扬州市市售鸡肉中弯曲菌定性定量流行病学分析

目的调查分析超市和农贸市场零售鸡肉中弯曲菌定量污染水平,为弯曲菌污染的定量风险评估、危害分析和防控提供数据。方法选择扬州市内各大型超市和农贸市场作为采样点,采取未分割的鸡胴体,在3 h内送到实验室开展检测。运用选择性CCDA平板直接计数法对弯曲菌进行定量检测,涂布平板法计数,用PCR进行鉴定。结果采集的40只整鸡,检测出阳性样品19份,平均阳性率为47.5%,平均带菌量为229.2 CFU/g。其中超市的8份阳性整鸡中,平均带菌量为28.3 CFU/g;农贸市场的11份阳性整鸡中,平均带菌量为313.6CFU/g。共分离出56株弯曲菌,其中空肠弯曲菌29株,结肠弯曲菌23株,其他弯曲菌4株。结论定性及定量结果显示,零售鸡中存在弯曲菌污染,农贸市场的零售鸡肉比超市的零售鸡肉污染严重,需要加强防控措施。     

杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌污染状况及耐药和分型特征研究

目的研究陕西杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌的污染状况及其药敏性、血清型和基于脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)的基因型,为预警食源性沙门菌疾病暴发提供数据基础。方法采用GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对陕西杨凌及周边地区采集的188份零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌进行分离和鉴定,并进行血清学分型。采用PFGE方法确定沙门菌DNA酶切电泳图谱,使用BioNumerics软件聚类分析电泳结果,确定沙门菌基因型。结果 188份零售分割鸡肉中共有34份(18.1%)样品检出沙门菌,农贸市场样品沙门菌检出率(24.6%,29/118)高于超市(7.1%,5/70)。鸡腿、鸡爪、鸡脖和鸡肝样品中沙门菌检出率高于鸡肠和鸡胗。34株沙门菌中共检出10种血清型,其中科瓦利斯沙门菌最为流行,高于德尔卑沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌等,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。分离株均对磺胺异噁唑、氯霉素、头孢噻呋和环丙沙星耐药,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑、萘啶酮酸、四环素、链霉素、氨苄西林和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率均在50%以上。34株沙门菌PFGE分型后可被分为11个簇,同一血清型菌株基本聚于同一大簇,同一时间、从相同市场采集的不同样品,其分离株PFGE型相似度均较高,表明分割鸡肉在加工或销售过程可能存在交叉污染。农贸市场分离菌株基因型多样性比较丰富。结论杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉存在沙门菌污染,沙门菌血清型和基因型多样化,耐药菌株比例较高。     

济南市零售鸡肉中沙门菌污染状况及可移动黏菌素耐药基因分析

目的 了解2020—2021年济南市零售鸡肉中沙门菌的污染状况,并探究可移动黏菌素耐药基因（mcr）的携带情况。方法 2020年12月至2021年11月在济南市采集零售鸡肉样品260份,依据GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对样品中的沙门菌进行分离鉴定,通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）对分离株进行血清型鉴定和mcr基因筛选,使用微量肉汤法对mcr基因阳性株开展抗生素敏感性试验。结果 260份零售鸡肉样品中共检出阳性样品61份,污染率为23.46%(61/260),秋季污染率最高可达53.33%(32/60);共分离出沙门菌103株,56株为肠炎沙门菌,占比54.37%(56/103)。2株不同产地鸡翅样品来源的印第安纳沙门菌分离株检测出mcr-1基因,阳性率为1.94%(2/103)。2株mcr-1基因阳性印第安纳沙门菌分离株均为多重耐药株,其中1株可对碳青霉烯类和多黏菌素类在内的全部12类测试抗生素同时耐药。结论 2020—2021年济南市零售鸡肉中的沙门菌污染较为严重,秋季采集样品的污染率较高,肠炎沙门菌为优势血清型,检出携带mcr-1基因;同...     

