安全仪表系统安全完整性等级的评估技术

介绍了安全仪表系统在现代过程工业中的作用和地位以及功能安全的特点和标准体系,重点阐述了安全完整性等级的划分和评估过程,以及SIL等级的确定和计算方法,为安全仪表系统SIL等级评估提供依据。     

Derivation of an equation for quantitative SIL assignment

Quantitative risk analysis for selection of safety integrity levels (SIL's) is becoming more prevalent due to the high equipment costs associated with qualitative methods. Procedures for applying quantitative methods to the SIL selection problem are in the early stages of development. Literature explaining quantitative methods is scarce and many engineers are forced to develop ad hoc procedures, some of which are mathematically flawed. One of the equations popularly used to assign a probability of failure on demand (PFD) to a safety instrumented function (SIF) based on tolerable risk and unmitigated event frequency is shown in the equation below. Variations of this equation are in use by various SIS practitioners: PFD(SIF) = f(Tolerable)_Risk/f(Unmitigated)_Event. This paper presents a rigorous derivation of this equation based on scientific laws of probability math and standardized definitions used in the field of SIS engineering. By publishing this derivation the author hopes to lend more credibility to this type of SIL selection process and increase its usage in the process industries.     

Tolerable risk guidelines

Safety instrumented systems (SIS) should be designed to reduce the amount of risk in a process to a tolerable level. Expressing the tolerable level of risk is one of the most difficult tasks facing organizations trying to comply with the standards that govern SIS use. Organizations are basing their risk decision-making criteria on a variety of benchmarks including industry standards, local and foreign government regulations, practices of industry partners, and a qualitative assessment of what is fair and reasonable. This paper explores the ways that industry and government have made decisions on what risks are tolerable. The paper begins by reviewing qualitative criteria that are evaluated to determine what amount of risk can reasonably be tolerated. The paper also reviews some methods that have been used in government and industry to include financial aspects into the decision-making process. It then proceeds to review some of the quantitative ways that risk is represented. After discussing risk presentation, the paper reviews and compares tolerable risk guidelines that have been set by government and industry. The paper concludes by comparing the amount of risk reduction that can be justified by sociopolitical tolerability guidelines and that which can be justified by cost-benefit analysis.     

第二十二讲 功能安全评估的应用研究

频频发生的火灾、爆炸、漏油事故威胁着人类的生存．对工艺过程进行风险分析与安全评估愈发的重要起来。目前工业发达国家已广泛采用功能安全标准并在各领域开展功能安全评估,而我国的功能安全事业才刚刚起步,目前尚无完整的功能安全评估体系。本文介绍了一套国际标准的功能安全评估方法：危险与可操作性（HAZOP）分析和安全完整性等级（SIL）评估。     

使用SET软件评估安全相关系统的SIL等级(二)

使用西门子SET安全评估软件来快速准确地评估和实现安全系统的安全等级,并确保符合IEC 61508等国际安全标准的方法。     

SIS在镇海炼化100万吨/年乙烯项目中的应用

安全仪表系统的作用;安全仪表系统(SIS)的设计要求;结合镇海炼化1000kt/y乙烯项目中SIS的应用,介绍HIMA安全仪表系统的特点,并从系统的硬件设计、软件组态、SOE组态和通讯设计四个方面给出SIS的设计方案。     

按IEC 61511标准选择安全仪表系统的传感器

用于过程控制部分的国际标准IEC61511已于2003年发布,它详细叙述了安全仪表系统（SIS）生命周期里的要求。制造商已经生产出支持这一新技术的产品,可供设计者选择的传感器满足安全要求,遵从新标准,降低整个生命周期的成本。本文叙述了SIS应用中的传感器选择,符合IEC61511标准,最小化生命周期的成本。     

吏用SET软件评估安全旧关系统的SIL等级（一）

随着国际功能安全标准IEC61508的日臻完善和国家安全标准的不断发展,如何设计一个符合相关国家与国际标准的安全相关系统成为很多工业用户十分关注问题。本文阐述通过使用西门子SET安全评估软件来快速准确地评估和实现安全系统的安全等级,并确保符合IEC61508等国际安全标准的方法。     

功能安全技术讲座 第四十三讲：炼油装置加热炉SIS系统SIL评估技术研究与应用

本文基于安全仪表系统（Safetylnste TumentSystem）相关国际国内标准IEC61508和IEC6151]（GB／T20438和0GB／T21109）,结合国外石油公司良好的工程实践,开展了炼化装置不同类型的加热炉安全仪表系统SIL评估技术的研究与应用,并根据研究应用结果,提出了提高加热炉装置安全仪表系统安全可靠性的相关建议措施。     

Minimizing costs while meeting safety requirements: Modeling deterministic (imperfect) staggered tests using standard Markov models for SIL calculations

In industry, potentially hazardous (technical) structures are equipped with safety systems in order to protect people, the environment, and assets from the consequences of accidents by reducing the probability of incidents occurring. Not only companies but also society will want to know what the effect of these safety measures is: society in terms of "likelihood of undesired events" and companies in addition in terms of "value for money," the expected benefits per dollar or euro invested that these systems provide. As a compromise between demands from society (the safer the better) and industry (but against what cost), in many countries government has decided to impose standards to industry with respect to safety requirements. These standards use the average probability of failure on demand as the main performance indicator for these systems, and require, for the societal reason given before, that this probability remain below a certain value depending on a given risk. The main factor commonly used in industry to "fine-tune" the average probability of failure on demand for a given system configuration in order to comply with these standards against financial risk for the company is "optimizing" the test strategy (interval, coverage, and procedure). In industry, meeting the criterion on the average probability of failure on demand is often demonstrated by using well accepted mathematical models such as Markov models from literature and adapting them for the actual situation. This paper shows the implications and potential pitfalls when using this commonly used practical approach for a situation where the test strategy is changed. Adapting an existing Markov model can lead to unexpected results, and this paper will demonstrate that a different model has to be developed. In addition, the authors propose an approach that can be applied in industry without suffering from the problems mentioned above.     

