对位芳纶纤维的槽式打浆研究

采用槽式打浆设备制备对位芳纶浆粕,通过正交试验,探讨了前处理条件、打浆工艺条件,如打浆时间、挂刀负荷、浆浓等对芳纶浆粕形态结构、比表面积、纤维重均长度以及纸页匀度、力学性能的影响,为芳纶纸的研制提供一定的理论指导。     

对位芳纶纤维的动态力学分析

基于对对位芳纶纤维及对位芳纶纸进行动态力学分析,探究了对位芳纶纤维在一定频率的交变力作用下的应变行为及纸基材料内部分子的运动。研究表明,温度由低到高时,对位芳纶纸基材料经历了玻璃态、高弹态、黏流态3种不同的状态;由于结晶度较高的对位芳纶短切纤维的贡献,配抄纸样的初始储能模量高于纯浆粕纤维;热压可以使芳纶浆粕纤维发生重结晶,提高结晶度,有利于改善纤维的储能模量;通过动态力学温度谱图,可以从微观角度说明抄造芳纶纸用的对位芳纶短切纤维和对位芳纶浆粕纤维的共混性很好。     

对位芳纶纤维纸的增强工艺

对位芳纶纤维具有的刚性分子链结构以及表面化学惰性导致其力学机械性能较差。研究发现:芳纶浆粕的打浆能改善芳纶纸的成纸性能,间位芳纶沉析纤维本身具有较高的机械强度和较好的电绝缘性能,添加间位芳纶沉析纤维作为粘结纤维可有效改善对位芳纶纤维纸的抄造性能,当沉析纤维含量为30%左右时,纸张经过热压机高温高压作用,两种纤维更易熔粘,使纸张产生较高的物理性能和电气性能。     

对位芳纶沉析纤维对芳纶纸基材料结构和性能的影响

对位芳纶沉析纤维是一种采用物理沉析法制备而得的新型芳纶纤维,为解析这种纤维的形态特征与其芳纶纸基材料(对位芳纶沉析纤维和对位芳纶短切纤维组成)结构和性能之间的相关性,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)表征了该纤维的表观形貌;通过纤维质量分析仪(Morfi Compact)分析了该纤维的形态参数;利用压汞仪(MIP)测定了芳纶纸基材料的孔隙结构参数;并探讨了对位芳纶沉析纤维对芳纶纸基材料孔隙结构和物理性能的影响。结果表明,对位芳纶沉析纤维呈薄膜褶皱状、形态细小、表面粗糙、易于分散;纤维质均长度为0.479 mm,细小纤维含量为71.9%,尺寸均一性好、细碎化程度高,利于芳纶纸基材料的复合增强;对位芳纶沉析纤维能显著改善芳纶纸基材料的结构,直接影响其机械性能和绝缘性能,最佳含量应为70%左右。     

对位芳纶纤维打浆及其对无石棉胶乳抄取板的影响

研究了芳纶纤维的打浆性能及其在无石棉胶乳抄取板中的应用。研究表明,芳纶纤维具有高的Zeta电位,呈现强负电性;随着磨浆转数提高,其打浆度逐渐增加,负电性逐渐下降;在磨浆转数为20000转时,纤维长度和粗度明显减小,细纤维化显著,打浆度为30oSR,此时用该芳纶纤维配抄的无石棉胶乳抄取板的抗张指数达到最大值。     

对位芳纶沉析纤维及其纸基材料性能的研究

采用扫描电子显微镜、比表面积仪、纤维形态分析仪、X射线衍射仪等对比分析了对位芳纶沉析纤维和对位芳纶浆粕纤维的微观形貌、形态参数、结晶结构以及成纸性能。实验表明,与对位芳纶浆粕纤维相比,对位芳纶沉析纤维呈非粒状且尺寸较小,外形上既像皱膜又像薄片,表面活性高,比表面积大,达到7.35 m2/g;纤维细碎化程度高,长度均一性好,柔软性好,强韧性高;结晶度为28.55%,具备细微丝晶结构,有利于成纸的匀度和强度;配抄成纸机械强度和电气性能均高于对位芳纶浆粕纤维配抄的纸。     