猪肉屠宰加工过程中弯曲菌流行病学调查与分析

目的 调查分析猪肉屠宰加工过程中主要环节弯曲菌的污染现状。方法 选择两家猪肉屠宰加工企业,分别采集宰前、脱毛、取内脏、胴体修饰和预冷前后等环节样品,应用选择性CCDA平板直接计数法对弯曲菌进行定量检测。结果 150份猪肉样品检测出22份弯曲菌阳性样品,阳性率14.67%;环境样品30份,检出12份阳性样品,阳性率40.00%。所检出的弯曲菌均为结肠弯曲菌,未见其它种属弯曲菌。所监测的6个环节均存在不同程度的弯曲菌污染,阳性率呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。其中取内脏环节弯曲菌阳性率最高,为17.50%,阳性样品弯曲菌携带量为177.14±296.73CFU/100cm2;而环境样品中取内脏环节的地面样品阳性率最高,为100%,弯曲菌携带量为588.00±307.66CFU/100cm2。结论 猪肉屠宰加工过程中存在弯曲菌污染,以取内脏环节阳性率最高,预冷后阳性率明显降低;而环境样品的高污染率对猪肉屠宰加工过程中的交叉污染构成了很大威胁。     

2016—2019年潍坊市生畜禽肉食源性致病菌监测分析

目的:监测分析潍坊市生畜禽肉中食源性致病菌污染情况,为制定有效的监管、改进措施制定依据。方法:采集2016—2019年潍坊市生畜禽肉样品,依据《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验》中相关规定对样品进行食源性致病菌监测。结果:194份样品中阳性样品45份,检出率23.20%。空肠弯曲菌的检出率最高,为9.28%,其次为致泻性大肠埃希菌、沙门氏菌。夏秋季节的样品阳性率高于冬春季节;农村样品的污染率高于城市。超市、农贸市场、便利店的样品污染率均较高。结论:潍坊市生畜禽肉类样品微生物污染状况较重,望引起相关部门重视,加强监督力度,确保肉类食品安全。     

含内标的多重实时PCR法同时检测空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌

目的建立含内标的多重实时荧光PCR法同时检测空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌。方法针对空肠弯曲菌特有hipO基因和结肠弯曲菌特有ceuE基因设计引物探针,设计并优化内标DNA添加量。测试了方法的特异性、灵敏度以及在鸡肉中的检出限。结果内标的最适添加量为10~4copies/PCR。所建立方法对空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌的灵敏度分别达到4.7copies/PCR和5.23copies/PCR;对115株空肠弯曲菌、49株结肠弯曲菌和42株非目标菌株在3种不同类型的实时荧光PCR仪上的特异性均达到100%;对鸡肉中空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌的检出限达到10CFU/25g,与传统检测方法一致。采用所建立的方法对50份市售生鲜鸡肉进行检测发现,空肠弯曲菌阳性率为12%(6/50),结肠弯曲菌阳性率为4%(2/50);传统国标检测方法除了1份空肠弯曲菌阳性样品未得到分离确认,其余PCR阳性样品均在平板上分离确认。结论该方法特异性强、灵敏度高、开放性好、含有内标可防止"假阴性",可应用于食品中2种重要致病性弯曲菌的快速同步检测。     

石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节弯曲菌污染状况及耐药分析

目的了解石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节中弯曲菌的污染状况及对12种抗生素的耐药谱和耐药特征。方法采集屠宰前肉鸡肛拭子、鸡酮体涂抹拭子标本和市售鸡肉、鸡肝脏样品,参照GB 4789.9—2014《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验空肠弯曲菌检验》和多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法进行弯曲菌的分离和鉴定,用K-B纸片法对分离弯曲菌进行6类12种抗生素药敏测定。结果在439份标本/样品中共有17份检出弯曲菌,总检出率为3.9%(17/439)。空肠弯曲菌对萘啶酸、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和四环素的耐药率均为85.7%(6/7),对庆大霉素、链霉素、丁胺卡那、阿奇霉素、氟苯尼考全部敏感。结肠弯曲菌除对阿奇霉素、多西环素、氟苯尼考的耐药率小于50.0%外,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、萘啶酸、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那、四环素、链霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均高于80.0%。17株弯曲菌多重耐药率为70.6%(12/17),呈11种耐药谱型,市售环节分离株耐药谱型多于屠宰环节分离株,并具有各自不同的优势耐药谱型。结论石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节均有一定程度的弯曲菌污染,分离株多重耐药情况严重,呈多种耐药谱型。     

