基于煤和天然气联合制取合成气工艺研究进展

回顾了以煤和天然气为原料通过不同工艺流程制备合成气用以化工合成或发电的研究进展。介绍了以煤和天然气为原料分别制取合成气后再汇合的工艺流程和共气化技术等不同工艺路线的特点。研究了煤气化和天然气转化制备合成气时不同工艺路线在元素互补、能量利用、杂质混合等方面的表现。结果表明是否考虑煤和天然气的碳氢元素互补以及煤气化热量的有效利用将成为决定工艺流程优劣的重要因素。研究表明,煤气化和天然气转化分别制备合成气后汇合的工艺技术更易实现工业化应用,共气化技术的工业化应用较易受到气化炉反应条件的限制,尤其是内置换热管式的共气化技术。进行比较后,认为以煤和天然气为原料的多原料系统能够降低原料消耗、同时减排二氧化碳,符合煤炭的清洁利用要求,具有一定优势。     

Neuere technische Verfahren in der Kohlechemie

New technical processes in coal chemistry . The most important commercial basic processes of primary coal conversion are carbonisation, gasification, and hydrogenation. Some 450 mio t/a of coal are converted by coking in horizontal slot type ovens to 350 mio t/a of metallurgical coke for the reduction of iron ore in blast furnaces, coke oven gas, and some 20 mio t/a of coke oven benzole and coal tar as raw material for aromatics. The coke ovens are being developed to high-capacity coking reactors. New second generation processes for the gasification of coal and lignite have advanced to an industrial scale. A vapor-phase hydrocracking refining step has been integrated within the further developed process for the catalytic liquid-phase hydrogenation of coal. Plasma pyrolysis of high-volatile bituminous coal investigated on a semi-industrial scale yields acetylene. Pressure hydropyrolysis of coal currently being tested on a pilot plant scale generates high-aromatic liquid products. New processes for the upgrading of such liquids have been developed above all for aromatics from coal tar, e. g. for the production of naphthalene derivatives, and the conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the technical carbon products carbon black, electrographite, carbon electrodes, and carbon fibres.     

The Role of Catalysis in Replacing Oil by Renewable Methanol Using Carbon dioxide Capture and Recycling (CCR)

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are nature’s major gift to humankind. Use of coal followed by petroleum oil and natural gas since the dawn of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century brought us into a modern and increasingly technologically adept society. Limited resources, primarily depleting petroleum oil reserves and increasing world population and its demand for better standard of living, has already led to the end of cheap petroleum oil. Despite new oil discoveries, better technology, savings, efficient use etc., we must in the following decades wean ourselves out of our dependence on oil. Synthetic oil and hydrocarbons derived from coal and natural gas based on Fischer–Tropsch syngas chemistry have been at times used since the 1920s but the processes are costly, complex and limited. I have with my colleagues proposed and developed a new “Methanol Economy” approach based on metgas (CO–2H₂) to methanol via bi-reforming or oxidative bi-reforming of shale or natural gas as well as carbon dioxide capture and recycling. Methanol can serve as a fuel and feed-stock to replace petroleum oil. Heterogeneous catalysis is playing key role in this fast developing field, which serves to achieve the quest for petroleum oil independence, one of the major challenges of our time. The scope and progress toward renewable methanol chemistry from the laboratory to practical industrial use are discussed.     

