Application of polyuronides for removing heavy metals from vegetable oils

Summary Laboratory experiments have been carried out for the removal of heavy metals from hydrogenated vegetable oils using hydrated polyuronides (degree of swelling from 4 to 12.8 ml/g) such as alginic acid, pectic and pectinic acids. The effect of the type of polyuronide, degree of esterification and oil treatment on the degree of demetalization has been studied. It has been shown that with increase in the degree of esterification of the polyuronide the efficiency of demetalization decreases. The second and third treatment of the hydrogenated oil with pectinic acid resulted in a high degree of heavy metal removal. The possibility of efficient demetalization of hydrogenated oils by treatment with water solutions of pectinic acids has also been demonstrated. The degree of metal ion removal increases with decreasing concentration of pectinic acids in the water solution.

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Einsatz von Polyuroniden zur Entfernung von SchwermtaUen aus pflanzlichen Ölen III. Einsatz von Alginsäure, Pecto- und Pectinsäuren zur Entmetallisierung von hydriertem Sonnenblumenöl

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Laboruntersuchungen zur Entfernung von Schwermetallen aus hydrierten pflanzlichen Ölen mit hydratisierten Polyuroniden (Quellungsgrad von 4 bis 12,8 ml/g) wie z. B. Alginsäure, Pecto- und Pectinsäuren durchgeführt. Es wurde der Einfluß des Polyuronids, des Veresterungsgrades und der Bearbeitungsart des Öles auf den Entmetallisierungsgrad verfolgt. Es wurde gezeigt, daß mit dem Veresterungsgrad des Polyuronids die Entmetallisierung herabgesetzt wird. Bei einer zwei- und dreifachen Bearbeitung des hydrierten Öles mit Pectinsäure wird die Entferung der Schwermetalle weitgehend erreicht. Es wurde auch die Möglichkeit für eine effektive Entmetallisierung von hydrierten Ölen durch Bearbeitung mit wäßrigen Lösungen von Pectinsäuren bewiesen. Der Grad der Entfernung der Metallionen erhöht sich mit einer Verringerung der Konzentration der Pectinsäuren im Wasser.

     

Application of pectic acid for removing heavy metals from vegetable oils

Summary Comparative studies on removing the metal complex from hydrogenated vegetable oils with the help of synthetic ion exchangers (Dowex 50 WX4, Wofatit KPS-200, KY-2, Amberlyst-15) and polyuronides, have shown pectic acid to be the most efficient in this respect. The removal of copper, iron, zinc and nickel from the oils ranged over 87 to 94%. The treatment has been carried out under static conditions. Pectic acid is known to be completely insoluble in vegetable oils and also completely harmless, which favours its application for this particular purpose. A practical method for removing metals on vegetable oils, applicable under production conditions, has been developed.

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Einsatz von Pectinsäure zur Entfernung von Schwermetallen aus pflanzlichen Ölen

Zusammenfassung Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Entfernung des Metallkomplexes aus hydrogenierten pflanzlichen Ölen mit synthetischen Ionenaustauschern Dowex 50 WX4, Wolfatit KPS-200, KY-2, Amberlyst-15) und Polyuroniden wird festgestellt, daß die Pectinsäure die höchste Wirksamkeit aufweist. Es werden 87 bis 94% der Ionen von Kupfer, Eisen, Zink und Nickel entfernt. Die Behandlung erfolgt unter statischen Bedingungen. Wie bekannt, ist die Pectinsäure in pflanzlichen Ölen völlig unlösbar, so daß ihre Anwendung zum obengenannten Zweck stark begünstigt wird. Es wird ein leicht einsetzbares Entmetallisierungsverfahren entwikkelt, das unter Produktionsbedingungen durchführbar ist.

     

植物油物理精炼中的脱胶工艺

脱胶是植物油物理精炼中一步非常重要的工序,脱胶效果的好坏直接影响到物理精炼的效率和产品的质量.为了建立一种高效稳定、经济环保的脱胶方法,各国学者不断推陈出新,发展了多种各有特色的脱胶工艺,尤其是引入磷脂酶发展起来的酶法脱胶,提供了国际领先水平的脱胶工艺.     