整鸡中弯曲菌定量检测方法的建立与优化

目的建立一种简便、灵敏、稳定的整鸡中弯曲菌定量检测方法,并用北京地区市售整鸡样品进行验证。方法分别对37株鸡肉中常污染的背景杂菌、24株弯曲菌菌株进行抗生素敏感性测试,对弯曲菌分离用选择性培养基及抗生素添加剂进行优化和改进;用77份人工定量污染弯曲菌的鸡淋洗液进行添加回收实验,以生长指数评价选择性平板对鸡肉样品中背景杂菌的抑制情况和弯曲菌生长状况影响。结果在改良后的Karmali和Preston选择性平板上,弯曲菌生长状态稳定,并可有效抑制鸡肉样品中常见的背景干扰杂菌的生长繁殖,此方法对鸡肉中弯曲菌检出的灵敏度可达2.5 CFU/g。结论所建方法灵敏度高、操作简便、计数准确,Karmali和Preston平板组合后可有效提高鸡肉中弯曲菌的检出率,适用于禽类食品中弯曲菌的定量检测。     

福建省2003-2005年食品中空肠和结肠弯曲菌的监测与分析

目的系统分析福建省食品中空肠和结肠弯曲菌的污染现状、分布特征,建立和完善食源性致病菌监测网络,为制定相关的食品卫生干预措施提供可靠的基础数据。方法2003-2005年选择福建省的8个地级市和南北2个贫困县的农贸市场为监测点,采集生畜禽肉类、生牛奶、生食蔬菜、鸡蛋、水产品5大类共730份食品样品。按照WHO推荐并作为《全国食品污染物监测相关实验室操作手册(食源性致病菌部分)》的弯曲菌检验方法,用加有生长促进剂和特定配方抗生素的布氏肉汤增菌,将增菌液划线接种至弯曲菌选择性琼脂CCDA平板,挑取可疑菌落转种在哥伦比亚血琼脂平板上纯化。纯化的可疑菌落做革兰染色镜检,湿片观察动力,同时做过氧化氢酶试验、氧化酶试验、马尿酸盐水解试验、吲哚乙酸酯试验等生化鉴定。结果检出弯曲菌阳性的样品39件,总的阳性率为5·34%。分离到空肠和结肠弯曲菌47株,其中空肠弯曲菌34株、结肠弯曲菌13株。不同种类的食品阳性率不同,阳性率最高的为生肉6·72%(36/536),其次为生食蔬菜5·88%(2/34),水产品0·95%(1/105),生牛奶与鸡蛋中均未检出。生肉类中阳性率最高的为鸡肉7·31%(19/260)。结论福建省市售食品中存在着不同程度的弯曲菌污染,应加强食品中空肠和结肠弯曲菌的监测,加强禽畜养殖、屠宰、运输和加工过程的卫生管理,防止交叉污染,有效地预防和控制弯曲菌感染的暴发和流行。     

