采用合成方法的多路信号自适应时延联合估计

本文关注的是多路信号之间时延差异的联合估计问题。不同于传统的自适应时延估计算法,本文以合成信号作为自适应时延估计的参考信号,给出了基于信号合成的联合自适应时延估计算法。同时本文推导和仿真了该算法时延估计的均值、学习曲线及方差特性。性能分析和仿真结果均显示,本文提出的基于合成的多路信号自适应时延估计为渐进无偏的时延估计。在不明显增加计算量的条件下,当算法收敛时,联合时延估计算法的方差显著低于传统的两路信号之间自适应时延估计算法方差。      

基于尺度变换的宽带线性调频信号时差/尺度差估计算法

提出了一种基于尺度变换的宽带线性调频信号时差和尺度差的快速算法.根据两路接收到的线性调频信号间调频率之比为尺度差的平方的特点,利用分数阶傅里叶变换分别估计出两路信号的调频率,即可获得尺度差的估计.将估计的尺度差对一路信号进行伸缩,并计算伸缩后信号与另一接收信号的时域相关,根据相关峰的位置估计出时差.相比于传统基于宽带互模糊函数的方法,该方法避免了二维搜索宽带互模糊函数的峰值,只需若干次快速傅里叶变换即可实现,能够显著降低运算量.仿真结果显示该方法在高信噪比下逐渐接近克拉美-罗下界.     

基于分数阶傅里叶变换的双基地雷达线性调频信号的参数联合估计新方法

该文提出一种双基地MIMO雷达线性调频(LFM)信号参数的联合估计新方法。在所提出的新的双基地MIMO雷达的信号模型基础上,利用分数阶傅里叶变换对线性调频(LFM)信号的能量聚集特性进行提取,根据分数阶傅里叶变换域内的峰值点对多普勒频移尺度和时延进行估计,并采用FRFT-MUSIC算法实现了线性调频(LFM)信号收发角的联合估计,实现了收发角的自动配对。仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。     

基于盲源分离理论的麦克风阵列信号有音/无音检测方法

该文提出一种在方向性噪声场中多路麦克风信号同时进行有音/无音检测(VAD)的方法。在方向性噪声场中,由于各个麦克风接收信号中的噪声彼此之间相关,因而,可以利用盲源分离理论将方向噪声与语音源信号分离,从而获得相对比较纯净的语音源信号。对分离出的语音源信号进行有音/无音检测,获得VAD结果,同时估计出各个麦克风信号相对于该信号的时延值。以相对纯净语音源信号的VAD检测结果为参考,将其分别平移相应的时延值,即可同时获得多路麦克风信号的VAD结果。计算机模拟结果表明,在方向性噪声场的多种情况下,该方法对具有加性噪声的多路麦克风信号均具有较好的有音/无音检测能力。     

The JDTDOA algorithm applied to signal recovery: a performance analysis

This article suggests a novel method to retrieve a narrowband signal sent in a multipath environment with a delay spread considering ISI between symbols. The proposed method does not require any preamble nor known signal. Using the joint direction and time delay of arrivals estimation algorithm developed in prior work, the directions and time delays of arrival in the multipath channel are jointly estimated and associated while keeping a low computational cost. In this process, a MVDR beamformed copy of each arriving signal is created. The quality of these “pseudo copies” is evaluated and compared to the original direct and reflected signals in this work. Another beamforming method, the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse, with better retrieval of the direct and reflected signals is also proposed. Using a simple delay-and-sum operation on the previously beamformed copies, it is possible to substantially improve the the system’s performance in terms of bit error rate. An approach using oversampling on the array antenna is introduced to improve performance. Numerical simulations are discussed to support theory.     