打浆方式对纸基芳纶纤维性能及纸张强度的影响

主要研究了槽式打浆和 PFI 打浆对芳纶 1414 纤维形态结构及成纸性能的影响.研究表明:芳纶 1414 短切纤维不适宜进行打浆,进行适当的预处理可以改善其在水溶液中的分散性能,浆粕纤维槽式打浆效果优于 PFI 打浆,当打浆度为 40°SR 左右时,纸张强度较未打浆有较大提高.     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱定性分析啤酒中糖类条件的优化

通过选择不同基质(2,5-二羟基苯甲酸、super DHB、2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮)和设置不同啤酒样品稀释倍数(从原液到1 000倍稀释),优化了MALDI TOF MS定性分析啤酒中糖类的试验条件。研究结果显示,3种基质中,2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮应用于MALDI TOF MS对啤酒中糖类表征的能力优于另外两种基质。当以2,4,6-三羟基苯乙酮为基质,啤酒样品稀释10倍时,MALDI TOF MS可达良好的定性分析效果。     

金属有机骨架衍生氧化物材料作为MALDI-TOF MS基质用于氨基酸分析

目的:为了拓展基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）在小分子检测领域的应用,本文合成了三种金属有机骨架衍生氧化物,作为MALDI-TOF MS新型基质,用于高效分析氨基酸。方法:本文以三种金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）为前驱体,通过TiO₂纳米涂层修饰,并经过煅烧得到其金属氧化物,用作MALDI质谱基质,研究其在氨基酸检测方面的优势,探究基质浓度对检测结果的影响,考察材料的重现性和定量分析能力。结果:三种MOF-衍生金属氧化物材料相比其前驱体MOFs和TiO₂ NPs,分析氨基酸（Pro、Ile、His和Try）时具有信噪比高、离子强度高和重现性好的优点;其中Cr₂O₃@TiO₂表现最佳,基质浓度为0.1 mg·mL?1,定量检测Ile和His时线性范围为0.001~0.1 mg·mL?1。结论:本文制备的MOF-衍生金属氧化物材料作为MALDI-TOF MS基质,实现了对4种氨基酸的同时精确检测,具有在氨基酸及小分子代谢物检测方面进一步的拓展和应用价值。     

MALDI-TOF MS技术及其在食品微生物检测方面的应用

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）技术是一种可以对生物大分子进行检测的新型工具,具有快速、准确、高通量、成本低等优点,但其在食品微生物检测的应用方面仍显不足。该文就MALDI-TOF MS技术的原理及其对食品微生物检的培养条件、技术设备、数据库、方法标准的局限性进行阐述,旨在为该技术的进一步完善奠定基础。     

基于MALDI-TOF MS技术对李斯特氏菌属两种细菌的快速鉴定

为提高基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱技术(MALDI-TOF MS)在李斯特氏菌属鉴定中的分辨能力,建立快速准确鉴定单增和英诺克李斯特氏菌的质谱学方法。通过采集79株单增和57株英诺克李斯特氏菌的指纹图谱,利用Clin Pro tools软件对数据进行统计学分析,建立数学判别模型并验证其准确性。峰统计结果显示,两组数据峰强度差异显著的特征峰有16个,推测出单增李斯特氏菌生物标志物6个,英诺克李斯特氏菌10个,发现在单增李斯特氏菌中质量峰3985/7970 u和3972/7942 u是独立且连锁存在。基于遗传算法的判别模型交叉验证率和检测识别能力最强,分别为99.44%和100.00%,经验证准确率达到96%以上,可实现对单增和英诺克李斯特氏菌的快速准确鉴定。同时,利用Bruker Biotyper软件将以上菌株建库形成了实验室内部李斯特氏菌谱库,对8株未测李斯特氏菌进行搜库鉴定,匹配分数均高于商品化数据库,提升了MALDI-TOF MS对李斯特菌属的自动鉴定能力。     