石家庄市零售鸡肉样品中弓形杆菌污染调查

目的调查石家庄市零售鸡肉中弓形杆菌的污染情况,为石家庄市弓形杆菌分布特征和防控提供基础数据支持。方法从石家庄市市内四区的菜市场、超市、连锁肉店随机购买零售鸡肉样品90份,应用驱动增强动力双孔滤膜法从样品中分离培养弓形杆菌,利用弓形杆菌多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测及测序的方法对分离菌株进行种属鉴定,利用16S rDNA、rpoB基因测序的方法验证菌种鉴定结果。结果 90份鸡肉样品中,60份样品检出弓形杆菌86株,其中嗜低温弓形杆菌49株、布氏弓形杆菌37株,弓形杆菌检出率为66.67%(60/90)。60份阳性样品中,嗜低温弓形杆菌阳性样品45份(75.00%),布氏弓形杆菌阳性样品35份(58.33%)。嗜低温弓形杆菌和布氏弓形杆菌混合感染阳性样品20份,占比为22.22%(20/90)。不同采样点弓形杆菌检出率有较大差异。结论石家庄市零售鸡肉中弓形杆菌污染较重,嗜低温弓形杆菌污染率高于布氏弓形杆菌,两种弓形杆菌混合污染样品率较高。     

Isolation and identification of enteropathogenic Campylobacter spp. from chicken samples in Taipei

A total of 95 chicken samples that consisted of 34 whole chickens, 32 organs (gizzards and livers), and 29 chicken parts (drumsticks, wings, and breasts), collected from traditional retail markets (no chilling facilities) and supermarkets in Taipei, were examined for the occurrence of enteropathogenic campylobacters. Three selective media, Peterz's charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar, Campy-Cefex agar, and charcoal-based selective medium, were evaluated for their efficacy to isolate Campylobacter spp. from chicken samples. The results showed that there were no differences among the three media to isolate Campylobacter spp. from all chicken samples (P > 0.05). However, there were markedly different isolation rates of campylobacters between supermarket and retail market (P < 0.05). Enteropathogenic campylobacters (C. jejuni and C. coli) were found on 68% of whole chickens, 100% of chicken parts, and 100% of organs from retail markets. In supermarkets, the isolation rates of these campylobacters from whole chickens, chicken parts, and organs were 42%, 53%, and 60%, respectively. The low isolation rates of the two campylobacters isolated from chicken samples in supermarkets differed statistically from those obtained from traditional retail markets (P < 0.10). The API CAMPY test kit also was evaluated for the identification of Campylobacter spp. as compared with the conventional identification method. The results showed that the API CAMPY test kit (Biomerieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) could efficiently detect 87 Campylobacter spp. isolates from chicken samples examined, with 100% agreement at the genus level to 94% at the species level as compared with conventional methods.     

市售鸡肉产品的食源性致病微生物检测的研究

本文主要对莱阳市场上销售的各种鸡肉产品中病原性微生物的种类、污染程度、质量进行分析研究。通过对莱阳市四个鸡肉销售市场的五类鸡肉产品共20件样品的检测分析研究,市场上销售的五类鸡肉产品的细菌总数均小于106cfu/g,均未超出标准。检出沙门氏菌2株,检出亚利桑那菌2株,检出率分别为10%。检测的鸡肉产品中大肠杆菌污染较严重,20件检样中检出17件,检出率为85%。结果表明,超市销售的鸡肉产品的质量好于农贸市场。包装鸡肉产品的质量好于散装零售的。五类鸡肉产品中鸡翅的质量最好,鸡爪污染最严重。     

Genotyping of Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni from retail chicken meat and humans with campylobacteriosis in Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Thermotolerant Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne enteric infection. Consuming and/or handling poultry meat is the most consistent risk factor, linked to the high prevalence of campylobacters in retail poultry meat. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the genetic diversity and/or possible specificity of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolates according to species (C. coli, C. jejuni), isolation source (retail chicken meat and human clinical samples) and geographic origin (Goriska in Slovenia and Zenica-Doboj Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)). With the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after SmaI macrorestriction we distinguished 80 PFGE types among 118 strains and CfoI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified flagellin gene (fla-RFLP) gave 12 fla-RFLP types. Beside the higher discriminatory power and strain typeability, PFGE discriminated the C. jejuni and C. coli groups of isolates. A high proportion of C. coli strains was isolated, especially from poultry samples. Identical or very similar PFGE types among the isolates from animal, food and human samples indicate the transmission of C. jejuni and C. coli from the chickens on the farm to the retail chicken meat, as well as possible cross-contamination of retail meat and transmission to humans. However, the identity of the isolates from non-related samples but with identical PFGE and fla-RFLP types should be confirmed with additional typing. Reliable tracing of the source of Campylobacter strains by molecular typing of the chicken meat isolates is therefore very difficult. The reasons include contamination of meat samples with multiple strains, possible cross-contamination and extreme heterogeneity of the isolates (mainly for C. jejuni) on one side and a limited power of the genotyping methods used to distinguish non-related strains on the other side (mainly for C. coli).     

