微乳液法同步萃取茶油和皂素的工艺条件优化

为筛选最优"正丁醇-水-茶油-皂素"微乳体系制备条件,以乳化效率为指标设计三因素三水平的响应面优化试验,结果显示:各单因素对"正丁醇-水-茶油-皂素"微乳体系形成能力的影响大小依次为:温度＞Km值＞S/O值,并且温度和S/O值对乳化效率有极显著的交互作用.优化得到最佳制备条件为:温度为76.40℃,1/Km值为161....     

抗氧化剂茶多酚反相微乳液的制备

制备茶多酚在亚油酸-水-乙醇体系的反相微乳液,使其成功地添加到亚油酸中,并研究该微乳液体系的相形为、电导率、粒径分布、流变及抗氧化能力等特性。结果表明：当油相亚油酸质量分数大于24% 时,可形成油包水型微乳液。该微乳液体系粒径均一,表现为剪切变稀的流变特征,且具有温度触变性。过氧化值测试结果表明：相比空白微乳液,水相添加0.01 g/mL茶多酚对亚油酸氧化的抑制率为68.32%,添加0.1 g/mL茶多酚对亚油酸氧化的抑制率为92.42%。     

VE的微乳化研究

以Tween80为表面活性剂,正丁醇为助表面活性剂,通过绘制拟三元相图对食品级VE的O/W型微乳液配方和工艺进行了研究。结果表明:最佳条件为:在35℃下,Tween80:正丁醇=1∶1;VE:SAA:水为1∶99∶900。温度对微乳区域影响的考察发现随温度升高微乳区面积减小;通过分析电导率随组分变化的曲线划分出不同微乳类型区;用动态光散射法测定VE微乳液粒径大小一个月内的变化情况,表明VE微乳液稳定且平均粒径小于10nm;以正己烷为透析液,在25℃下,利用渗析—紫外分光光度法测定样本的释药率,显示48h后VE的包封率高达83.7%,具有明显的缓释作用。     

甘油二酯纳米微乳液的制备和性质研究

在单因素实验的基础上,采用均匀实验设计和正交设计相结合的方法,筛选制备甘油二酯微乳液的最优配方,并对其制备工艺进行优化。通过粒径、不同温度的电导率变化和在水和电解质溶液中的稀释范围及离心稳定性来评价微乳液的稳定性。在此基础上成功制备了水包油(O/W)型甘油二酯微乳液,甘油二酯含量高达25%。所得甘油二酯微乳液粒径为95.8nm,在80℃以下有较好的稳定性,水稀释范围广,且物理结构不受食品体系中常见电解质的影响。     

丁香油的微乳液研究

研究了盐(NaCl)对于香油微乳液体系相态的影响,结果表明,随NaCl浓度的增加,体系由2相态(O/W型微乳液-丁香油)经3相态、4相态、3相态再转变成2相态(W/O型微乳液-水)。电导实验结果表明用正丁醇做助表面活性剂时,体系发生电导渗透(6.0ml水),在含水量为18.0ml时完全相反转(即由W/O型转变为O/W型),并可以获得较为稳定的O/W型丁香油微乳液。     

月见草油微乳的制备及工艺优化

利用拟三元相图以微乳区面积及乳化效率为指标,考察表面活性剂、有机酸、温度、p H及盐类对微乳形成能力的影响。结果表明,以吐温80为表面活性剂可以形成无限稀释的水包油型微乳液,直链的月桂酸可使水包油型微乳区面积增大。随着制备温度的升高,微乳形成的速度却明显加快,但温度下降体系的稳定性稍差。在不同p H条件下制备微乳时,体系对水的增容量相差很小,说明p H对微乳的形成影响很小。低浓度的盐对水的增溶量都有所增加,随着盐浓度的增加,微乳区面积减小。实验确定使用吐温80和月桂酸为复合表面活性剂,在25℃下以滴加水的方法制备水包油型微乳。     

