微孔碳/聚苯胺纳米线复合材料的制备及其电化学电

：纳米线型导电聚合物是一种具有良好应用前景的电容器电极材料,本论文中,用简易的原位化学氧化法制备了微孔碳/聚苯胺纳米线(MC/PANI)复合材料,并以此复合材料为活性物质制备工作电极,在1 mol/L H2SO4中,通过循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒流充放电技术研究了其电化学电容性能,研究结果表明：在0.2 A/g的电流密度下,MC/PANI电极首次充放电比电容可达到329 F/g, 高于PANI电极的259 F/g,且MC/PANI电极电荷传递电阻（Rct）小于MC和PANI,可见纳米线型PANI可加强电极材料的电化学性能。     

柔性聚苯胺/氮化钛纳米线电极材料的制备与储能性能

利用高导电性的氮化钛纳米线作为聚苯胺的生长基质,有效减少电极材料的电荷传输电阻,提升聚苯胺的超级电容储能性能。以碳纤维作为柔性基底,采用晶种辅助水热结合电化学聚合法制备了柔性聚苯胺/氮化钛纳米线电极材料(PANI/Ti N),电极材料呈现高度有序的同轴核壳纳米线结构,且纳米线之间彼此分离,有利于电解液离子的传输,提升储能性能。电流密度为1 A/g时,比电容为403 F/g;电流密度从0.5 A/g增加到10.0 A/g时,比电容保持率为初始容量的53.4%,电流密度为5 A/g时,循环充放电1 000次后PANI/Ti N的电容保持率为79.1%,与PANI相比均有较大提升,表明PANI/Ti N具有较好的电化学储能性质。以PANI/Ti N电极材料为电极构建柔性全固态对称型超级电容器(PANI/Ti N//PANI/Ti N)考察其应用性。PANI/Ti N//PANI/Ti N柔性超级电容器在电流密度为1 A/g时,比电容可达100.2 F/g,且在不同角度弯曲后比电容无明显衰减。当功率密度为500 W/kg时,能量密度可达50.1 W·h/kg,且1个单元的该超级电容器可驱动红色...     

聚苯胺/壳聚糖超级电容器电极复合材料的制备及表征

采用冷冻干燥后管式炉碳化制备壳聚糖电极材料,经KOH活化法活化后通过氧化还原聚合法制备聚苯胺(PANI)/壳聚糖电极材料,运用循环伏安、交流阻抗、充放电等测试聚苯胺/壳聚糖电极的电化学性能。结果表明,聚苯胺/壳聚糖电极材料表现出良好的电容性能和稳定的电化学性能,比电容129.6 F/g,循环充放电500次,比电容保持率90.8%。     

聚苯胺/壳聚糖超级电容器电极复合材料的制备及表征

采用冷冻干燥后管式炉碳化制备壳聚糖电极材料,经KOH活化法活化后通过氧化还原聚合法制备聚苯胺(PANI)/壳聚糖电极材料,运用循环伏安、交流阻抗、充放电等测试聚苯胺/壳聚糖电极的电化学性能。结果表明,聚苯胺/壳聚糖电极材料表现出良好的电容性能和稳定的电化学性能,比电容129.6 F/g,循环充放电500次,比电容保持率90.8%。     

聚苯胺/活性炭复合材料的共价键构筑及电容性能

导电聚苯胺(PANI)与活性炭(AC)构筑复合电极材料是当前制备高性能超级电容器电极材料的热点研究方向。其关键点之一是制备出炭与PANI两种材料均匀分散、且具有相当牢固强度连接界面的复合材料。为此,以AC为基材,对其进行功能化处理后,将苯胺在其表面原位聚合,获得具有界面共价键连接的PANI/AC复合材料(PANI–c–AC)复合材料。通过扫描电子显微镜、元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射仪及电化学工作站等测试并研究其结构与电容性能。结果表明,具有界面共价键连接的PANI–c–AC复合材料比电容值(393.3 F/g)最高,既优于单一AC(111.8 F/g)与PANI(296.2 F/g),也优于无共价键连接的PANI–AC复合材料(360.5 F/g)。     

