湿热处理对杂豆馒头风味感官品质淀粉消化特性及风味品质消化特性的影响?

目的 为研究湿热处理对杂豆淀粉结构、性质变化和杂豆馒头消化特性及风味品质的影响。方法 选取湿热处理豌豆、红豆、白芸豆三种3种杂豆,采用对湿热杂豆馒头的色度、比容、感官评分等进行对湿热杂豆馒头进行评价,通过固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPME-GC-MS） 结合分析了湿热粉杂豆馒头挥发性风味物质变化规律,并对馒头进行体外淀粉消化实验。结果 杂豆粉的添加降低了馒头的比容,改变了馒头的色度。对豌豆馒头和白芸豆馒头感官评分没有影响,但可显著提高红豆馒头的感官评分（P＜0.05）。SPME-GC-MS从湿热杂豆馒头中共检出47种挥发性成分,主要为醛类、醇类、酯类、酮类、芳香族类烷烃类及杂环类。淀粉体外消化特性表明三种3种杂豆馒头的抗性淀粉含量显著高于小麦馒头,淀粉水解率显著低于小麦馒头。结论 湿热处理可使杂豆馒头风味品质改善,使红豆馒头和白芸豆馒头抗性淀粉含量提高和淀粉水解率降低,但对豌豆馒头的没有影响。研究结果为淀粉基杂豆营养健康食品的加工提供数据支撑。     

麦麸膳食纤维及原料麦麸对馒头品质的影响

为研究麦麸膳食纤维（WBDF）和原料麦麸（RWB）对馒头品质影响的差异性,以复合酶解法（中温α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶和碱性蛋白酶）制备了WBDF,利用小米置换法、色度仪、物性仪、体外模拟总淀粉水解法和扫描电子显微镜对不同WBDF和RWB添加量下馒头的感官品质（比容和色度）、质构特性、淀粉体外消化特性以及微观结构进行了表征。在混粉中总膳食纤维含量相同的情况下比较了WBDF和RWB对馒头各品质特性的影响差异。结果显示：WBDF和RWB均会对馒头品质造成劣变影响,但同时也都能够抑制馒头中淀粉的体外消化。当具有相同总膳食纤维含量时,WBDF组馒头具有更大的比容和更深的颜色;外型圆润饱满、皮瓤分离现象较轻,具有更高的膨松度,内部结构致密程度较低;展现出更优的质构特性（硬度低、弹性大、咀嚼性低、回复性大）;具有更连续流畅的微观结构,面筋网络的破坏程度低于RWB组馒头。RWB具有略高于WBDF的抑制淀粉消化能力。这表明：与原料麦麸相比,在满足相同膳食纤维补充需求情况下,组分相对纯粹的麦麸膳食纤维是一种更具潜力的膳食纤维补充形式,更利于开发出品质更佳的高纤小麦制品。     

传统酸面团的筛选及在苦荞麸皮馒头中的应用

为筛选传统酸面团中的优良发酵剂用于馒头生产,提升馒头品质,研究比较了8个不同地区酸面团发酵苦荞麸皮馒头的物理特性、功能品质、体外消化特性以及感官评定。结果表明:运城和周口酸面团发酵的苦荞麸皮馒头发酵力最强,所得的馒头感官评分较高,抗氧化能力、总黄酮和总酚含量显著高于其余酸面团发酵的苦荞麸皮馒头;同时运城苦荞麸皮馒头具有较高的抗性淀粉含量(5.28±0.20)%和较低的淀粉水解率(41.78±1.55)%。综合结果表明,周口和运城酸面团可作为发酵苦荞麸皮馒头的最优发酵剂。     

添加葛根粉对冷冻馒头食用品质的影响

摘 要：目的 探究添加不同含量葛根粉对冷冻馒头食用品质的影响。方法 添加不同比例(0、5%、10%、15%、20%)葛根粉替代面粉制备葛根面团,比较新鲜面团与-20℃下冻藏30 d冷冻面团蒸制的馒头的感官品质、体外消化和抗氧化性的影响。结果 相比于纯麦馒头,随着葛根粉含量增加,新鲜馒头和冷冻馒头的比容、延展率和明亮度均下降,硬度和咀嚼性增大,淀粉水解率下降,抗氧化性上升。当葛根粉添加量为15%时,新鲜馒头快消化淀粉含量下降13.69%、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量分别增加4.59%和9.10%,最终淀粉水解率下降8.10%,GI下降12.30,但总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性均显著增加(P<0.05)。相比于新鲜葛根馒头,冷冻葛根馒头的感官品质、淀粉水解率、总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性能均略微下降。结论 当添加15%葛根粉时,制作的冷冻葛根馒头依然可以保持良好的感官品质和抗氧化性,较低的淀粉水解率。     

