量气法研究ADN与(NC+NG)的相互作用

用 NBK型"拉瓦"量气测试系统研究了较高温度下二硝酰胺铵(ADN)与双基吸收药(NC NG)体系的相互作用,从动力学角度阐述了二者的相互作用.结果表明: ADN与(NC NG)混合物加热分解的最终放气量在标准状态下为626.8 mL·g-1,与ADN和(NC NG)最大放气量之和相比并没有增加,但分解速度显著提高,活化能显著降低至82.58 kJ·mol-1,ADN与(NC NG)之间存在强烈的相互作用.     

Bu-NENA/NC低感度双基推进剂性能研究

使用N-丁基硝氧乙基硝胺(Bu-NENA)全部替代硝化甘油(NG),通过无溶剂法制备了Bu-NENA/硝化纤维素(NC)双基推进剂,并对样品的感度、热分解特性、挥发性和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,Bu-NENA替代NG后,双基推进剂的特性落高H50由8.1 cm提高到27.1 cm,摩擦感度由94%降低到18%,机械感度大幅降低;起始分解温度和第一分解阶段峰温由120.31℃和151.54℃分别提高到144.58℃和179.47℃,均提高24℃以上;Bu-N EN A/N C双基推进剂在80,90,100℃下的挥发速率常数均低于NG/NC推进剂在对应温度下的挥发速率常数,推进剂的挥发性降低;高温(50℃)、常温(20℃)和低温(-40℃)下,Bu-N EN A/N C双基推进剂断裂伸长率均提高,尤其是低温断裂伸长率可达13.63%,是N G/N C推进剂的1.63倍。     

NC/NG与ADN的相互作用

用高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC),热重-微商热重法(TG-DTG),研究了双基粘合剂(NC/NG体系)与二硝酰胺铵(ADN)之间的相互作用.结果表明,(NC/NG)/ADN体系中NG的分解峰由NC/NG中的207.0 ℃提前至159.8 ℃,在高压下该分解峰温提前至153.6 ℃.NC/ADN的分解峰温比NG/ADN提前了4.8 ℃,而且大部分的ADN没有被NG加速而提前分解,表明NC对ADN的作用比NG更强烈.此外,还用真空安定性试验(VST)评价了NC/NG与ADN的相容性,混合体系的净增放气量大于11 mL,属于严重不相容,证明在90 ℃下NC/NG与ADN之间也存在强烈的相互作用.     

DIANP对NC溶塑作用的实验与模拟

用动态流变实验和扫描电子显微镜观察对比研究了1,5-二叠氮-3-硝基氮杂戊烷(DIANP)和硝化甘油(NG)溶塑硝化纤维素(NC)的速率和效果,用分子动力学模拟方法对DIANP、NG、NC的溶度参数和DIANP、NG在NC中的扩散系数进行了模拟计算,采用介观动力学模拟方法得到了NC/DIANP和NC/NG共混体系的介观形貌。结果表明,与NG相比,DIANP溶塑NC速率较快,二者在NC中的扩散系数分别为1.39×10~(-10)m~2·s~(-1)和2.24×10~(-10)m~2·s~(-1)。相对于NG,DIANP溶塑效果更好,两种共混体系的显微形貌特征与介观动力学模拟结果具有很高的一致性。溶度参数计算结果表明,DIANP的分子间作用力大小与NC较为相似,而NG溶度参数的范德华力和静电力分量所占的比例与NC接近。     

1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐和CMDB推进剂组份的相容性

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和真空安定性试验(VST)法研究了1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐(HATO)与复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂组份:硝化棉(NC)、NC/硝化甘油(NG)吸收药、吉纳(DINA)、黑索今(RDX)、奥克托今(HMX)、3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮铅盐(NTO-Pb)及铝粉(Al粉)的相容性。DSC结果表明,HATO与NC、NC/NG、DINA及RDX不相容,与HMX、NTO-Pb、Al粉相容。VST结果表明,HATO与NC/NG、DINA不相容,与RDX中等反应,与NC相容。     

微波辅助合成2,4-二硝基咪唑

由1,4-二硝基咪唑(1,4-DNI)重排为2,4-二硝基咪唑(2,4-DNI),以微波加热代替常规加热,可在一定程度提高得率,并可将重排时间由4～50h缩短为10min。研究了加热用微波功率、加热时间、溶剂及1,4-DNI浓度对2,4-DNI得率的影响。重排适宜的反应条件是:微波功率375W,加热时间10min,氯苯为溶剂,1,4-DNI的浓度为10%,这时所得2,4-DNI的得率可达95%,熔点265～268℃(分解)。     