PANI/MoS_2复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

采用原位聚合法制备不同摩尔比的PANI/MoS_2纳米复合材料。通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、透射电镜等手段,对所制备的材料进行了结构和微观形貌的表征,结果表明:所制备的聚苯胺呈现棒状纳米纤维包覆在卷曲的纳米鳞片MoS_2片层上形成了PANI/MoS_2纳米复合材料。通过循环伏安法、恒流充放电等测试手段对材料的电化学性能进行了研究,结果表明:在不同电流密度下PANI∶MoS_2=1∶0.1的二元复合物比电容明显高于纯聚苯胺,在1 A/g时PANI∶MoS_2=1∶0.1的二元复合物的比电容值可达942.5 F/g,相比于同电流密度下的PANI的400.5 F/g的高出一倍。表明适量的MoS_2的掺入有助于提高PANI电极材料的电化学电容特性。     

CB/PANI/MnO_2复合材料的制备及电化学性能的研究

通过原位聚合法合成CB/PANI/MnO_2复合电极材料,对电极材料进行循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒电流充放电等电化学性能测试;通过循环伏安法(CV)测试,得出高锰酸钾添加量为0.3 g时,CB/PANI/MnO_2复合电极材料的电化学性能效果最好,在5 mV/s的扫描速度下其比容量可达到190 F/g;高锰酸钾添加量为0.3 g时,CB/PANI/MnO_2复合电极材料在0.5 A/g的电流密度下,电极材料的质量比电容高达354 F/g。     

CB/PANI/MnO_2复合材料的制备及电化学性能的研究

通过原位聚合法合成CB/PANI/MnO_2复合电极材料,对电极材料进行循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒电流充放电等电化学性能测试;通过循环伏安法(CV)测试,得出高锰酸钾添加量为0.3 g时,CB/PANI/MnO_2复合电极材料的电化学性能效果最好,在5 mV/s的扫描速度下其比容量可达到190 F/g;高锰酸钾添加量为0.3 g时,CB/PANI/MnO_2复合电极材料在0.5 A/g的电流密度下,电极材料的质量比电容高达354 F/g。     

交联状聚苯胺包覆碳纤维复合纳米线 制备及电容特性

以交联状氮掺杂碳纳米纤维(CNF)为碳骨架,采用插层辅助原位氧化聚合法使聚苯胺(PANI)均匀地在CNF表面包覆生长,制备了交联状聚苯胺包覆碳纤维(PANI/CNF)复合纳米线。采用TEM、SEM、TG、FTIR、Raman、XRD、XPS和BET对PANI/CNF复合纳米线的形貌和结构进行了表征。通过CV、EIS和GCD测试了PANI/CNF复合纳米线的电容特性。结果表明:PANI/CNF复合纳米线相互连通,表面呈荆棘状,具有多级空间结构。CNF质量分数为40%的PANI/CNF40复合纳米线电极在电流密度为1.0 A/g时,比电容达到820.31 F/g。电流密度增加到20.0 A/g时,比电容保留率为74.8%。在10.0 A/g时,经过2000次充放电循环后电极的比电容保持率达到89.7%。     

用于超级电容器的硫化钴/石墨烯气凝胶复合材料的研究

采用一步水热法,在乙二胺的辅助下,制备了硫化钴/石墨烯气凝胶(CoS/GA)复合材料。通过X射线衍射法(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学性能测试对材料进行了表征和测试。结果表明:制备的材料晶型规整,30～100 nm的CoS粒子均匀地分布在石墨烯气凝胶上。用作超级电容器时,在电流密度0.5 A/g时,CoS/GA复合材料比电容值达574 F/g,是纯CoS的1.4倍;充放电循环1 000次后,比电容保持率为94.4%。硫化钴/石墨烯复合材料的电化学性能较好,具有较大的比电容和较好的循环稳定性,是一种可用于超级电容器的较有潜力的电极材料。     

Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composite electrodes using different cell configurations