上海地区市售生鲜肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的污染监测分析

目的 调查上海地区市售生鲜肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的污染情况。方法 2018年7月到2019年4月,从上海市88家农贸市场和42家超市抽样308件,其中鲜猪肉114件、整鸡92件、鲜牛肉102件。按食品安全国家标准分别进行单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的检测,采用VITEK2全自动生化鉴定仪对疑似菌株进行鉴定确认,并对沙门氏菌分离株进行血清分型。结果 生鲜肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的检出率为分别为28.2%和39.6%,其中鲜牛肉（48.0%）中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的检出率显著高于猪肉（17.5%）和整鸡（19.6%）（P<0.001）,而猪肉（46.5%）和整鸡中（59.8%）沙门氏菌的检出率则显著高于牛肉（13.7%）（P<0.001）;农贸市场采集的鲜肉样品中单 核细胞增生李斯特菌（P=0.008）和沙门氏菌（P＜0.001）的污染率均显著高于超市;血清学试验结果显示122株沙门氏菌分布于21种不同血清型,其中Corvallis血清型（14.75%）流行率最高。结论 上海地区市售生鲜肉中存在较高的单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门氏菌的污染率,极易引发食源性疾病,建议政府监管部门加强对生鲜肉食品的监管。     

A quantitative analysis of cross-contamination of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. via domestic kitchen surfaces

Epidemiological data indicate that cross-contamination during food preparation in the home contributes noticeably to the occurrence of foodborne diseases. To help prevent such occurrences, the inclusion of a cross-contamination model in exposure assessments would aid in the development and evaluation of interventions used to control the spread of pathogenic bacteria. A quantitative analysis was carried out to estimate the probability of contamination and the levels of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. on salads as a result of cross-contamination from contaminated chicken carcasses via kitchen surfaces. Data on the prevalence and numbers of these bacteria on retail chicken carcasses and the use of unwashed surfaces to prepare foods were collected from scientific literature. The rates of bacterial transfer were collected from laboratory experiments and literature. A deterministic approach and Monte Carlo simulations that incorporated input parameter distributions were used to estimate the contamination of the product. The results have shown that the probability of Campylobacter spp. contamination on salads is higher than that of Salmonella spp., since both the prevalence and levels of Campylobacter spp. on chicken carcasses are higher than those of Salmonella spp. It is realistic to expect that a fraction of the human exposure to Campylobacter spp., in particular, originates from cross-contamination in private kitchens during food handling. The number of human campylobacteriosis cases could be reduced either by reducing the degree of Campylobacter spp. contamination on chicken carcasses or by improving the hygiene in private kitchens. To eliminate the cross-contamination route, it is important to use separate surfaces or to properly wash the surfaces during the preparation of raw and cooked foods or ready-to-eat foods.     