响应面优化蒲公英橡胶草菊糖提取工艺及其MALDI-TOF MS分析

以蒲公英橡胶草根为原料,采用超声提取的方式,通过单因素实验和响应面试验探究了超声功率、提取时间、超声温度、液料比对蒲公英橡胶草菊糖提取率的影响,得到蒲公英橡胶草菊糖提取的最佳工艺为:超声功率230 W、超声时间34 min、超声温度61 ℃、液料比30:1（mL:g）,菊糖提取率为20.14%±0.19%。采用氢氧化钙-磷酸法、三氯乙酸法、Sevage法进行脱蛋白纯化,得出氢氧化钙-磷酸法的效果最好,其蛋白清除率达90.78%,菊糖损失率为26.44%。将菊糖粗提液经蛋白纯化、脱色、旋蒸、醇沉及真空冷冻干燥后得到纯度为80.8%的菊糖,为白色固体粉末。经MALDI-TOF MS进行表征分析,确定其单体的分子量为162,端基的分子量和为179,能检测到的聚合度范围为2~30。此研究为蒲公英橡胶草的综合利用研究提供了理论依据。     

Bovine mastitis bacteria resolved by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a fast and reliable method to identify the most common pathogenic bacteria in humans and animals. The goals of this study were to amend a commercial database with additional species, evaluate the amended database for identification of bacterial genera and species causing bovine mastitis, and describe the plethora of species involved. In total, 500 udder pathogenic isolates were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS using bacterial or fungal colony material; 93.5% could be identified to the species level, and 6.5% were identified only to the genus level. Isolates identified to the genus level required further identification to the species level by conventional methods or 16S rDNA sequencing. Mass spectra from verified species were used to expand the MALDI-TOF MS database to improve future identification ability. A total of 24 genera and 61 species were identified in this study. Identified isolates were mainly staphylococci, streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and coryneforme bacteria. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, rapid, and reliable technique to identify the most common microorganisms causing bovine mastitis, and the database can be continuously expanded and improved with additional species.     

枯草芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶的克隆表达及其酶解两种木聚糖的产物分析

通过基因克隆方法获得枯草芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶XynA,考察经镍离子亲和柱纯化后的XynA分别在桦木木聚糖和毛榉木木聚糖中的酶解情况,利用薄层色谱法（thin layer chromatography,TLC）及基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱（matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF/MS）法鉴定木聚糖酶XynA的酶解产物。运用MALDI-TOF/MS分析枯草芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶XynA酶解桦木木聚糖和毛榉木木聚糖产物不同的聚合度寡糖的分布情况。结果表明：在桦木木聚糖酶解液中,产生的中性木寡糖主要为木二糖（X2）和木三糖（X3）,酸性木寡糖聚合度为4～12,并且每一个酸性木寡糖上仅连接着一个甲基葡萄糖醛酸侧链（MeG）。在毛榉木木聚糖酶解液中,产生的中性木寡糖与在桦木木聚糖酶解液中相同,酸性木寡糖的结构相似,聚合度为4～16。因此木聚糖酶XynA具有生产木二糖（X2）和木三糖（X3）以及酸性木寡糖（MeGXn）的功能。     

Short communication: Identification of subclinical cow mastitis pathogens in milk by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Subclinical mastitis is a common and easily disseminated disease in dairy herds. Its routine diagnosis via bacterial culture and biochemical identification is a difficult and time-consuming process. In this work, we show that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allows bacterial identification with high confidence and speed (1 d for bacterial growth and analysis). With the use of MALDI-TOF MS, 33 bacterial culture isolates from milk of different dairy cows from several farms were analyzed, and the results were compared with those obtained by classical biochemical methods. This proof-of-concept case demonstrates the reliability of MALDI-TOF MS bacterial identification, and its increased selectivity as illustrated by the additional identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species and mixed bacterial cultures. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry considerably accelerates the diagnosis of mastitis pathogens, especially in cases of subclinical mastitis. More immediate and efficient animal management strategies for mastitis and milk quality control in the dairy industry can therefore be applied.     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱在食源性致病菌鉴定中的研究进展