焦化企业废气废水回收利用浅析

近年来随着工业污染带来全球环境问题,各个地方也不断将高消耗、高浪费企业向集约化企业的转型提上重要的高度。然而在大多数企业转型的时候,基础性企业仍就是不可替代的,焦化企业主要是将煤炭生产成焦炭,其生产成品在其他工业生产中是必不可少的原料之一,焦化企业在生产过程中,无法避免的会产生掺杂CO_2、SO_2等有害物质的废气,及含有硫、碳等元素的废水,对环境污染十分严重。在对焦化企业废气、废水回收利用现状以及对策进行了浅析。     

煤化工生产丙烯工艺及其下游产品展望

综述了目前煤经甲醇制烯烃的几种主要工艺技术路线,包括MTP、MTO、DMTO、SMTO、FMTP等;分析了丙烯主要下游产品聚丙烯、环氧丙烷、丙烯晴的用途、市场情况及生产工艺;石油价格高启的情况下,煤经甲醇制烯烃技术通过不断创新完善,具有较好的前景。     

A new type of coal gas fueled chemical-looping combustion

A new type of coal gas fueled chemical-looping combustion is experimentally investigated by means of a fixed-bed reactor operated at elevated pressure. Chemical-looping combustion may be carried out in two successive reactions between two reactors, a reduction reactor (coal gas with metal oxides) and an oxidation reactor (reduced metal with oxygen in the air), which may lead to a breakthrough in clean coal technology by simultaneously allowing efficient use of energy and greenhouse gas control. We have experimentally examined the kinetic behavior between solid looping materials and coal gas in a high-pressure fixed bed reactor. On the basis of the development of suitable material and the good reactivity with the fixed bed reactor, we have identified that the coal gas fueled chemical-looping combustor has much better reactivity than natural gas combustors, and this phenomenon is completely different from direct combustion with natural gas. The promising results obtained here will be valuable for the design of a practical reactor.     

增产丙烯技术及其研究进展

介绍了国内外丙烯增产技术的发展现状,简述了传统丙烯增产工艺及新型丙烯增产工艺的技术特点及其催化剂的应用。指出了丙烷脱氢、MTO/MTP以及合成气制取低碳烯烃作为一种以液化气或煤为原料的工艺路线,对我国多煤少油的状况而言,具有重要的战略意义。     

Produktdesign disperser Rohstoffe durch chemische Reaktionen

During the recovery and processing of materials from natural resources reactions between ground raw materials and fluid media take place. Starting materials are mineral and fossil substances, e.g., ore and coal, and renewable resources. In the physical model the particles shrink during the reaction. The design of the formed particles depends on the deposit, type and quantity of impurities, on further pre‐treatments and the disperse properties of raw materials. Molten materials can be purified, doped and shaped. Otherwise, particles formed from powders, granular or fibrous materials show a completely different chemistry after the reaction, but largely kept size and shape of the starting material. Others disperse properties such as bulk density, density and flow properties, are changing by the reaction. For additional product design (cleaning, shaping) downstream processes are required.     

Modular Simulation of Fluidized Bed Reactors

Simulation of chemical processes involving nonideal reactors is essential for process design, optimization, control and scale‐up. Various industrial process simulation programs are available for chemical process simulation. Most of these programs are being developed based on the sequential modular approach. They contain only standard ideal reactors but provide no module for nonideal reactors, e.g., fluidized bed reactors. In this study, a new model is developed for the simulation of fluidized bed reactors by sequential modular approach. In the proposed model the bed is divided into several serial sections and the flow of the gas is considered as plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the emulsion phase. In order to simulate the performance of these reactors, the hydrodynamic and reaction submodels should be integrated together in the medium and facilities provided by industrial simulators to obtain a simulation model. The performance of the proposed simulation model is tested against the experimental data reported in the literature for various gas‐solid systems and a wide range of superficial gas velocities. It is shown that this model provides acceptable results in predicting the performance of the fluidized bed reactors. The results of this study can easily be used by industrial simulators to enhance their abilities to simulate the fluidized bed reactor properly.     