牡丹籽油微乳液的制备及其性质研究

采取相转变法和拟三元相图法制备牡丹籽油微乳液,从不同表面活性剂、亲水亲油平衡值（HLB值）、助表面活性剂中筛选最佳组分以确定制备牡丹籽油微乳液的体系组成。同时,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化牡丹籽油微乳液的制备条件。结果表明：牡丹籽油微乳液的体系组成为牡丹籽油/Tween 80/Span 80/无水乙醇/水;最优的制备条件为制备温度25 ℃,以Tween 80与Span 80（质量比为6∶ 4）为混合表面活性剂（HLB值为11）,混合表面活性剂与助表面活性剂无水乙醇比例（Km）为1∶ 1,先将混合表面活性剂相与牡丹籽油混合均匀,再逐滴加水。在最优条件下,随着加水量的增加,得到的牡丹籽油微乳液结构以W/O型向双连续相再到O/W型转变,最终得到的牡丹籽油微乳液为微黄澄清透明状液体,粒径为（40.63±1.77）nm,多分散系数稳定在0.218±0003,电导率为（681.75±19.15）mS/cm。同时发现,低浓度盐离子（≤1.0 mol/L）的存在可以促进牡丹籽油微乳液的形成,但盐离子浓度过高（≥1.5 mol/L）时会抑制微乳液的形成。     

山茶油微乳液的制备及稳定性分析

以山茶油为原料,采用拟三元相图法优化微乳液配方并研究其稳定性。探讨助表面活性剂种类、表面活性剂与助表面活性剂质量比(Km值)和制备温度对形成微乳液的影响,通过计算并比较拟三元相图微乳区面积确定各因素的最佳值,然后采用电导率法区分山茶油微乳液类型,最后对其稳定性进行分析。结果表明,制备具有最大加水量的山茶油微乳液的最佳条件为:固定山茶油与肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM)(质量比1∶2)作油相占比34%,加水量15%,Tween80与Span80质量比4∶1作表面活性剂,正丁醇为助表面活性剂,Km值4∶1,混合表面活性剂与油相质量比6∶4,制备温度25℃。在最佳条件下,微乳液的类型为W/O型,并具有良好的热稳定性、离心稳定性、储藏稳定性、耐盐性和耐碱性。     

共轭亚油酸的微乳及其性质研究

制备了共轭亚油酸/EL-35和EL-10/乙醇/水体系的O/W型微乳液.考察了温度、防腐剂和pH对微乳液区域的影响;动态光散射测定了微乳液的粒径;利用粘度计测定不同水含量的微乳液的粘度变化来观察微乳液流变性:对O/W、W/O、B.C.中的共轭亚油酸的微乳液和共轭亚油酸乙醇溶液进行了光稳定性研究,还分析了温度和pH对微乳液和乙醇溶液中共轭亚油酸稳定性的影响.结果表明,温度升高,防腐剂苯甲酸钠浓度变大和pH降低使微乳区稍有减小;微乳液粒径在制备三个月后仍保持在80～90nm之间;共轭亚油酸对光热和酸都比较敏感,但同环境条件下,O/W型微乳液中的共轭亚油酸比较稳定.     

动态高压微射流制备β-乳球蛋白纳米乳液

该实验以β-乳球蛋白为原料,利用动态高压技术制备β-乳球蛋白纳米乳液。以乳液粒度及其分布、电位为评价指标,确定最佳工艺条件(蛋白浓度、均质压力、均质次数),并研究pH、温度、离子强度、防腐剂等环境因素对乳液体系稳定性的影响。结果表明:β-乳球蛋白质量浓度1.0 g/100 mL、120 MPa高压微射流均质3次为乳液制备的最适条件;乳液的粒径普遍在200 nm左右,且粒径分布较为集中,说明通过该法制备的乳液的均一性较高;该乳液对弱酸性及碱性、盐离子浓度、热及防腐剂均有较好的稳定性,表明β-乳球蛋白乳液具有较高的研究应用价值。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the