Effect of MAH modified carbon black on dynamic mechanical properties of vulcanized natural rubber

用DMA研究了马来酸酐预处理炭黑对硫化天然橡胶动态力学性能的影响。结果表明,马来酸酐预处理炭黑有利于降低天然橡胶的滚动阻力。     

马来酸酐预处理炭黑对硫化天然橡胶动态力学性能的影响

用DMA研究了马来酸预处理炭黑对硫化天然橡胶动态力学性能的影响,结果表明,马来酸酐预处理炭黑有利于降代天然橡胶的滚动阻力。     

不同炭黑含量对丁苯橡胶1769E动态力学性能的影响

通过RPA2000橡胶加工性能（RPA）测试和动态机械性能（DMA）测试,研究了不同炭黑含量对结合苯乙烯质量分数为40％的丁苯橡胶（SBR）1769E的动态力学性能影响。研究结果表明,炭黑含量增加对SBR1769E有明显的补强作用,但填料分散情况变差,SBR1769E硫化胶的生热增加。     

Effect of cure history on dynamic mechanical properties of an epoxy resin

The effect of cure history on the dynamic thermomechanical properties of a high temperature curing epoxy resin has been studied using torsional braid analysis. In isothermal cures “full cure” is not possible except at temperatures above the maximum glass transition temperature (T_g) of the cured resin, hence the necessity of a “post-cure” after lower temperature isothermal cures. The highest T_g and maximum cross-linking in the cured resin was for a linear heating rate of 0.05°C/min from 30 to 200°C; higher heating rates lead to lower glass transition temperatures.     

天然胶乳/炭黑复合材料的动态力学性能研究

通过添加阴离子表面活性剂,制备了稳定性能优异的炭黑分散液;然后将其添加到天然胶乳(NRL)中,采用胶乳共沉法制备NRL/炭黑复合材料,并对其物理性能、动态力学性能和内生热等进行了探讨。研究结果表明:当炭黑类型相同时,由胶乳共沉法制备的硫化胶之力学性能普遍优于由机械法制备的硫化胶;当采用炭黑N375补强时,由胶乳共沉法制备的硫化胶之力学性能相对最佳,其拉伸强度、撕裂强度和硬度分别比由机械法制备的硫化胶提高了6.5%、4.6%和8.8%;由胶乳共沉法制备的硫化胶之损耗因子(tanδ)小于由机械法制备的硫化胶,故前者的滞后损失更小、内生热更少且温升更低。     

Effect of degree of cure and fiber content on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced PMR-15 polyimide composites

A unidirectional continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyimide composite is fabricated using the PMR-15 polyimide as a matrix. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the composite are studied. The effect of variation of the fiber content ranging from 55% to 70% by volume on the properties of the composite is determined. The effects of the laminate thickness and degree of curing of the matrix on the Izod impact strength are examined. The effect of the degree of curing of the matrix on the dynamic mechanical spectrum is studied. Finally, variables such as humidity, environment temperature, vacuum, and pressure during laminate processing, and variation of monomer composition are discussed in terms of change in matrix structure, which is reflected in a variation of Tg between batches.     

Effect of modified carbon black on the filler–elastomer interaction and dynamic mechanical properties of SBR vulcanizates

A new modified carbon black (GCB) was prepared by adding special RFL latex into N220. Dynamic properties were obtained over a wide range of temperatures and strains on vulcanizates filled with GCB and unmodified carbon black, respectively. The results show that the GCB can effectively decrease the tan δ value at 60 and 90°C of SBR vulcanizates compared with that of the common unmodified carbon blacks, which responds to the fact that GCB is beneficial to lower rolling resistance and heat generation of the vulcanizates in comparison to that of the unmodified carbon black. Among the factors responsible for this, filler networking and filler–elastomer interaction play a dominant role. The effects of filler loading on mechanical properties of vulcanizates were also investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3707–3712, 2006     

改性炭黑增强三元乙丙橡胶的力学性能与加工性能

研究了用甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)、甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯(HEMA)和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA)3种单体改性炭黑增强三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)的力学性能,并用橡胶加工分析仪分析了GMA、HEMA和NMA改性炭黑对EPDM未硫化胶的加工性能。结果表明,GMA、HEMA和NMA改性炭黑均改善了EPDM硫化胶的力学性能,当其用量分别为3.75,3,3份时,EPDM硫化胶的定伸应力、拉伸强度和撕裂强度达到最佳值;降低频率、提高应变或温度有利于改善改性炭黑增强EPDM的加工性能。     

Non-linear mechanical behaviour of carbon black reinforced elastomers: experiments and multiscale modelling

Abstract

Antivibrating parts in automotives are often made of natural rubber reinforced by carbon black. This reinforcement, which comes from the filler–filler and filler–rubber interactions, leads to an increase in the elastic modulus, the tensile strength and the hysteresis. The aim of this work is to develop a micromechanical model within a generalised self-consistent scheme for filled rubber in the moderate elongation range (|?|≤0·5). A complex morphological pattern, representative of the microstructure of the material, and which takes into account the occluded rubber, the bound rubber and a percolating network, is proposed and the effective elastic properties are compared with experimental results obtained in both uniaxial and oedometric compression. The influence of the specific surface of the filler is investigated, using N330 and N650 carbon blacks. The model is extended to the non-linear accommodation of the stress heterogeneities between the phases. Model predictions are compared with experimental values in compression and simple shear.     

