体表形态凸角对腰围间隙量的影响

为揭示人体形态凸角对腰部间隙量分布的影响,通过在补正的标准体型人台上依次穿着差异松量的同款服装,利用[TC]²三维扫描仪和Geomagic软件采集分析着装间隙量数据与特征。通过计算人体法线到服装的距离确定着装腰部间隙量值,分析差异松量下人体体表胸突角和背入角对腰部间隙量分布的影响。实验结果显示:对于放松量在4 cm以下的紧身服装,体表凸角与腰部间隙量呈弱相关关系;对于放松量在6~12 cm的合体服装,胸突角在120°区域、背入角在0°~30°区域,对腰部间隙量分布影响最大;对于放松量大于16 cm的宽松服装,胸突角与腰部间隙量的分布无相关关系,背入角与间隙量分布呈显著性相关关系;回归方程的拟合优度总体较好,30°区域和120°区域回归方程的R²值达到0.95以上。     

单层服装间隙量的动态有限元模型构建与仿真

为探究运动状态下服装间隙量的变化情况,提出一种基于有限元软件构建的单层服装间隙量的动态仿真模型,模拟步行时的力学状态与间隙量.首先,基于三维点云数据构建人体与服装的不同组织结构形态的三维模型,利用Instron万能拉伸仪与三维动作捕捉系统获取服装材料参数与人体运动坐标,建立人体单层服装间隙量有限元模型,利用有限元仿真软...     

基于SolidWorks的在职男性颈部三维模型

建立人体颈部三维立体模型是研究服装领口与颈部之间作用力的前提,是预测颈部服装压力、优化领型设计的基础。为此,以200名在职男性颈部形态分类为基础,挑选20名颈型相似的青年男性,通过三维人体扫描仪获取枕骨下沿与颈根之间12 cm的40个颈部截面点云图;再用Mat Lab软件处理,获取颈部截面坐标;之后将颈部三维坐标输入Solid Works软件,即可输出颈部皮肤层三维模型;运用同样的方法建立包含骨骼层、软组织层的颈部三维模型,并利用服装穿着压力与三维模型曲率的关系进行模型验证。分析结果显示,建立的三维颈部模型高度有效,模型对服装压力的预测以及服装领型设计提供一定的理论参考。     

基于立体裁剪技术的服装原型的建立

利用立体裁剪技术,以中国国标人体模型为依据,建立一套完全符合中国人体型的无放松量纸样原型理论。这种服装原型能准确地反映出人体体表形态和各部位的尺寸数据,根据这些数据设计出的应用公式科学合理、使用方便,对推进服装人体科学研究将会起到很好的作用,并提供了新思路。     

人体冠状面轮廓曲线数学模型构建与量化分析

冠状面轮廓曲线可以表现人体纵向体表形态,是体型研究和原型设计的关键.首先,通过三维人体测量,获取人体点云数据,利用逆向工程技术降维处理,采集冠状面轮廓点云;其次,用最小二乘法、三次样条函数、径向基函数(Radical Basis Function,RBF)神经网络分别进行曲线拟合,比较三个模型的均方根误差RMSE、决定...     

电子化服装量身定制研究

对eMTM的关键技术实现进行了系统概念框架的探讨，通过以三维人体扫描为技术支撑的数据准备系统完成人体体型描述、人体测量数据库的建立、体型分析，建立了面向eMTM的人体体型库，研究了三维人体体型特征参数与服装原型参数的映射关系，实现三维人体数据与服装CAD系统中原型版变化参数的对应，提出了eMTM的商业模型。     

基于CATIA逆向工程的夏季穿搭三维设计

利用CATIA软件实现逆向工程,对人体进行三维测量,将获得的人体数据进行点云数据处理、构线绘面,实现针对夏季穿搭的三维设计。详细介绍点云数据预处理和曲面再造应用的目的、内容、过程及应用,并总结基于CATIA逆向工程定制优势。结果表明,通过三维人体测量获得人体尺寸数据,利用相关软件进行三维人体建模与曲面再造,并应用到服装设计当中,是当前的趋势和潮流,将逆向工程与现代服装产业相结合,给服装量身定制、服装设计及销售渠道等以新的启示,具有广泛的应用空间。     

在线服装eMTM系统的研究

从研究电子化量身定制(eMTM )系统关键技术的角度出发,分析了eMTM在国内外的发展,建立了eMTM系统的框架结构和eMTM的各个子系统:数据描述及应用、数据准备、三维人体测量数据库、人体体型分析、3D人体模型在线仿真、体型和号型以及原型映射等子系统的逻辑模型并研究其实现方法。最后针对一个具体的应用设计了客户/企业在线eMTM服装定制系统的模型     