;基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)具有高效、准确、检测速度快等优点。作为近年来发展的新型食源性致病菌鉴定技术,MALDI-TOF MS为食品病原微生物靶标性监测和食品安全事件应急检验提供了一种高效的鉴别技术参考。本文检索了近年来国内外MALDI-TOF MS技术在食源性致病菌检测中的相关研究,综述基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱检测原理及具体案例,在此基础上分别从参考菌株数据库建设、标准化程序规范等方面对MALDI-TOF MS在食源性致病菌检测领域的研究方向进行展望,以期为后续食品安全检测及快速监管提供技术支持。     

Assessment of the main pathogens associated with clinical and subclinical endometritis in cows by culture and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification

Clinical endometritis (CE) and subclinical endometritis (SCE) are diseases that affect dairy cows during the puerperium, causing negative effects on the animals' milk production and fertility. The objective of this study was to assess the main bacteria related to cases of CE and SCE from uterine samples of dairy cows in Brazilian herds. Selective and differential media were used for isolation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and further MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) identification. A total of 279 lactating dairy cows with 28 to 33 d in milk from 6 commercial farms were evaluated. Initially, cows were classified in 3 groups: cytologic healthy cows (n = 161), cows with CE (n = 83), and cows with SCE (n = 35). Healthy animals presented 97 species, followed by the CE group with 53 identified species, and SCE cows presented only 21 bacterial species. We found a significantly higher isolation rate of Trueperella pyogenes in CE (26.5%) cows compared with healthy and SCE cows. Some anaerobic species were exclusively isolated from the CE group, even though they presented lower frequency. Interestingly, 18.1% of samples from CE cows and 40% of SCE cows were negative to bacterial isolation. Despite the use of culture-dependent methods instead of molecular methods, the present study enabled the identification of a complex community of 127 different species from 48 genera, composed of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species among the 3 different animal groups. The method of sample collection, culture, and identification by MALDI-TOF MS were essential for the success of the analyses.     

Comparison of methods for the microbiological identification and typing of Cronobacter species in infant formula

Cronobacter species represent an emerging opportunistic foodborne pathogen associated with meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. Current evidence indicates that powdered infant formula (PIF) is the main source of Cronobacter contamination. A total of 75 strains of Cronobacter spp. from different geographic regions, as well as from PIF processing environments, were identified and typed with different methods, including biochemical profiling by the API 20E system (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France), protein profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and genotypic profiling by ribotype. Analysis by MALDI-TOF MS and biochemical identification was more accurate compared with ribotype analysis. However, MALDI-TOF MS typing and ribotype analysis showed more discriminatory ability compared with biochemical phenotyping. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS is a rapid and reliable tool to identify Cronobacter spp. in PIF and has the potential to trace dissemination of Chronobacter along the production chain.     

毕赤酵母表达解淀粉芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶及其水解制备可控结构壳寡糖

优化并全合成解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）壳聚糖酶编码基因并在毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）中实现分泌表达,表达产物的蛋白质量浓度达到0.23 mg/mL。壳聚糖水解酶的最适pH值为5.0,最适温度为45 ℃,比活力达52.2 U/mL。该酶在50 ℃以下较稳定。利用该酶水解低脱乙酰度壳聚糖并对产物进行了组成及结构分析。基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析结果显示,酶解产物中包含聚合度3～15、不同脱乙酰度的壳寡糖。核磁共振鉴定结果显示,壳寡糖组分的还原末端及非还原末端均主要由氨基葡萄糖组成。综上,本研究高效表达了来源于解淀粉芽孢杆菌的壳聚糖酶,并制备了确定末端结构的壳寡糖,为壳寡糖的结构与功能关系研究提供理论支持。