Reinforcement of elastomers by carbon black

The reinforcement of elastomers by carbon black is governed by the morphology of the black and its physical and chemical interactions with the polymer. The latter are strongly affected by graphitization and surface oxidation. In modern rubber-grade carbon blacks strong bonding of the polymer to the carbon black surface is effected by several mechanisms, but surface chemical differences between blacks are relatively small, so that the dominant characteristic becomes the morphology. This is determined by the average size and size distribution of the particles which are fused together to form primary aggregates resembling branched random coils, the spatial arrangement of the particles in these aggregates, and the number of particles per aggregate and its distribution. This highly complex morphology can, to a first approximation, be represented by the specific surface area accessible to rubber and some, usually indirect, measure of the volume pervaded by the primary aggregates (“structure”). Important mechanical properties of reinforced rubbers depend to different degrees on these two characteristics, often in rather complex manner. Their effects on viscoelastic and failure properties are described. Additionally, some very recent observations on the effects of carbon black on network structure and the influence of the breadth of the aggregate size distribution on viscoelastic behavior are discussed.     

Hysteresis and strain-dependent dynamic mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber filled with surface-oxidized carbon black

High-temperature molding of a mixture of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) carbon black results in strong rubber–filler interaction, the extent of which is greater in the case of the oxidized grade of the carbon black. It has been observed that ENR is bonded to the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds, such as ester and phenolic ether. An extensive filler–filler network formation takes place through the hydrogen bonding between the active groups of the rubber and filler surface. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 723–730, 1998     

Effect of different types of carbon black on the mechanical and acoustic properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber

The effects of the incorporation of different types of carbon black as fillers on some selected physical and mechanical properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) based compounds were studied with the results of density, ultrasonic wave velocity, and tensile measurements. Ultrasonic wave velocities (both longitudinal and shear) were measured at frequencies up to 4 MHz at room temperature. The density, ultrasonic attenuation coefficient, and tensile strength results showed that rubber mixes containing general‐purpose furnace (GPF) black at a concentration of 25 phr had the best physical and mechanical properties. These results were interpreted to be due to the better compatibility of GPF black, which, because of its particle size and structure, filled the interstitial spaces in EPDM and provided better reinforcement of the elastomer. The use of a nondestructive technique such as ultrasonic measurement presents a new possibility for testing rubber and plastic products more efficiently. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

硅烷偶联剂对炭黑/白炭黑增强丁腈橡胶填料网络结构及动态性能的影响

研究了硅烷偶联剂种类及其并用对炭黑/白炭黑增强丁腈橡胶(NBR)填料网络结构及动态性能的影响.结果表明,硅烷偶联剂双-[γ-(三乙氧基硅)丙基]四硫化物(Si 69)能有效降低炭黑/白炭黑增强NBR混炼胶的Payne效应,促进填料在橡胶基体中的分散,而硅烷偶联剂3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH 550)或其与Si 69并用...     

异氰酸酯类型对热塑性聚氨酯弹性体性能的影响

分别以5种异氰酸酯为硬段,聚己二酸1,4-丁二醇酯二醇(PBA)为软段,制备了不同异氰酸酯型的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),差示扫描量热(DSC)和电子拉伸等测试对其结构和性能进行表征,探究了异氰酸酯类型对热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的软硬段相互作用、PBA结晶性和机械性能的影响。结果表明,HDI-TPU氨基氢键化程度最高,HMDI-TPU的硬段间氢键化程度、软段结晶度最高,IPDI-TPU的氢键化程度、软段结晶度最低。在制备的5种异氰酸酯型TPU中,HDI-TPU的拉伸强度为29.47 MPa,断裂伸长率874%,邵D硬度44,综合机械性能最佳。     

The effects of filler content on cure and mechanical properties of dichlorocarbene modified styrene butadiene rubber/carbon black composites

A study has been carried out on the curing characteristics and mechanical properties of carbon black filled dichlorocarbene modified styrene butadiene rubber (DCSBR). Processing characteristics such as optimum cure time and maximum torque increases with increasing of the concentration of carbon black in DCSBR whereas scorch time decreases. The mechanical properties and resistance of the vulcanizate towards thermal, flame and oil resistance have been carried out. Variation of bound rubber content of carbon black filled DCSBR and the influence of the extracting temperature on the bound rubber content was investigated and its activation energy was calculated from the Arrhenius plot. The reinforcing nature of the filler was assessed from stress strain and swelling data. The enhancement in mechanical properties was supported by data on the increased content of crosslink density in these samples obtained from swelling and stress strain analysis. The results of the studies indicate that carbon black can be used as a good reinforcing filler for DCSBR.     