2016年广州市市售食品中食源性致病菌 监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市市售食品中食源性致病菌污染及分布情况, 发现危险因素。方法 2016年共采集6类共1058份食品样品, 对副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、单增李斯特氏菌等进行监测分析。结果 检出食源性致病菌164株, 总检出率为15.50%。食源性致病菌中副溶血性弧菌的检出率最高(40.93%), 其次为蜡样芽胞杆菌(9.29%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(2.38%)、单增李斯特氏菌(2.08%)、沙门氏菌(1.42%), 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检出率为0。不同食品类别中水产品检出率最高, 达到了43.52%, 其次为烘焙食品(13.64%)、小摊贩食品(10.62%)、生鸡肉(8.47%)、冷藏膳食(7.50%)和熟肉制品(6.82%), 不同食品食源性致病菌检出率差异有统计学意义。不同采样场所中采自餐饮店的食品食源性致病菌检出率最高(50.00%), 其次是农贸肉菜市场(17.70%)、超市(16.71%)和小摊贩(10.62%), 最低的是零售店(9.83%)。散装食品食源性致病菌检出率(15.85%)高于预包装食品的检出率(9.09%)。中心城区烘焙食品、生鸡肉致病菌检出率要高于周边区, 周边区域小摊贩食品致病菌检出率为零。结论 2016年广州市市售食品存在较高的食源性致病菌检出率, 对食品安全隐患较高的食品应加强监管, 预防和控制食源性疾病的发生。     

广州市市售食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市市售食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染及分布情况, 发现危险因素。方法 2014~2018年共采集6类共2011份食品样品, 开展蜡样芽胞杆菌监测分析。结果 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出阳性样品共146份, 总体检出率为7.26%。其中6份样品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出值超过105 CFU/g。不同食品类别中小摊贩食品检出率最高, 达到了10.62%, 其次为烘焙食品(8.69%)、寿司(7.50%)、冷藏膳食(6.67%)、盒饭(6.36%)和熟制米面制品(5.00%)。第3季度检出率最高, 为8.77%, 其次为第2季度(7.98%), 最低的是第1季度(5.09%)。不同采样场所中采自小摊贩的食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率最高(11.21%), 其次为餐饮单位(9.31%)和农贸肉菜市场(8.07%), 最低的是超市(6.56%)。散装食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率(7.61%)高于预包装食品(5.38%)。中心城区食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率(9.24%)高于周边区(3.65%)。结论 广州市市售食品存在不同程度的蜡样芽胞杆菌污染, 部分食品存在安全隐患, 相关部门应针对性加强监管, 预防食源性疾病的发生。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from raw chicken meat and human stools in Korea

Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken meat and human stools and subsequent antibiotic resistance profiles of the pathogenic isolates obtained from 2000 through 2002 were investigated. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were isolated from 570 of the 923 raw chicken meat samples collected from traditional markets, large retail stores, or department stores in Korea, resulting in the isolation rate of 61.8%. A total of 579 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from raw chicken (36.3% for C. jejuni and 26.4% for C. coli) with the average population of 335.6 CFU/g. From 513 human stool samples, 15 isolates of Campylobacter were detected. Seasonal variation in the quantification of C. coli was not noticeable throughout the year, while the isolation rate of C. jejuni was the highest in September through October (840 CFU/g) followed by that of July through August and May through June in decreasing order, showing a significant seasonal effect (P < 0.05). Contamination of Campylobacter was more severe in raw chicken meat sold in traditional markets than in those sold in large retail stores and department stores. Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken sold in traditional markets was significantly influenced by seasonal changes (P < 0.05), whereas the samples obtained from other places was less affected by the seasonal changes. Susceptibilities of the 594 chicken isolates to ciprofloxaxin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were determined by an E-test. Campylobacter isolates were the most resistant to nalidixic acid (91.4%) followed by ciprofloxaxin (87.9%), tetracycline (87.2%), kanamycin (30.6%), erythromycin (19.4%), and chloramphenicol (1.3%). Human isolates showed a similar resistance to the six antibiotics tested. The proportion of Campylobacter isolates with multidrug resistance to four or more antimicrobials obtained from 2000 through 2002 ranged from 28 to 43.5%, indicating that it could be a serious health-threatening factor. This study suggests that it is prudent to establish an effective National Monitoring Program in Korea for the prevention and control of Campylobacter spp.