不同前处理方法测定植物油中重金属的研究

考察了湿法消解、干法灰化、微波消解3种不同前处理方法对植物油中重金属含量测定结果的影响。结果表明,硝酸-过氧化氢-高氯酸湿法消解为植物油前处理的最佳方法。采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定植物油中的铅、镉、铬,线性范围内相关性良好,相关系数大于0.99,加标回收率分别为88.2%、94.5%、84.9%,RSD分别为8.5%、5.3%、9.1%,检出限分别为6.21、0.89、1.99μg/kg。该方法耗时短、操作简单,应用于植物油中重金属含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法快速测定植物油中的α-生育酚

建立了快速测定植物油中α-生育酚含量的高效液相色谱法。采用VP-ODS C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇/水(体积比为98∶2),流速为1 mL/min,柱温为35℃,荧光检测激发波长为290nm,发射波长为340 nm。在上述实验条件下,α-生育酚的线性范围为0.1-25 mg/kg,检出限为2.7×10-2mg/kg,回收率为87.2%-97.3%,RSD为2.6%。该法测定样品,快速准确,重复性好。     

Storage stability of cooked sausages containing vegetable oils

Comminuted cooked sausages were produced using standard industrial practices, by substituting corn oil, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, soybean oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat for animal fat. When processed, products were assessed for their stability with respect to autoxidation and change in organoleptic properties during vacuum-packed storage in a domestic refrigerator at 4 °C. Data obtained indicated that changes in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and organoleptic properties of products produced using corn oil, sunflower oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat were similar to those observed for reference material produced using lard. In the case of samples produced using soybean and cotton seed oil, TBA value changes were more pronounced, but did not exceed acceptable limits. A more rapid deterioration of organoleptic characteristics was also observed for the same samples, which showed flavour problems after 3 months of storage at 4 °C. Substitution of plant oils for lard considerably reduced the cholesterol content and increased the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of cooked sausages.

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Lagerungsstabilität von Brühwürsten, die mit verschiedenen pflanzlichen Ölen hergestellt wurden

Zusammenfassung Es wurden feinzerkleinerte Brühwürste unter Praxisbedingungen gefertigt, die anstelle des tierischen Fettes (Schweinespeck), pflanzliche Öle, wie Sonnenblumenöl, Maiskornöl, Sojabohnenöl, Baumwollsamenöl und Kokosnußsfett enthielten. Die Untersuchungen der fertigen Produkte erstreckten sich vor allem auf sensorische Eigenschaften und autoxidative Stabilität während der Kühllagerung bei 4 °C unter Vakuum. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, daß die Änderungen der TBA-Werte und der organoleptischen Eigenschaften der Chargen mit Maiskornöl, Sonnenblumenöl und Kokosnußfett fast ähnlich wie die der Kontrollcharge (Schweinespeck) waren. Bei der Verwendung von Sojabohnenöl und Baumwoll-samenöl waren die Änderungen der TBA-Werte dagegen intensiver, ohne jedoch die obersterlaubte Grenze zu überschreiten. Hier wurde ebenfalls, nach einer dreimonatigen Lagerung bei 4 °C, eine unerwünschte Änderung ihrer organoleptischen Eigenschaften, vor allem des Aromas, beobachtet.

     

膜分离技术在植物油脂精炼中应用进展

目前,植物油精炼一般采用传统化学精炼或物理精炼方法,二者都存在一定局限性;而膜分离技术是一种有效、低成本工艺技术,其在油脂加工业应用已日益受到人们重视。该文综述膜分离技术在植物油精炼中应用研究进展。     

Variation in some heavy metals during the production of white cheese

The lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury contents in samples of milk, curd and white cheese taken from a production line were investigated. The lead, cadmium and arsenic levels were found to be 12.07±0.06 ng/ml , 1.82±0.01 ng/ml and 0.64±0.03 ng/ml in milk, 219.85±0.46 ng/g , 19.58±0.34 ng/g and 8.80±0.41 ng/g in cheese curd, 250.63±0.53 ng/g , 21.19±0.16 ng/g and 10.85±0.34 ng/g in fresh white cheese preripened in brine salted to 16%, and 260.25±0.51 ng/g , 22.87±0.17 ng/g and 11.35±0.29 ng/g in ripened white cheese, respectively. No detectable levels of mercury were found in any of the samples. Variation in the heavy metal contents of samples taken during the production stages was significant (p <.05). The heavy metal concentrations of the samples were compared with those obtained by other investigators in different countries.     

Application of polyuronides for removing heavy metals from vegetable oils II. Application of chemically modified polyuronides for demetalization of hydrogenated sunflower oil

Summary The possibility of heavy metal removal from hydrogenated vegetable oils with the help of chemically modified pectins was studied. These included pectic acids of different origin, sunflower, apple and celery, crosslinked with epichlorohydrin, as well as amidated pectins with different degrees of amidation. The degree of oil demetalization obtained was high- from 78% to 94%. It was found that the removal of the heavy metals Cu, Fe, Zn and Ni depended on the type of chemical modification of the pectin. The best results were obtained with amidated pectic acid.