水煤气、半水煤气系统脱硫综合分析

介绍了国内以煤为原料生产合成氨、甲醇工业原料气中硫化氢脱除的工艺状况、工艺指标和各种脱除方法的适用性：从工艺流程、设备选型、溶液成分、生产操作、二氧化碳含量等方面分析了脱硫效果的影响因素；论述了脱硫生产过程中出现问题的判断方法和处理措施。     

低温甲醇洗装置的扩能改造设计

在总结南化大化肥现有低温甲醇洗装置实际运行状况的基础上,分析了原设计存在的欠缺以及原料结构由油调整为煤后的新工况,研究制定了扩能改造设计方案.原料改煤后,装置的设计气量将为原设计的1 .1 8倍,原料气中CO2 总量将比原设计高出30 % ,硫化物含量是原设计的4.8倍.在维持设计生产规模仍为30万t/a合成氨的基础上,增设了一个预吸收塔、一个解吸塔和部分热交换器,对部分物流的走向和处理进行了重新设计.这样的改造方案可使主要物流的技术指标均与原设计相当,单位能耗不高于原设计值,不产生新的污染源,不降低装置的操作可靠性和灵活性,可实现装置对原料油改煤的顺利转换.     

Hydroliquefaction of Sulcis low-rank coal. 1. Conversion to low-sulphur fuel oil

A low-rank Italian coal was subjected to high-pressure and high-temperature hydroliquefaction with and without a hydrogenation catalyst. A low-sulphur oil was produced, showing properties similar to those of a standard fuel oil. The hydroliquefaction product may be used directly either as a fuel or as raw material for petrochemical processes. Sulcis coal displayed particular reactivity towards hydrogen, as shown also by comparison with a widely used North American coal.     

Coal Gasification in Moving Bed Reactor with a Draft Tube

1 INTRODUCTIONMany different types of reactors,for example,fixed bed,moving bed,fluidized bed and spoutedbed,have been used in industrial production and laboratory in research studies.Althougheach of these coal gasifiers has its own specific advantages,there exists,generally speaking,certainwaste gas in product gas because of the direct burning of coal with oxygen or air to provide heatneeded in the endothermic process of coal gasification in gasifiers.A new type of moving bed     

鼓泡流化床内高灰煤气化过程的颗粒尺度特性研究

基于多相流体质点网格方法(MP-PIC)对高灰煤在三维鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟研究。在欧拉-拉格朗日框架下将气相和固相分别视作连续介质和离散相处理。首先,将模拟得到的出口处气体组分结果与实验数据进行对比,实验数据与模拟结果具有良好的一致性。其次,研究了煤颗粒在气化炉内的温度、传热系数、速度和停留时间,从颗粒尺度揭示了鼓泡流化床气化炉内的颗粒分布特性和气固流动特征。结果表明:在气化炉入口附近煤颗粒与床层温差最大,传热系数最大;由于流化床内强非线性的气固流动,床中煤温度和传热系数的空间分布不均匀;煤颗粒和床料的瞬时速度具有稳定的波动幅度,其中垂直方向速度波动最明显,且煤颗粒的瞬时速度比床料的瞬时速度略大;由于颗粒间的剧烈碰撞,延长了煤颗粒停留时间。此外,对鼓泡流化床中煤气化过程颗粒尺度的研究,有助于深入了解固体颗粒的流动行为以及气固相相互作用特性,对鼓泡流化床反应器的设计优化具有重要意义。     

对大型合成氨装置"以煤顶气"改造工程的认识

以辽河化肥厂大型合成氨装置制气部分工艺改造工程为例,论述了“以煤顶气”对我国天然气化工发展的积极意义,认为改造工程为我国合成氨行业解决天然气原料不足的问题提出了解决方法,有利于提高天然气制合成气工业生产的整体技术水平;分析了天然气一煤炭共气化工艺路线在我国的发展趋势。     

Modeling and Numerical Analysis of an Atypical Convective Coal Drying Process

This work presents modeling and numerical simulation of batch convective coal drying in a deep packed bed after a high-pressure steam treatment (a part of the Fleissner coal drying process). The process is atypical, because ambient air is used to dry and cool hot particles, while usually, e.g., in the deep packed bed drying of biomaterials, hot air is contacting cold particles. Product-specific data (intraparticle mass transfer, gas-solids moisture equilibrium) for coal (here lignite) are taken over from literature. Available data on coal drying in packed beds of medium height are used for model validation. Then, the model is applied to the considered industrial process. The design point of the process is critically reviewed, and alternatives are developed by systematically simulating the influence of inlet air conditions (temperature, humidity, flow-rate) and coal particle size. This type of analysis is necessary for efficiently scheduling plant dryers, since coal particle size may change, and air inlet temperature and humidity are changing with the ambient conditions.     