用一种新的空时导向矢量联合估计CDMA信号波达方向与多径时延

本文针对CDMA系统提出了一种不需要训练信号而直接对接收的正常通信信号进行处理,实现感兴趣用户的波达方向(DOA)与多径时延联合估计的新方法.该方法是一种基于空时二维的MUSIC方法,首先建立了一种新的数据结构,并对其形成的相关矩阵进行特征分解,然后采用构造的新导向矢量对特征空间进行搜索.这种方法克服了要求接收信号数小于阵元数的局限,能有效估计时延不同、波达方向相差很小的多径信号的参数.     

一种基于改进AMDF的时延估计方法

两路传感器接收信号的时延估计是时间到达差(TDOA)定位中需要解决的首要问题。多途效应是影响时延估计性能的重要因素。提出一种基于改进平均幅度差函数（AMDF）的时延估计方法,通过对信号进行多帧延拓与叠加,提高对多途效应的抑制能力。同时,结合广义互相关方法降低算法的噪声敏感性。仿真结果表明,该算法时延估计结果与传统方法相比具有更小的误差和更高的稳定性。     

组合幂调频信号的时频移估计

为了准确估计接收信号的时频移参数和降低估计复杂度,设计了一种组合幂调频(CPFM)信号,该信号由具有时间间隔的正负幂调频(PFM)信号构成,并提出了基于CPFM信号的时频移估计算法.在算法中首先将CPFM信号降阶,然后独立地估计时延和频移,即采用三次相位函数(CPF)估计时延,通过正负PFM相位相消后再估计频移.相比于分数阶傅里叶变换(FRFT)时频移估计算法,所提算法避免了时延估计对频移估计的影响,而且仅需两次一维搜索,降低了计算量.仿真结果表明,该算法能准确地估计CPFM信号的时延和频移,并且频移估计均方误差(MSE)接近克拉美劳下界(CRLB).     

一种空时分布多径信号DOA-时延联合估计的ESPRIT方法

在城市密集环境下,由于局部密集多径反射信号不再符合点目标模型,传统多径参数(波达方向与相对时延)联合估计算法往往失效。针对此类问题本文考虑一种基于空时相干分布的多径模型,并在得到信道估计后将其转化至频率域去卷积获得空时联合信号子空间,由于多径扩展影响该信号子空间不再具有旋转不变结构,本文通过在联合信号子空间中抽取行向量构造不同的矩阵对,使各矩阵对在相位上满足旋转不变性质,然后,利用ESPRIT算法估计中心时延与中心DOA参数。与点目标ESPRIT方法相比该方法能够有效克服多径扩展影响,实现参数自动配对,且具有不敏感于多径分布形式的优点,仿真实验证明了其有效性。     

自适应时延估计中的信号自相关函数估计

应用自适应滤波方法可以估计未知源信号的观察信号间的时延。但是只有知道观察信号的信噪比或者其中源信号分量的自相关函数或功率,才能确定时延估计的方差。本文根据被动检测时延估计的信号模型和自适应滤波原理分析指出,采用自适应滤波结果直接计算的相关分量的自相关函数及功率是一个有偏估计。应用自适用滤波器参数,可以得到一个常数修正因子,修正该有偏估计,得到自相关函数的近似无偏估计。不同条件下的估计实例表明,通过修正显著提高了信号功率估计的准确性。     

LFM信号参数联合估计新方法——域频率相差法

采用分数阶傅里叶变换域频率分析方法，针对线性调频连续波信号分数阶傅咀叶变换的特性，提出了分数阶域相差法，可以在低信噪比条件下对线性调频连续波信号进行检测，获得多普勒频移与实验的精确参数估计。同时时频参数联合估计中不必进行二维搜索，具有快速、高效的特点。计算机仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

混合信号情况下信源数与DOA联合估计算法

针对非相关信源与相干信源共存情况,提出了一种基于矩阵重构的信源数与波达方向（direction of arrival,DOA）联合估计算法.该算法首先利用特征值的二阶统计量（second order statistic of eigenvalues,SORTE）法和子空间旋转不变技术（estimated signal parameter via rotational invariance techniques,ESPRIT）实现非相关信源数与DOA估计;然后基于空间差分法消除非相关信号并构造新矩阵,利用构造矩阵进行前向空间平滑,实现对相干信源解相干;最后利用SORTE法检测相干信源数,结合求根多重信号分类（multiple signal classification,MUSIC）算法估计相干信源DOA.与传统的差分平滑方法相比,该算法在可估计信源数与低信噪比情况下DOA估计性能等方面优于传统算法.数值仿真实验结果验证了该算法的有效性.     

