器中IGBT测温系统的实验电路,搭建了实验平台。使用光纤对IGBT在工作状态下的结温进行了测量,获得了结温工作曲线,并分析了IGBT结温温升的曲线特征以及变化规律,为整流器中IGBT的可靠性研究提供了依据。     

一种高性能的新结构IGBT

提出了一种低功率损耗的新结构IGBT.该新结构的创新点在于其复合耐压层结构,该耐压层包括深扩散形成的n型缓冲层和硼注入形成的透明背发射区两部分.虽然在正常工作条件下,该新结构IGBT工作于穿通状态,但器件仍具有非穿通IGBT( NPT- IGBT)的优良特性.该新结构IGBT具有比NPT- IGBT更薄的芯片厚度,从而可以获得更好的通态压降和关断功耗之间的折衷.实验结果表明:与NPT- IGBT相比较,新结构IGBT的功率损耗降低了40     

压接型IGBT内部栅极电压一致性影响因素及调控方法

压接型绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)的驱动印制电路板(PCB)寄生参数不一致会引起瞬态过程中内部IGBT芯片栅极电压不一致,芯片不能同时开通,造成芯片的瞬态不均流.结合压接型IGBT驱动PCB结构及运行工况,建立了包含驱动源、芯片模型、驱动PCB的一体化电路模型,分析了栅极内电阻、栅射极电容以及驱动电阻对驱动电压一致性的影响.在此基础上提出了驱动PCB电感匹配、并联芯片数匹配以及集中电阻补偿的驱动PCB的调控方法,以实现对栅极电压一致性的有效调控.研究表明驱动电阻是造成芯片栅极电压不一致的主要因素.利用上述调控方法可将芯片开通时间的不均衡度由79.2％分别降低至2.86％、7.1％和7.5％,实验验证了所提出的驱动PCB调控方法的有效性.     

Tiny-scale “stealth” current sensor to probe power semiconductor device failure

“Stealth” electric current probing technique for power electronics circuits, power device modules and chips makes it possible to measure electric current without any change or disassembling the circuit and the chip connection for the measurement. The technique consists of a tiny-scale magnetic-field coil, a high speed analog amplifier and a digitizer with numerical data processing. This technique can be applied to a single bonding wire current measurement inside IGBT modules, chip scale current redistribution measurement and current measurement for surface mount devices. The “stealth” current measurement can be utilized in the failure mechanism understanding of power devices including IGBT short circuit destruction.     

Design optimization of an integrated liquid-cooled IGBT powermodule using CFD technique

This paper presents a novel approach to optimize pin array design of an integrated, liquid-cooled, insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power module. With the aid of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, the fluid field and heat transfer inside the module were analyzed, and several design options on pin arrays were examined. For IGBT die circuitry, the uniformity of temperature distribution among dies is as critical as the magnitude of the die temperature. A noticeable variation in temperature among dies can accelerate the thermal runaway and reduce the reliability of the devices. With geometrically-optimized-pin designs located both upstream and downstream of the channel, a total power dissipation of 1200 W was achieved. The maximum junction temperature was maintained at 100°C and the maximum variation among dies was controlled within 1°C. The results from this study indicated that the device junction temperatures were not only reduced in magnitude but were equalized as well. In addition, the maximum power dissipation of the module was enhanced. Comparison with other direct- (pool boiling) and indirect- (cold plate) liquid cooling techniques was also discussed     

压接式GCT封装的热特性分析

电力半导体器件的散热性能和热可靠性与其封装结构密切相关,选择合适的封装结构对改善器件的散热性能和提高热可靠性非常重要。文中根据压接式GCT器件封装结构特点,采用ANSYS软件利用有限元法分析了单芯片封装和多芯片封装结构的温度及热机械应力分布,并与常规的焊接式封装进行了对比。结果表明,压接式封装结构的散热效果比焊接式封装结构稍差,但其芯片上产生的热机械应力明显减小。多芯片封装采用常规的风冷散热器时芯片温度已经超过了器件的安全工作温度(125℃),应该采用热管散热器才能保证器件可靠地工作。     

Electrothermal simulation of an IGBT PWM inverter

An electrothermal network simulation methodology is used to analyze the behavior of a full-bridge, pulse-width-modulated (PWM), voltage-source inverter, which uses insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as the switching devices. The electrothermal simulations are performed using the Saber circuit simulator and include control logic circuitry, IGBT gate drivers, the physics-based IGBT electrothermal model, and thermal network component models for the power-device silicon chips, packages, and heat sinks. It is shown that the thermal response of the silicon chip determines the IGBT temperature rise during the device switching cycle. The thermal response of the device TO247 package and silicon chip determines the device temperature rise during a single phase of the 60-Hz sinusoidal output. Also, the thermal response of the heat sink determines the device temperature rise during the system startup and after load-impedance changes. It is also shown that the full electrothermal analysis is required to accurately describe the power losses and circuit efficiency     

一种沟槽-场限环复合终端结构的设计

为了改善硅功率器件击穿电压性能以及改善IGBT电流的流动方向,提出了一种沟槽-场限环复合终端结构。分别在主结处引入浮空多晶硅沟槽,在场限环的左侧引入带介质的沟槽,沟槽右侧与场限环左侧横向扩展界面刚好交接。结果表明,这一结构改善了IGBT主结电流丝分布,将一部分电流路径改为纵向流动,改变了碰撞电离路径,在提高主结电势的同时也提高器件终端结构的可靠性;带介质槽的场限环结构进一步缩短了终端长度,其横纵耗尽比为3.79,较传统设计的场限环结构横纵耗尽比减少了1.48%,硅片利用率提高,进而减小芯片面积,节约制造成本。此方法在场限环终端设计中非常有效。     

IGBT modules robustness during turn-off commutation

The behaviour in terms of robustness during turn-off of power IGBT modules is presented. The experimental characterisation is aimed to identify the main limits during turn-off in power IGBT modules in typical hard switching applications. In this paper an experimental characterization of high power IGBT modules at output currents beyond RBSOA, at high junction temperatures and under different driving conditions is presented. Several devices of different generations, current and voltage ratings have been considered. The experimental characterisation has been performed by means of a non-destructive experimental set-up where IGBT modules are switched in presence of a protection circuit that is able to prevent device failure at the occurrence of any possible instable behaviour. The experimental analysis confirms the very good robustness of high power IGBT modules which can withstand large current overstress well beyond the declared RBSOA limits even at temperatures larger than those one declared by manufacturers. A comparison between IGBT device generation is also presented.     

Optimisation of the number of IGBT devices in a series-parallel string

High-power semiconductor switches can be realised by connecting existing devices in series and parallel. The number of devices in series depends on the operating voltage of an application and the individual device voltage rating. For a given application, the use of higher voltage rated IGBTs leads to a fewer number of devices and vice versa. The total power loss of the series string equals to the sum of individual IGBT power losses and total loss increases with the increase in operating frequency. The level of increase in power loss depends on the device characteristics. For high current operation, the minimum number of devices depends on the current rating of individual device. In this paper, series IGBT string of six 1.2 kV, four 1.7 kV, two 3.3 kV and a single 6.5 kV IGBTs are simulated for a 4.5 kV/100 A application and power losses are analysed for different frequencies and duty cycles. This power loss analysis is extended for commercial IGBTs to compare the simulation results. The number of devices for minimum power loss depends on operating frequencies and power savings are significant both at low and high frequencies. In addition to the power losses, the other important issues in optimising the number of IGBTs are described in this paper. When IGBT modules are connected in parallel the principle of derating is applied to obtained reliable operation. This is explained with some examples.