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Einsatz von Polyuroniden zur Entfernung von Schwermetallen aus pflanzlichen Ölen II. Einsatz von chemisch modifizierten Polyuroniden zur Entmetallisierung von hydriertem Sonnenblumenöl

Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Möglichkeit untersucht, Schwermetalle aus hydrierten pflanzlichen Ölen mit chemisch modifizierten Pectinen zu entfernen und zwar mit Epichlorhydrin vernetzten Pectinsäuren unterschiedlicher Herkunft (aus Sonnenblumenkernen, Äpfeln, Sellerie und amidierten Pectinen mit verschiedenem Amidierungsgrad). Es wurde eine hohe Entmetallisierung von 78 bis 94% erreicht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß die Entfernung der Schwermetalle Cu, Fe, Zn und Ni von der Art der chemischen Modifizierung des Pectins abhängig ist. Die besten Ergebnisse wurden mit amidierter Pectinsäure erzielt.

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First communication: Ivanov K, Popova M, Kratchanov C, Maneva D (1990) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 191:210–213     

Tocopherols and tocotrienols as free radical-scavengers in refined vegetable oils and their stability during deep-fat frying

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of total tocopherols and tocotrienols of refined vegetable oils on oil radical-scavenging activity and to investigate the stability of the various homologues during the deep-fat frying of French fries. Eight different refined vegetable oils were investigated, having variable levels of natural tocopherols and tocotrienols. A direct correlation between the radical-scavenging capacity of the oils, measured by the DPPH test, and the total content of natural tocopherols and tocotrienols was found. Frying experiments showed that the stability of the different tocopherols and tocotrienols present in the refined vegetable oils basically depend on two factors: the fatty acid composition of the oil, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and the kind of tocopherol and tocotrienol homologues present. The more oxidizable the oil, on the basis of fatty acid composition, the more stable were the tocopherolic antioxidants. Among the different homologues, γ-tocotrienol in palm super olein proved to be the least stable during the deep-fat frying, thus preserving the other homologues.     

Enhancement of the oxidative stability of some vegetable oils by blending with Moringa oleifera oil

Blends (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% w/w) of Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) with sunflower oil (SFO) and soybean oil (SBO) were prepared to evaluate the changes in fatty acid (FA) composition, oxidative and thermal stability of SFO and SBO. The blending of MOO with SFO and SBO in proportions of 0–80% resulted in the reduction of linoleic acid (C_18:2) content of SFO and SBO from 67.0% to 17.2% and 56.2% to 14.6% and increase in the contents of oleic acid (C_18:1) from 26.2% to 68.3% and 21.4% to 65.9%, factors of 0.72, 0.72 and 1.27, 1.33, respectively. A storage ability test (180 days; ambient conditions) showed an appreciable improvement in the oxidative stability of substrate oils with increase of MOO concentration, as depicted by the least oxidative alterations in PV, IV and highest increase in induction period, IP, of the MOO:SBO (80: 20 w/w) blend. Each 20% addition of MOO resulted in decreases of PV and IV by factors of 0.84, 0.85 and 0.89, 0.88, respectively, and increases in IP by factors of 1.45 and 1.37 of SFO and SBO, respectively.     

Sesame lignans enhance the thermal stability of edible vegetable oils

The effect of sesame lignans on the thermal and storage stability of edible vegetable oils (soybean-SBO, sunflower-SFO and ricebran-RBO) was studied by (i) determining the total free radical scavenging activity (RSA) using DPPH, (ii) % total tocol retention, (iii) lignan profile and (iv) PUFA composition. The order of RSA and retention of total tocols of oils heated up to 120 min at frying temperature (FT) were RBO = SBO > SFO and RBO > SBO > SFO, respectively. Heating SBO or SFO at FT after addition of 1.2% lignans increased RSA of SBO to a greater extent than that of SFO, and increased retention of total tocols only in SBO. However, addition of lignans did not further increase the RSA of RBO. Heating oils with added lignans, increased sesamol and decreased sesamolin while sesamin was relatively resistant to heat. These findings suggest that sesame lignans may have potential application as natural antioxidants in the edible oil and food industry.     

Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices improve the oxidative stability and frying performance of vegetable oils

Lipid oxidation has been identified as the major deterioration process of vegetable oils. Undesirable effects are even more profound when food processing involves high temperatures in the presence of oxygen. Natural ground herbs (black pepper, ginger, turmeric, rosemary and oregano) were assessed for their antioxidant capacity, phenolic content and ability to improve the oxidative stability of vegetable oils. The most potent herb was incorporated in vegetable oils formulations which were subjected to consecutive frying cycles. The oxidative stability of the vegetable oils, the formation of conjugated dienes/trienes and the decimation of tocopherol levels after the frying process were assessed. Rosemary powder was the most effective antioxidant among the ones tested. The oxidative stability of tocopherol‐stripped corn oil with rosemary powder (1.53 ± 0.06 h) was significantly higher than the control (0.84 ± 0.02 h) and the oil with synthetic antioxidants (1.20 ± 0.03 h). Rosemary powder effectively improved the oxidative stability of sunflower (128.91%), olive (55.61%) and rapeseed (73.20%) oil during deep‐frying and prevented CD and CT formation in rapeseed oil.     