基于人体特征点的女性上体曲面展平技术

为促进服装人体展平技术在大数据时代的发展和推广,以女性上体曲面为实验对象进行曲面展平处理。针对女性上体曲面复杂且难以展平的问题,运用三维人体测量技术、曲面重构技术构建三维人体模型,根据GB/T 16160—2008、GB/T 23698—2009选出女性上体曲面中的47个人体特征点,并用逆向工程软件Rapidform XOR3提取得到这47个人体特征点的三维坐标。借助Creacompo II Torso软件,用人体特征点三维坐标结合系统内部数字人台初步形成初始虚拟人台,调整初始虚拟人台的曲面,使其与三维人体模型进行拟合,构建接近真实女性上体曲面的虚拟服装人台。结合曲面展平技术,将虚拟服装人台的曲面展成平面,生成12片二维矢量样板图,实现了三维人体到二维矢量样板图的个性化数字化生成。     

基于点云技术的个体躯干曲面提取

本文选取了三维人体扫描技术和逆向工程技术来完成个体的躯干曲面的提取,并对所提取的表面进行数据评估。此研究可应用于无松量服装原型设计。本文由扫描人体获得人体点云数据,提取出人体基准曲线,使用不同方法在三维人体上构建人体曲面,获得紧身原型。此方法可以突破体型特殊的限制,应用于针对个体的高级私人化定制,及特体人群的成衣化生产。     

女性体型特征指标的选择及体型细分研究

在人体测量的基础上,利用主成分分析的方法,提取了女性躯干部分的三个特征指标,并根据三个特征指标的不同取值将女性形体分为36种体型。     

Soft body armour

Abstract

A detailed and timely progress of soft body armour against stab and ballistic impact is presented in this monograph. The classification and the evolution of body armour is briefly presented, demonstrating the change of material choice with time. The energy absorption capacity of soft body armour and the mechanisms by which this energy is absorbed or dissipated are dependent upon various parameters and a detailed review is highlighted to best understand the material and structural influence. Various stab and ballistic resistance standards against which armour is currently evaluated are presented in detail. Additionally, the different techniques used to evaluate the performance of armour, from a single layer high-performance fabric to a full armour panel assembly are explained in depth, focusing on yarn pull-out, dynamic impact and ballistic test. Further, different approaches adapted to improve the impact or ballistic response of a high-performance fabric used for soft armour panels is reported exhaustively, with special attention drawn to the application of natural rubber, shear thickening fluid (STF) and surface modification of fibre. Among these, the use of STF is given greater importance, minutely exploring the mechanism of shear thickening, the factors affecting shear thickening behaviour and the methods adopted to improve the thickening or viscosity of STFs. Furthermore, emphasis is laid upon the failure mechanisms of a single high-performance fabric to low velocity impact and of an armour panel to high velocity impact, both for neat and STF treated structures. Moreover, the effectiveness or applicability of soft body armour is valid only when certain conditions are met, a list of which is concisely outlined. Finally, with new techniques and approaches being explored at research level, a futuristic and revolutionalised concept of soft body armour is anticipated- the application of nanomaterials, the use of smart textiles and the concept of biomimetics in armour design.     

服装原型测试仪

介绍一种人体部位测量和原型结构适体性测试的仪器，它可直接置于人体上进行测量，为服装原型构成提供一系列的规格数据。利用这种测试仪获得数据制作的原型，不需要进行真人体的试衣修整程序，就可直接运用于服装结构(样板)设计。同时，这种测试仪还设有传感装置，测试数据经数字化处理后可输入计算机，利用专门CAD系统，进行原型样板设计或直接生成原型样板。     

基于人体三围截面面积的江浙地区女性体型分类

为更好地区分人体体型,随机选取东华大学人体数据库中用三维人体测量系统测量的200名江浙地区女性的人体参数,分析江浙女性人体水平截面的横矢径比,并与日本女性的数值进行比较后发现,日本的分类数值不适合江浙女性。使用自编程序获取人体矢状、额状和水平截面的形状,因相同横矢径比的人体水平截面形态不同,认为用横矢径比区分体型不准确;用自编程序得到人体水平截面的周长和面积,选取胸、腰、臀三围的截面面积与三围围度平方的比值进行聚类分析,体型细分为3类:扁体型、中间体型、圆体型。     