煤化工废水中油泥的聚结分离与水中有机物的去除效果

针对煤化工废水中存在的高浓度油及油泥的问题,本研究制备了高电荷、低聚合度的无机复合材料和低电荷、高聚合度的有机复合材料,探究无机、有机复合材料协同作用下对煤化工废水中油及油泥的聚结分离效果以及对废水中有机物的去除特性。结果表明,无机、有机复合材料在复合比例为500∶1的条件下,废水中油和固体悬浮物（SS）去除率分别达到55%和98%;现场试验发现,无机、有机复合材料对油含量1700～2000mg/L,SS含量为1500～2000mg/L的废水,油和SS的去除率一直稳定于50%和95%左右,表现出较好的稳定性;进一步对废水中典型有机物的去除效果研究可知,该复合材料同时也对废水中各类有机物有较好的去除效果,多环芳烃（PAHs）、苯系物和酚类物质的去除率可达到82.85%、41.9%和37.56%。可以发现,无机、有机复合材料可有效解决煤化工废水中油及油泥的去除问题,具有广阔的产业化应用前景。     

天然气轻烃回收工艺设计及操作参数的优化

以廉价天然气中的乙烷和丙烷为原料的乙烯成本仅是石脑油等重质原料成本的30%,高压管输天然气进入城市门站分输需调压,调压过程中有大量压力能可利用。本文以某段高压管输天然气为原料,提出了处理量60×10⁴m³/h的轻烃分离回收工艺流程,综合考虑轻烃回收率、系统功耗、CO₂冻堵、冷箱传热温差等因素,优化操作参数,完成了系统能量的高效集成,实现了轻烃分离工艺的节能降耗。该方案C₂回收率达90%以上,可为乙烯装置提供优质的乙烷等轻烃原料50.75万吨/年,有利于解决乙烯工业发展的原料瓶颈,提高天然气、乙烯工业的整体经济效益。     

Particle‐scale modeling of coal devolatilization behaviors for coal pyrolysis in thermal plasma reactors

A generalized heat transfer and devolatilization model coupled with the thermal balance between the heating gas and particles was established to predict the complex coal pyrolysis behaviors in the practical plasma reactors. It was proved that this model could well describe the coal devolatilization behaviors in both the pilot‐scale and lab‐scale plasma reactors as the mechanisms of coal chemistry and particle‐scale physics were incorporated. The achieved understanding on the reactor energy balance demonstrated that the heat recovery of the quenching process was crucial to the thermal efficiency and economic benefit of the overall project. The in‐depth discussion of the influences of coal feed rate and particle size on the reactor performance revealed the dominant roles and presented the optimal values of these two factors. In particular, the simulation results of several coals could help to provide a simple, quick method of coal type selection for industrial plasma processes. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 913–921, 2015     

双原料化一室二段气流床气化炉工艺及应用

在介绍甲烷转化工艺和煤气化工艺制取合成气生产技术的基础上,着重介绍了以煤炭和煤层气中的甲烷为原料的双原料化合成气制造工艺。论述了该工艺流程的特点,对其关键设备———一室二段气流床气化炉从设备结构和应用效果方面进行了介绍。结果表明,在富产煤层气的地区,以双原料化工艺制取的合成气生产甲醇和二甲醚,生产效率比传统方法高10%~16%,并可减轻煤炭利用对环境的影响。