异氰酸酯类型对热塑性聚氨酯弹性体性能的影响

分别以5种异氰酸酯为硬段,聚己二酸1,4-丁二醇酯二醇(PBA)为软段,制备了不同异氰酸酯型的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),差示扫描量热(DSC)和电子拉伸等测试对其结构和性能进行表征,探究了异氰酸酯类型对热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的软硬段相互作用、PBA结晶性和机械性能的影响。结果表明,HDI-TPU氨基氢键化程度最高,HMDI-TPU的硬段间氢键化程度、软段结晶度最高,IPDI-TPU的氢键化程度、软段结晶度最低。在制备的5种异氰酸酯型TPU中,HDI-TPU的拉伸强度为29.47 MPa,断裂伸长率874%,邵D硬度44,综合机械性能最佳。     

Effects of temperature and strain amplitude on dynamic mechanical properties of EPDM gum and its carbon black compounds

The effects of carbon black loadings ℓ, Temperature T, and shear frequency ω on dynamic mechanical properties of EPDM gum elastomer and its carbon black compounds were investigated under sinusoidal shear flows. The regions of shear flows where the gum elastomer and its carbon black compounds exhibited characteristic plateau in viscoelastic properties were established and found to directly depend on temperature but were inversely proportional to carbon black loading. The gum rubber and its 20% carbon black compound showed rather unusual similar dynamic flow behaviors at 50 and 100°C attributed to the possible presence of crystallinity from the fractional ethylene components in the gum. This fraction could act as nucleation sites for macrogels that required higher temperature than 50 and 100°C for melting, particularly in the presence of carbon black particles. Dynamic properties were amplified due to carbon black filler. This effect was more pronounced at low frequencies and at 50 and 150°C, respectively. At 100°C, amplifications appeared to have been attenuated by the hydrodynamics of the continuum elastomer matrix. This observation helps the further understanding of the filler-elastomer interactions and the critical role played by temperature, particularly as it affects rubber processors. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Polyetherimide-modified epoxy networks: Influence of cure conditions on morphology and mechanical properties

The morphologies and mechanical properties of thermoplastic-modified epoxy networks generated through the reaction-induced phase separation procedure were studied as a function of isothermal cure conditions. The selected model system was diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with 4,4′-methylenebis [3-chloro,2,6-diethylaniline] in the presence of a nonfunctionalized polyetherimide. Appropriate precuring and postcuring schedules were selected. The precure temperature had a strong effect on final morphologies because it affected the viscosity of the system at the cloud point and the extent of the separation process. The morphologies generated are discussed in connection with phase separation mechanisms. The ratio of the height of the loss peaks corresponding to each phase was an appropriate parameter to qualitatively predict the shape of morphology and to determine if the system was phase-inverted or not. The fracture toughness, K_Ic was significantly improved only when bicontinuous or inverted structures were generated, resulting from the plastic drawing of the thermoplastic-rich phase. Before phase inversion, K_Ic was hardly higher than that of the neat matrix due to poor interfacial adhesion. Nevertheless, the thermoplastic-rich particles constitute obstacles to the propagation of the crack and contribute to the toughening of the material, measured through impact resistance measurements. The observation of fracture surfaces revealed the occurrence of microcracking and crack-pinning. Strain recovery experiments showed that particle-induced shear yielding of the matrix was present as well. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 2433–2445, 1997     

Thermoplastic urethane elastomers IV. Effects of cycloaliphatic chain extender on dynamic mechanical properties

The dynamic mechanical properties of a series of thermoplastic urethane elastomers have been studied as a function of molecular composition and temperature. Polymers based on polycaprolactone diol, an isomeric mixture of tolylene diisocyanate and hydrogenated Bisphenol-A as the chain extender were prepared at various relative concentrations of hard and soft segments. The glass transition temperatures of these polymers progressively shifted to higher temperatures as the relative hard segment content was increased. This variation was accurately described by the Fox relationship for amorphous copolymers. These results can be interpreted in terms of the relative degree of segregation between the segment of the block copolymers.     

Effect of chemical interaction between surface oxidized carbon black and carboxylated nitrile rubber on dynamic properties

Monsanto rheometric, dynamic mechanical, and solvent swelling studies indicate that functional groups of oxidized carbon black chemically react with carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) when heated at high temperature for prolonged time. The reinforcing ability of the surface oxidized carbon black, measured by failure and hysteresis properties, is higher than the nonoxidized counterpart. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.