Application of polyuronides for removing heavy metals from vegetable oils. III. Application of alginic acid, pectic and pectinic acids for demetalization of hydrogenated sunflower oil.

Laboratory experiments have been carried out for the removal of heavy metals from hydrogenated vegetable oils using hydrated polyuronides (degree of swelling from 4 to 12.8 ml/g) such as alginic acid, pectic and pectinic acids. The effect of the type of polyuronide, degree of esterification and oil treatment on the degree of demetalization has been studied. It has been shown that with increase in the degree of esterification of the polyuronide the efficiency of demetalization decreases. The second and third treatment of the hydrogenated oil with pectinic acid resulted in a high degree of heavy metal removal. The possibility of efficient demetalization of hydrogenated oils by treatment with water solutions of pectinic acids has also been demonstrated. The degree of metal ion removal increases with decreasing concentration of pectinic acids in the water solution.     

植物油中甾醇在加工过程中的变化

植物甾醇是一种天然营养物质。植物油及其制品中含有丰富的植物甾醇,但在其加工过程中会有不同程度的损失。该文介绍了几种常见植物油在加工过程中植物甾醇损失状况及影响因素,以期为植物油在加工过程中最大保留植物甾醇提供参考。     

A survey of selected essential and heavy metals in milk from different regions of Egypt using ICP-AES

The aim of this paper was to assess the content of selected essential metals (Fe, Zn, Cu and Cr) and some heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in raw cow's milk collected from different Egyptian areas during different periods of one year (January–February, May–June and September–October 2009). Twenty-one samples of raw milk were analysed using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry for quantitative determination. The highest metal accumulation levels for Cd, Cr, Fe and Cu are found in milk samples collected from Shubra, while samples from Menofia and Tanash are high in Pb and Zn, respectively. On the other hand, the highest metal accumulation levels were during January–February for Cd, Cr and Zn. In the period of May–June, the content of Pb, Cu and Fe were the highest, while the samples during the September–October period are characterised by the lowest metal content.     

Antioxidative effects of sesamol and tocopherols at various concentrations in oils during microwave heating

The effectiveness of sesamol and tocopherols or their mixtures at different concentrations (50 to 800 ppm) on the oxidative stability of tocopherol‐stripped oils was studied under microwave heating conditions. Microwave heating accelerated the oxidation of the purified substrate oils. The oxidative deterioration of the oils was significantly (P<0.05) retarded during microwave heating by the addition of sesamol or tocopherols, and also mixtures of these antioxidants. A combination of sesamol and γ‐tocopherol was more efficient than that of sesamol and the other tocopherol homologues in inhibiting hydroperoxide formation in the oils. Useful levels of these antioxidants were 400 ppm for tocopherols and 50–400 ppm for sesamol. In general, the residual amount of sesamol in the oils during microwave heating was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of tocopherols. Very effective combinations of tocopherols and sesamol as antioxidants for the purified oils were 200 or 400 ppm of γ‐tocopherol and 50, 200 or 400 ppm of sesamol, respectively. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

DHA油脂在精炼过程中氧化稳定性的变化

分析了DHA毛油依次经历脱胶、碱炼、脱色、脱臭等环节后,油脂的微组成及氧化稳定性变化.结果显示,在整个精炼过程中各微组分的含量整体呈下降趋势. DHA油脂对光稳定性:精油＞脱色油＞毛油/脱胶＞碱炼油;DHA油脂对热稳定性(Rancimat法):脱色油＞精油＞脱胶油＞毛油＞碱炼油.DHA油脂在脱色环节之前,氧化稳定性差归因于其中促进氧化的微组分过多.在脱色环节之后油脂对热稳定性变差,归因于内源性的抗氧化组分在脱臭环节中大量损失.     

Oxidative stability of olive oil after food processing and comparison with other vegetable oils

The use of olive oil showed an important protection of meat and potatoes when compared with other vegetable oils, with sunflower oil samples being oxidised after 60 min of processing at 180 °C. Olive oil samples were not oxidised, independently of the olive oil quality used. Shelf life was longer for extra-virgin olive oil containing samples and this fact was positively correlated with their higher phenolic content. The radical-scavenging activity of extra-virgin olive oil was higher than for other olive oil samples and was also positively correlated with the phenolic content of the oil. Seed oil antioxidants showed little capacity in delaying the oxidative degradation of seed oils and meat processed with them. However, tocopherol content and the identity of tocopherols present in the oil were shown to have a more important role in the oxidative stability of seed oils than the fatty acid composition.