不同食用胶体对馒头食用品质及消化特性的影响

该文以优化储藏期内淀粉消化特性,改善食用品质为目的,研究不同食用胶体对馒头淀粉消化特性及食用品质的影响,利用全自动快速食品热量成分检测仪、色差仪、质构仪等分别对添加了不同食用胶体的馒头进行品质分析,并通过体外消化实验对馒头的淀粉组成及体外血糖生成指数（estimated glycemic index,eGI）进行测定。结果表明,在0.3% 当量下,添加5 种食用胶体（黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、聚丙烯酸钠、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素）均能改善馒头的pH 值和色度值,热量无显著性变化。从淀粉消化特性分析,瓜尔豆胶组相对于其他食用胶体组馒头具有更低的eGI 值。从储藏期内馒头淀粉各组分含量分析,羧甲基纤维素组馒头在4 ℃冷藏条件下储存7 d 后的快消化淀粉（rapidly digestible starches,RDS）含量仍保持较高,抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）含量最低,分别为54.02% 和18.75%,拥有更好的消化特性和优秀的感官评分。     

加工方法对红小豆碳水化合物消化速度的影响

运用体外模拟消化方法探讨了不同加工方法对红小豆中碳水化合物的消化速度和淀粉组分中快速消化淀粉(RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量的影响。结果表明,烹调压力和颗粒大小对红小豆中淀粉消化率及淀粉组分有较大影响。高压烹调水解率高于常压烹调,烹调前粉碎处理显著提高RDS和淀粉水解指数(SDI),但烹调压力对豆粉的消化速度指标无影响;煮熟的豆在冷藏前后碳水化合物水解率的差异不显著。     

苦荞馒头抗氧化品质、体外消化特性及感官评价的研究

研究比较不同梯度苦荞粉添加量(4%、8%和12%)的苦荞馒头和小麦馒头之间功能品质、体外消化特性以及感官评价的差异,确定苦荞适宜的添加比例。结果表明：苦荞馒头的黄酮、多酚、抗性淀粉含量和抗氧化能力均显著高于小麦馒头,苦荞馒头的血糖生成指数（estimated glycemic index,EGI）明显低于小麦馒头,并且随着苦荞粉添加量的增加,样品表现出抗氧化活性增强、EGI值下降的趋势。然而,苦荞粉添加比例的增大会降低消费者对产品的接受程度。综合考虑馒头的营养价值和感官品质,适宜的苦荞粉添加量为8%。     

压力烹调对五种食材中淀粉消化性的影响

目的:探讨不同烹调方法对红小豆、莲子、山药片、芡实、薏米5种富含淀粉的保健食材的碳水化合物消化特性的影响,为科学食用传统食材提供依据。方法:体外模拟消化方法测定各时间点的水解率、快消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉等指标。结果:压力烹调显著影响样品的水解速率和淀粉类型,水解指数增大,快消化淀粉含量增加,抗性淀粉含量减少。但所有样品的预期血糖负荷均显著低于粳米样品。红小豆和莲子经过压力烹调仍保持低消化速度和低EGL特性。结论:压力烹调对提高难烹煮碳水化合物消化率有利,需要控制血糖的人可以通过选择慢消化食材和烹调参数来控制淀粉类型和EGL的变化。     

微细化处理对大米淀粉物化特性及血糖指数的影响

本实验采用扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、差示量热扫描仪及体外消化法,对微细化大米淀粉的凝聚态结构、颗粒大小、晶体特性、热特性和消化特性、淀粉水解率、水解动力学常数和血糖指数的变化进行了分析。实验结果表明:干法球磨微细化处理对大米淀粉的凝聚态结构和消化性影响显著。经球磨的微细化大米淀粉颗粒分布均匀,粒度减小;有序的微晶区结构被破坏,但亚微晶区结构增加;焓变曲线吸热峰消失,淀粉在常温下开始糊化;抗性淀粉含量显著降低,可消化淀粉含量增加,微细化处理12h可提高血糖指数,但延长球磨时间,淀粉水解率增加不显著。     

不同熟化方式对青稞淀粉体外消化及多酚利用特性的影响

以青稞粉为研究对象,结合体外模拟消化,探究挤压和煮制对青稞淀粉体外消化和多酚含量及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：不同处理显著提高了青稞粉的水解率,其中青稞挤压粉的水解率和预估血糖生成指数最高,抗性淀粉含量最低。不同处理均显著降低了未消化青稞粉中总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化活性,其中煮制处理分别降低了32.8%、30.5%、26.7%（FRAP法）和14.8%（TEAC法）。与模拟胃消化相比,模拟肠消化阶段显著提高了青稞粉总酚、总黄酮的释放量及其生物有效性,并主要集中在模拟肠消化的前30min;与未消化样品相比,模拟胃肠消化后,青稞粉自由基清除能力提高4倍左右。此外,消化后结果同样表明,煮制处理对青稞酚类物质和抗氧化活性的生物有效性破坏较大。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the