Bayesian methods for erasure insertion in frequency-hopping multiple access with Rice selective fading

A Bayesian decision rule for erasure insertion is derived, assuming frequency-hop multiple-access communications in Rician selective fading. The proposed method is based on a channel-identification approach together with decision feedback. Given the propagation environment under study, which can be deemed typical for broadband mobile systems, the Rice factor, in addition to the channel power delay profile, needs to be estimated by the receiver. Significant performance gain, compared to the simple ratio-threshold test (RTT), can be achieved with the proposed method at the expense of greater complexity, mainly due to the channel-identification requirement. Nevertheless, it is shown that this Bayesian decision rule exhibits high robustness in respect of the joint estimation of the Rice factor and power-delay profile, thus proving its actual applicability in real receivers employing erasure insertion.     

Assessment of average muscle fiber conduction velocity from surface EMG signals during fatiguing dynamic contractions

In this paper, we propose techniques of surface electromyographic (EMG) signal detection and processing for the assessment of muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) during dynamic contractions involving fast movements. The main objectives of the study are: 1) to present multielectrode EMG detection systems specifically designed for dynamic conditions (in particular, for CV estimation); 2) to propose a novel multichannel CV estimation method for application to short EMG signal bursts; and 3) to validate on experimental signals different choices of the processing parameters. Linear adhesive arrays of electrodes are presented for multichannel surface EMG detection during movement. A new multichannel CV estimation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm provides maximum likelihood estimation of CV from a set of surface EMG signals with a window limiting the time interval in which the mean square error (mse) between aligned signals is minimized. The minimization of the windowed mse function is performed in the frequency domain, without limitation in time resolution and with an iterative computationally efficient procedure. The method proposed is applied to signals detected from the vastus laterialis and vastus medialis muscles during cycling at 60 cycles/min. Ten subjects were investigated during a 4-min cycling task. The method provided reliable assessment of muscle fatigue for these subjects during dynamic contractions.     

Estimation of elbow-induced wrist force with EMG signals using fast orthogonal search

In many studies and applications that include direct human involvement-such as human-robot interaction, control of prosthetic arms, and human factor studies-hand force is needed for monitoring or control purposes. The use of inexpensive and easily portable active electromyogram (EMG) electrodes and position sensors would be advantageous in these applications compared to the use of force sensors, which are often very expensive and require bulky frames. Multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks (MLPANN) have been used commonly in the literature to model the relationship between surface EMG signals and muscle or limb forces for different anatomies. This paper investigates the use of fast orthogonal search (FOS), a time-domain method for rapid nonlinear system identification, for elbow-induced wrist force estimation. It further compares the forces estimated using FOS with the forces estimated by MLPANN for the same human anatomy under an ensemble of operational conditions. In this paper, the EMG signal readings from upper arm muscles involved in elbow joint movement and sensed elbow angular position and velocity are utilized as inputs. A single degree-of-freedom robotic experimental testbed has been constructed and used for data collection, training and validation.     