三元混合溶剂对高氮含量单基发射药性能的影响

为了提高高氮含量单基发射药硝化棉/二硝基甲苯/二苯胺(NC/DNT/DPA)的力学性能,在醇酮溶剂中外加3%的辅助溶剂(二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、环己酮、环己烷、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯)形成三元混合溶剂,对高氮量硝化棉进行塑化成型,获得相应的单基发射药。通过扫描电镜观察单基发射药样品的微观结构,采用万能材料试验机、简支梁式抗冲击试验机测试了单基发射药的力学性能,通过密闭爆发器实验研究了辅助溶剂对单基发射药能量及燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:当有辅助溶剂加入时,高氮量单基药的力学性能提高,其中添加3%乙酸丁酯的试样在低温(-40℃)、常温(20℃)和高温(50℃)下试样的抗压强度分别提高了15.7%、4.3%和17.7%,抗冲击强度分别提高了29.9%、96.9%和170.0%;辅助溶剂的加入,对单基发射药的燃烧影响较小;与基础单基发射药相比,三元混合溶剂制备的单基发射药火药力均有小幅下降。     

量气法研究三种黏合剂与CL-20混合体系的热行为

用NBK型"拉瓦"量气测试系统研究了较高温度(160～200℃)下六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)与硝化棉和硝化甘油双基吸收药(NC+NG)、环氧乙烷与四氢呋喃共聚醚(PET)、3,3-双叠氮甲基氧杂环丁烷与四氢呋喃共聚物(PBT)三种黏合剂的全分解过程,从放气规律和动力学的变化阐述了CL-20及其与三种黏合剂混合体系的热行为。结果表明:CL-20及其与(NC+NG)、PET、PBT三种黏合剂混合体系的热分解表观活化能分别为176.68,176.31,136.12,127.0kJ.mol-1。(NC+NG)黏合剂对CL-20的分解反应速度以及活化能几乎没有影响;CL-20初期分解的气体产物与PET和PBT两种黏合剂发生"非均相的气相/凝聚相反应",使得混合体系的分解表观活化能降低,分解速度显著加快。同时,(NC+NG)、PET和PBT没有改变CL-20分解的机理函数。     

FOX-7/NC/NG在快速热刺激下的自着火行为

在快速压缩机实验平台中利用高速成像及动态压力采集手段研究了FOX-7/NC/NG快速热刺激下的自着火行为.结果表明样品在快速压缩机上止点热力条件为3.0 MPa,598.1 K,环境平均热加载速率约为1.2×104 K·s-1时,未发生自着火;保持压力不变,提高温度至913.1 K,平均热加载速率升高至2.5×104 K·s-1时,样品发生自着火.对样品在3.0 MPa,913 K下的自着火过程进行多次重复实验,发现其着火延迟时间(IDTI)误差小于20％,燃烧持续期误差小于5％;FOX-7/NC/NG样品在不同热加载速率下的实验表明,热加载速率越高,自着火越快,燃烧持续期越短.     

端羟基聚环氧氯丙烷与叠氮聚醚的后处理研究

以端羟基聚环氧氯丙烷(CTP)、叠氮聚醚(ATP)和高分子量叠氮聚醚(HATP)等三种粗产品为后处理物对象,分别开展了减压蒸馏和溶剂萃取两种方法的后处理研究。结果表明,通过减压蒸馏除掉环状冠醚和低分子齐聚物难度较大,仅能蒸出少量环状三聚体;而溶剂萃取法则能得到较为理想的结果。本研究选取异丙醇、石油醚(60～90℃)和二者的混合溶剂等三种溶剂作为萃取溶剂。萃取结果表明:(1)三种萃取剂的萃取效果依次为:混合溶剂>异丙醇>石油醚。(2)异丙醇倾向于优先萃取小分子多元醇,石油醚倾向于优先萃取环状冠醚,而混合溶剂则能兼顾二者的优点。(3)对CTP、ATP和HATP来说,萃取后产品的数均分子量(Mn)与官能度(f)均有一定幅度的提升。具体到HATP,混合溶剂萃取可使Mn由2500～3200上升到3000～4000;f由1.99～2.00上升到2.46～2.97;低分子聚合物的含量由4.1%～8.2%下降到0.3%～2.3%。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.