Composite materials containing 20 wt.% of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and 80 wt.% of chemically formed conducting polymers (ECP) as polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) have been prepared and used for supercapacitor electrodes. The well conducting properties of MWNTs and their available mesoporosity allow a good charge propagation in the composites. Moreover, due to the good resiliency of MWNTs, an excellent stability of the supercapacitor electrodes is observed. It has been shown that the capacitance values for the composites strongly depend on the cell construction. In the case of three electrode cells, extremely high values can be found from 250 to 1100 F/g, however in the two electrode cell much smaller specific capacitance values of 190 F/g for PPy/MWNTs and 360 F/g for PANI/MWNTs have been measured. It highlights the fact that only two-electrode cells allow a good estimation of materials performance in electrochemical capacitors. The applied voltage was found to be the key factor influencing the specific capacitance of nanocomposites. For operating each electrode in its optimal potential range, asymmetric capacitors have been built with PPy/MWNTs as negative and PANI/MWNTs as positive electrodes giving capacitance values of 320 F/g per electrode material.     

Polyaniline/single-wall carbon nanotube (PANI/SWCNT) composites for high performance supercapacitors

PANI/SWCNT composites were prepared by electrochemical polymerisation of polyaniline onto SWCNTs and their capacitive performance was evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge cycling in 1 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte. The PANI/SWCNT composites single electrode showed much higher specific capacitance, specific energy and specific power than pure PANI and SWCNTs. The highest specific capacitance, specific power and specific energy values of 485 F/g, 228 W h/kg and 2250 W/kg were observed for 73 wt.% PANI deposited onto SWCNTs. PANI/SWCNT composites also showed long cyclic stability. Based upon the variations in the surface morphologies and specific capacitance of the composite, a mechanism is proposed to explain enhancement in the capacitive characteristics. The PANI/SWCNT composites have demonstrated the potential as excellent electrode materials for application in high performance supercapacitors.     

Copper chloride‐doped polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites: Superior electrode material for supercapacitor applications

In this study, copper chloride (CuCl₂)‐doped polyaniline (PANI)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite (PANI C2 CNT), CuCl₂‐doped PANI (PANI C2) and pure PANI was synthesized by in situ oxidative polymerization method, using ammonium peroxodisulfate as oxidant in HCl medium. These composites were investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The interaction of metal cation (Cu²⁺) with PANI was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of the composites was characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. Electrochemical characterizations of the materials were carried out by three electrode probe method, where platinum and saturated standard calomel electrode were used as counter and reference electrode, respectively. 1 M KCl solution was used as electrolyte for all the electrochemical characterizations. The transition metal ion doping enhanced the electrochemical properties of the conducting polymer. Among all the composites, CuCl₂‐doped PANI/MWCNT showed highest specific capacitance value of 724 F/g at 10 mV s⁻¹ scan rate. The Nyquist plot of the polymeric materials showed low equivalent series resistance of the electrode materials. Thermal stability of the composites was examined by thermogravimetric analysis.POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

基于聚苯胺改性构建三维MXene复合材料及其电容性能

通过直接电化学法,本文利用MXene表面官能团的诱导能力,在外加电场的作用下,将苯胺单体与MXene共同修饰在不锈钢电极表面,成功制得具有三维结构的MXene/聚苯胺复合电极材料。采用SEM、XRD、XPS、FTIR和Raman光谱对复合电极材料的表面形貌、物相结构和组成进行了表征,并在1mol/L H₂SO₄中详细研究了该电极材料的电容性能。结果表明,得益于MXene的掺杂,MXene/聚苯胺复合电极表现出较好的电子传导能力和优异的电容性能,在10mV/s的扫描速率下电容可达417F/g,当扫描速率增至200mV/s时,其电容保持率为52%,比纯PANI电极高31%。该复合电极材料具有良好的循环稳定性,在1.0A/g的电流密度下循环2000次后电容保持率可维持在83.4%。此项研究工作可为三维MXene复合材料的构建提供设计思路。     

Dulse‐derived porous carbon–polyaniline nanocomposite electrode for high‐performance supercapacitors