基于共轭噪声组的宽带噪声雷达机动目标参数估计

宽带噪声雷达参数估计时通常会采用宽带互模糊函数的方法,但是在处理机动目标时这种方法需要在距离、速度及加速度3维搜索而导致运算量巨大,为此该文提出一种基于共轭噪声组的机动目标参数估计算法。该算法首先根据回波伸缩效应预设多路通道,每路通道截取固定长度的噪声组内信号进行混频,然后利用分数阶傅里叶变换(FrFT)估计混频信号的多普勒相位,根据相位信息构造补偿函数,并对补偿后的噪声组信号利用频域尺度相关(FSC)算法估计回波的时延,最后联立多普勒相位及时延信息获取目标的距离、速度和加速度。该算法避免了目标参数3维搜索的过程,无需时域重构回波信号,较宽带互模糊函数方法极大地降低了运算量,整个算法都可通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)实现,便于系统实时处理。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性及优势。     

基于Lissajous图形的光纤分布式扰动传感器定位方法

研究了一种基于Lissajous图形的光纤分布式扰动传感器定位方法。光纤分布式扰动传感器基于Mach-Zehnder干涉仪,通过两路输出信号的时延得到扰动定位。在两路输出信号的Lissajous图形中构造拟合椭圆,基于实验数据的仿真研究表明:通过椭圆半短轴长可以得到时延,实现定位。对该方法进行了仿真和实验研究,在无需噪声抑制的条件下定位精度较高:在信噪比为-6~7 dB范围,最大定位误差为207 m;多次测量中,最大误差为94 m。研究结论可以为光纤分布式扰动传感器定位方法提供新的技术参考。     

Multichannel Time Skew Calibration for Time-Interleaved ADCs Using Clock Signal

Time skew in time-interleaved ADCs (TI-ADCs) degrades the system’s linearity significantly.To address this problem, a time skew calibration method is proposed here that employs the divided clock signal as calibration signal. The divided squared clock signal containing a limited number of harmonics is demonstrated to be effective to extract the time skew, which is detected by comparing the estimated mean value of the product of two adjacent channels’ signals without extra reference ADC channel. The extracted time skew is subsequently compensated by a capacitor array-based digitally controlled delay block. Simulation results of a 4-channel 1GS/s 12-bit TI-ADC design demonstrated that the proposed calibration technique improved the spurious-free dynamic range of the ADC to 77 dB with a digitally controlled delay block that offers a time tuning resolution of 0.2 ps.     

Noninvasive measurement of physiological signals on a modified home bathroom scale

A commercial bathroom scale with both handlebar and footpad electrodes was modified to enable measurement of four physiological signals: the ballistocardiogram (BCG), electrocardiogram (ECG), lower body impedance plethysmogram (IPG), and lower body electromyogram (EMG). The BCG, which describes the reaction of the body to cardiac ejection of blood, was measured using the strain gauges in the scale. The ECG was detected using handlebar electrodes with a two-electrode amplifier. For the lower body IPG, the two electrodes under the subject's toes were driven with an ac current stimulus, and the resulting differential voltage across the heels was measured and demodulated synchronously with the source. The voltage signal from the same two footpad electrodes under the heels was passed through a passive low-pass filter network into another amplifier, and the output was the lower body EMG signal. The signals were measured from nine healthy subjects, and the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while the subjects were standing still was estimated for the four signals as follows: BCG, 7.6 dB; ECG, 15.8 dB; IPG, 10.7 dB. During periods of motion, the decrease in SNR for the BCG signal was found to be correlated to the increase in rms power for the lower body EMG (r = 0.89, p <; 0.01). The EMG could, thus, be used to flag noise-corrupted segments of the BCG, increasing the measurement robustness. This setup could be used for monitoring the cardiovascular health of patients at home.     

A multipath mitigation discriminator for GPS receiver

A novel technique for mitigating the multipath-induced code delay estimation error in Global Positioning System (GPS) is proposed. In contrast to conventional methods that aim to eliminate multipath signals, the proposed method exploits them to enhance the direct signal without affecting the accuracy of GPS code delay estimates. To achieve this, coherent accumulation of the received GPS signals is first done by transforming the received data into frequency domain and the parameters of multipath signals are then estimated by sparse reconstruction algorithm. Subsequently, a modified local reference signal is employed in delay lock loop (DLL) of the GPS receiver, which mitigates the pseudo-range estimation error and increases the correlation value of direct GPS signal. Simulation results demonstrate the performance and robustness of the proposed method.