旋转机械联锁系统安全完整性等级(SIL)评估

介绍了联锁系统安全完整性等级(SIL)评估技术,并对多台旋转机械的联锁系统进行了评估。通过对评估结果进行分析,提出了目前旋转机械联锁系统中所存在的共性问题,并给出了相应的改进建议。研究结果对旋转机械的联锁系统设置具有参考意义。     

大型乙烯装置中SIS的安全性和可用性设计

乙烯工艺具有高温、高压、易燃、易爆、工艺复杂而连续性强、安全要求高等特点,其SIS系统的安全性和可用性具有同样的重要性。笔者结合HIMA公司数个特大乙烯装置SIS应用经验,对如何在乙烯装置中实现安全性和可用性的结合进行了探讨。     

功能安全在轨道交通平台产品开发中的应用

2011年,由和利时开发的HVC-1000型安全计算机,取得了TUV铁路行业安全级SIL4认证,是目前国内第一家通过欧标最高安全认证的信号系统基础平台。它将作为和利时轨道交通信号系统的支撑平台和技术基础,支持列控中心、计算机联锁、临时限速服务器、无线闭塞中心、区域控制器等多个信号系统。文中从功能/技术安全、质量管理、安全管理3个方面介绍和利时在HVC-1000型安全计算机开发的一些经验。     

第三十五讲：人因可靠性对SIS整体可用性的影响分析

安全仪表系统SIS的联锁触发动作过程中往往需要人员的参与,本文为人因可靠性分析确定了恰当的方法,并将SIS按照功能的不同分为两类,并从两个方面详细分析了人因可靠性对SIS整体可用性的影响,最后提出了提高SIS整体可用性的有效方法.     

爆破片安全装置与安全完整性等级探讨

在国内化工装置相继开展安全仪表系统(SIS)配备以及安全完整性等级(SIL)定级等背景下,针对爆破片安全装置,研究人员相继提出“爆破片是否属于安全仪表系统零部件”“爆破片做不做安全完整性等级认证”“爆破片与安全完整性等级有没有关系”三个问题。探讨并解答了这些问题,提出了爆破片后续研究方向。分析认为,爆破片不属于安全仪表系统零部件,不需要做安全完整性等级认证,但是,爆破片与安全仪表系统的安全完整性等级评级有关系,需要明确爆破片分别作为独立事件和独立保护层失效两种情况下的失效概率。后续研究方向为获得爆破片在不同失效模式下的失效率数据。     

KNX应用技术工程师培训招生公告

本文介绍在功能安全产品开发中使用失效模式、影响及其诊断分析（FMEDA）技术,通过对产品的电路机理分析,获得产品的安全相关参数,并查找产品设计的缺陷和薄弱环节,从而验证产品的硬件安全完整性等级（SIL）,以达到定量评估产品的安全性能并改进产品设计的目的。     

军用电子装备三维工艺设计标准体系研究

文中针对军工电子行业实施三维数字化研发模式所面临的标准缺失问题,开展了军用电子装备三维工艺设计标准研究.在分析军工电子行业三维工艺设计标准化需求和标准制定现状的基础上,构建了军用电子装备三维工艺设计标准体系,包括工艺基础标准、专业工艺设计标准和工艺管理标准,并以此为基础开展了相关标准的编制工作.本系列标准的编制与实施对规范军用电子装备三维工艺设计,提升军用电子装备制造业数字化研发水平有着重要的意义.     

Flexible Manufacturing Systems' compliance to the safety standards

Safety improvements of Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs) are improving usability of the system usability and also the competitiveness of the manufacturing. The aims of this study were 1) to analyze the deficiencies in and the risks of flexible manufacturing system (FMS) implementations 2) to clarify whether the systems meet the demands of safety standards and 3) to suggest safety system improvements. The study was made by using the Safety Analysis for Production Automation and the Safety Checklist for FMSs. The data were gathered by interviewing key managers and workers employed by 22 Finnish companies with FMS implementations. The study showed that although the companies considered the FM systems as one of their safest functions in the workshops, many of the systems do not fulfill the most common requirements of the safety standards. The requirements were met by 70% of the targets studied. Installation and maintenance functions best meet these requirements, whereas the layout of the systems and their mechanical structure were the most poorly designed areas. Especially poor were the safety and ergonomics of the loading/unloading stations. This paper presents additional information about the deficiencies found in the FM-systems and companies' involvement in them. The results shed new light on safety and ergonomic aspects to be considered in designing and using FM-systems. The data can be used to help industry meet safety demands and to improve the efficiency of new FMS implementations.     

南宁市售茶叶重金属含量及健康风险评价

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP–MS)法测定了南宁市售茶叶中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr和Ni七种重金属的含量,运用内梅罗综合污染指数对重金属污染水平进行评价,运用靶标危害系数法对重金属人体健康风险进行评估.结果表明:试验方法精密度和准确度都较高,市售茶叶中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr和Ni的含量差...     

Safe physical human robot interaction-past,present and future

When a robot physically interacts with a human user, the requirements should be drastically changed. The most important requirement is the safety of the human user in the sense that robot should not harm the human in any situation. During the last few years, research has been focused on various aspects of safe physical human robot interaction. This paper provides a review of the work on safe physical interaction of robotic systems sharing their workspace with human users (especially elderly people). Three distinct areas of research are identified: interaction safety assessment, interaction safety through design, and interaction safety through planning and control. The paper then highlights the current challenges and available technologies and points out future research directions for realization of a safe and dependable robotic system for human users.