Dulse‐derived porous carbon (DDPC)–polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites were fabricated by a method based on the in situ chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline on DDPC. The characterization of the material showed that the nano‐PANI was grown on the surface of DDPC in the form of nanosticks or nanoparticles. The DDPC–PANI nanocomposites were further used as electrode materials for energy‐storage applications. Meanwhile, the effect of the amount of aniline on the electrochemical performance of DDPC–PANI was also investigated. The results show that a maximum specific capacitance of 458 F/g was achieved for the DDPC–PANI nanocomposites; this was higher than that of the DDPC electrode (218 F/g), and the PANI electrode (318 F/g). The specific capacitance of DDPC–PANI remained 66.0% of the initial value after 5000 cycles; this was higher than that of PANI (50.5%). Finally, a device of DDPC–PANI–activated carbon (AC) was assembled with DDPC–PANI as a positive electrode, which exhibited a high energy density of 9.02 W h/kg, which was higher than that of PANI–AC device. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45776.     

Influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the electrochemical performance of graphene nanocomposites for supercapacitor electrodes

In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) bonded graphene (M-GR) composites were prepared using the chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) and acid treated MWNTs with different ratios. The M-GR/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites (M-GR/PANI) were prepared using oxidation polymerization. The effect of the M-GR ratio on the electrochemical performances of the M-GR/PANI was investigated. It was found that the substrate 2D graphene was coated with 1D MWNTs by chemical reduction and the M-GR was further coated with PANI, leading to increased electrical properties by the π–π interaction between the M-GR and PANI. In addition, the electrochemical performances, such as the current density, charge–discharge, and specific capacitance of the M-GR/PANI were higher than those of graphene/PANI and the highest specific capacitance (1118 F/g) of the composites was obtained at a scan rate of 0.1 A/g for the PANI containing a 0.5 M-GR ratio compared to 191 F/g for the graphene/PANI. The dispersion of the MWNTs onto the graphene surface and the ratio of M-GR had a pronounced effect on the electrochemical performance of the PANI-based composites, which was attributed to the highly conductive pathway created by the M-GR incorporated in the PANI-based composites and the synergistic effect between M-GR and PANI.     

Electrochemical fabrication of polyaniline/MnO2/graphite felt as free‐standing,flexible electrode for supercapacitors

Polyaniline/MnO₂/graphite felt (PMGF) composite, which can be used as a novel free‐standing, flexible electrode for supercapacitors, was fabricated via a facile electrochemical method. Polyaniline/graphite felt (PANI/GF) electrode was prepared by electropolymerization of PANI onto the GF. Subsequently, manganese dioxide (MnO₂) was electrodeposited on the surface of the PANI/GF electrode to prepare PMGF electrode. The microstructure and morphology of the as‐prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Specific surface area was examined using N₂ adsorption/desorption test. Cyclic voltammogram, chronopotentiometry techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were introduced to investigate the electrochemical performance of the composites. The PMGF electrode exhibited specific capacitance as high as about 630 F g⁻¹ at the current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹, which is much higher than that of PANI/MnO₂ composites reported previously. The high specific capacitance of PMGF may be attributed to the fact that the porous GF is a good conductive matrix for the dispersion of PANI/MnO₂ and it can facilitate easy access of electrolytes to the electrode, which results in enhancement of the electrochemical performance of the composite. Moreover, the specific capacitance of PMGF is much larger than that of MnO₂/GF (MGF), which may be ascribed to the participant of PANI, which contributes additional pseudocapacitance and electron transport path. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:819–824, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

不同方法制备聚苯胺/MoS_2复合材料及其电容性能

结合Li插层法制备的单层MoS2,分别采用溶液法和乳液法原位聚合制备了聚苯胺/MoS2复合材料。由FT-IR光谱对其结构进行表征,由电化学工作站测试其做电容器电极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,相同MoS2用量下,乳液法制备的聚苯胺/MoS2复合材料在0.8 A/g电流密度下的比电容为245 F/g,是溶液法聚苯胺/MoS2复合材料的3倍;充放电1000圈后的比电容保持率为82%,比溶液法聚苯胺/MoS2复合材料高11%,显示出更好的电容性能。