二维非接触人体测量中体型的模糊聚类分析

二维非接触人体测量系统中,围度尺寸需要通过二维至三维的数据转换间接获得。为增强围度预测的精度,应按不同体型类别分别建立预测模型。为避免指标间的信息重复,进行主成分分析,将原有的24项指标归纳为4项综合指标,对人体体型进行客观的综合评价。应用模糊C均值聚类分析进行人体体型分类,分别建立预测模型,以最大隶属度原则对样本进行分类。应用F统计量和聚类有效性函数检验聚类的有效性,并结合实际应用结果确定最佳分类数。     

基于三维人体测量的人体体型细分识别的研究

使用非接触式三维人体测量系统对中国北方青年女性人体进行测量,测量数据包括肩宽、胸围、臀围等部位尺寸,这些尺寸作为特征值构成了人体体型特征向量.不均匀体型的比例愈来愈高,因此更进一步细化对人体体型的分类识别变得十分重要.考察了某些特征尺寸的概率分布,然后利用聚类分析将人体体型分为偏瘦、正常、偏胖3类,最后提出使用马氏距离...     

Prediction of total body lipid from total body water in rats. Part 1. Relations between directly measured major body components

Aimed to the construction of a prediction equation for estimations of lipid content from animal water content body composition was determined by whole body analysis of male rats (1) given access, ad libitum, to a commercial standard diet (n = 144; ranging from 60 to 600 g in weight, and from the 4th to the 34th week of age), and (2) showing striking variations with regard to nutritional state, dietary history, enlarged fat deposition, genetic origin, intestinal microbial status, and advanced age (n = 75). It was shown that a unique coefficient of water content in lipid-free body mass does not exist. The results of statistical analysis for the grouped values of percentage body dry matter (x) and percentage body lipid (y) indicate that the latter can be estimated accurately from body water content directly determined by the use of the quadratic regression equation y = ?0.2864×+0.01615 x² with a standard deviation of the procedure s_y = ±1.40. This prediction equation is valid for a wide developmental span even under highly different experimental states. Differences between the calculated body lipid contents vs. analytically determined values are smaller than by using a linear regression equation or coefficient(s) of hydration of lipid-free body mass.     

Forced heat loss from body surface reduces heat flow to body surface

Heat stress is commonly relieved by forced evaporation from body surfaces. The mode of heat stress relief by heat extraction from the periphery is not clear, although it reduces rectal temperature. Radiant surface temperature (Ts) of the right half of the body surface was examined by thermovision in 4 lactating Holstein cows (30 kg of milk/d) during 7 repeated cycles of forced evaporation created by 30 s of wetting followed by 4.5 min of forced airflow. Wetting was performed by an array of sprinklers (0.76 m³/h), and forced airflow (>3 m/s velocity) over the right side of the body surface was produced by fans mounted at a height of 3 m above the ground. Sprinkling wetted the hind legs, rump, and chest, but not the lower abdomen side, front legs, or neck. The animals were maintained in shade at an air temperature of 28°C and relative humidity of 47%. Coat thickness was 1 to 2 mm, so Ts closely represented skin temperature. Mean Ts of 5 × 20 cm areas on the upper and lower hind and front legs, rump, chest, abdomen side, and neck were obtained by converting to temperature their respective gray intensity in single frames obtained at 10-s intervals. Little change occurred in Ts during the first wetting (0.1 ± 0.6°C), but it decreased rapidly thereafter (1.6 ± 0.6°C in the fifth wetting). The Ts also decreased, to a smaller extent, in areas that remained dry (0.7 ± 1.0°C). In all body sites, a plateau in Ts was reached by 2 min after wetting. The difference between dry and wet areas in the first cooling cycle was approximately 1.2°C. The Ts of different body areas decreased during consecutive cooling cycles and reached a plateau by 3 cooling cycles in dry sites (front leg, neck, abdomen side), by 5 cooling cycles in the hind leg, and 7 cooling cycles in the rump and chest. The reduction in mean Ts produced by 7 cycles was 4.0 to 6.0°C in wetted areas and 1.6 to 3.7°C in sites that were not wetted. Initial rectal temperature was 38.9 ± 0.1°C; it remained unchanged during first 5 cooling cycles, decreased by 0.1°C after 7 cooling cycles, and decreased to 38.4 ± 0.06°C after 8 to 10 cooling cycles, with no additional subsequent decrease. The concomitant reduction in Ts in dry and wet areas suggests an immediate vasoconstrictor response associated with heat extraction and later development of a cooler body shell. The reduction in rectal temperature represents a response involving transfer of heat from the body core to the body shell. This response mode requires consideration in settings of heat stress relief.