The effects of processing of rapeseed upon its anti-thyroid activity and the utilisation of its protein

The effects of crusning and of heat-treatment of high-glucosinolate rapeseed (cv. Jet Neuf) by infrared, microwave or hot-air oven upon the utilisation of protein and upon the anti-thyroid activity, measured in terms of thyroid weight and plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations, were studied and comparisons made with crushed and untreated low glucosinolate rapeseed (Canola) and also with extruded soya bean. All treatments of Jet Neuf reduced net protein utilisation; crushing Jet Neuf produced the most severe deterioration. Jet Neuf also had greater anti-thyroid activity. However, anti-thyroid activity and protein utilisation were not highly correlated. None of the treatments applied to Jet Neuf produced improvements in protein utilisation or diminished anti-thyroid activity.     

Nutritive value of rapeseed meal: Effects of individual glucosinolates

In the first of a series of studies on the nutritional value of rapeseed meal, rats were fed diets containing six individual glucosinolates over a period of 29 days. The diets included progoitrin and gluconapin both of which are major components of high glucosinolate rapeseed cultivars. No reduction of feed intake or growth rate was noted and thyroid weights were significantly affected only by the progoitrin diet, which also produced small increases in the weights of the livers and kidneys. There was no depression of plasma thyroid hormone levels.     

Antinutritional effects of the rapeseed meals,darmor and jet neuf,and progoitrin together with myrosinase,in the growing rat

The antinutritional effects of rapeseed meals from cvs Darmor (‘low’ glucosinolate) and Jet Neuf (‘high’ glucosinolate), both fed for 30 d, and of the purified rapeseed glucosinolate, progoitrin (fed for 23 d), have been examined in rats, with and without the glucosinolate-degrading enzyme, myrosinase. With all of the experimental diets, feed intake was significantly reduced, the effects being more pronounced in the final period of the experiment. Both types of rapeseed meal significantly reduced live weight gain, and addition of myrosinase enhanced this effect during the second half of the experiment. Organ weights were usually increased in animals fed the experimental diets. The diet containing progoitrin and myrosinase increased liver weight by 58%. In agreement with other workers, thyroid weights were found to be greatly increased by the feeding of rapeseed meals or progoitrin together with myrosinase, although large increases in the size of this organ are also observed in the absence of this enzyme. The major antinutritional effects observed in this study became evident after 10-15 d, explaining the lack of such effects in earlier, short-term experiments. The results support the view that progoitrin is a major factor limiting the more extensive use of rapeseed as an animal feedingstuff.     

Evaluation of rapeseed meals in broiler chicks: Effect of iodine supply and glucosinolate degradation by myrosinase or copper

In rapeseed meals (RSM) of a conventional (c) or a newly bred (n) variety 117 or 44 mmol glucosinolates and glucosinolate degradation products per kg dry matter were detected. Soaking meals in aqueous myrosinase or copper sulphate solution and subsequent drying reduced the content of antinutrients by more than 90%. Broiler chickens were fed (i) a glucosinolate-free diet, or this diet in which half the soybean meal was replaced by RSM of various origins and treatment; (ii) untreated cRSM; (iii) cRSM treated with myrosinase: (iv) cRSM treated with Cu (v) untreated nRSM; or (vi) nRSM treated with myrosinase. These diets were administered with or without supplementary iodine. Chickens receiving the iodine-deficient diets with myrosinase-treated RSM showed growth depression, incomplete feathering, leg injuries and severe goitre. In the serum T⁴ could not be detected. Giving myrosinase-treated RSM plus iodine, or giving other RSM diets irrespective of iodine administration, no growth depression was observed. RSM diets without iodine dosage markedly increased thyroid weight: there were no differences between the RSM variants. In contrast to the treatment with myrosinase, in the sera of the chickens fed on untreated RSM or RSM treated with copper T⁴ could be detected, suggesting that in iodine-deficient conditions differences in serum T⁴ concentration between RSM groups indicate a differing anti-thyroid activity. With iodine supplementation the RSM had a significant effect on thyroid weight. The largest thyroids (five-fold heavier) were in the animals with myrosinase-treated cRSM. The untreated cRSM and the nRSM trebled or doubled the thyroid weight, and the myrosinase-treated nRSM trebled it. The thyroid weight of chicks fed cRSM treated with copper did not differ significantly from the glucosinolate-free control. There was evidence that heating the myrosinase-treated RMS produced anti-thyroid compounds; these should be identified in further investigations.     

黑蒜的营养价值及保健作用的研究进展

本文总结了黑蒜的营养价值、化学成分以及其抗氧化作用、杀菌、抗衰老、增强免疫力、抗癌作用和调节血糖等生物学功能,介绍了黑蒜作为健康食品对人机体的积极作用,提出今后的研究方向。      

营养鹅肝肠的研制及其营养价值分析

以鹅肝为原料,添加橄榄油、玉米淀粉、鹅肉,采用感官评定、质构性质及流变学等考察指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验,优化得到鹅肝肠的最佳工艺配方,并测定其营养成分。结果表明,以橄榄油15%、玉米淀粉6%、鹅肝50%为主要原料时,研制的鹅肝肠色泽均匀,肠体饱满,有弹性,风味协调;该鹅肝肠含13.12%蛋白质,必需氨基酸含量2.315 mg/100 g,单不饱和脂肪酸比例高达52.79%,n-6/n-3比率较低,铁含量为476 mg/kg、钙380 mg/kg、锌241 mg/kg。由此可见,研制出的鹅肝肠更符合人们对安全、健康、高品质食品的追求。     

冬油菜叶片SPAD的时空分布和氮素诊断的叶位选择

在大田试验条件下测定分析不同施氮水平冬油菜关键生育期SPAD值的时空分布特征,并对不同叶位及叶片不同部位SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、植株全氮含量及籽粒产量之间的相关性进行分析,探求应用SPAD仪诊断油菜氮素营养状况的最佳测试叶位及位点。结果表明,油菜主茎顶部4片完全展开叶SPAD值存在显著空间差异,增加施氮量能显著提高各叶位叶SPAD值,同时减少叶位间的差异;六叶期、蕾薹期以顶4叶（TIA）SPAD值对氮素的敏感性最大,初花期和盛花期则最低。不同部位间,六叶期和初花期以中部SPAD值对施氮量增加的响应最敏感,盛花期则最迟钝,蕾薹期介于顶部和基部之间。综合分析认为,应用SPAD仪监测油菜氮素营养状况的最佳测试叶位和位点为主茎顶4片完全展开叶中部,该部位SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量和植株全氮含量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平,满足氮素营养快速诊断的要求。     

乙醇浸提菜籽饼中多酚的响应面优化及体外抗氧化性研究

菜籽饼是油菜籽榨油后的主要副产物,其含有较多的多酚类物质,多酚具有一定的抗氧化性,菜籽饼多酚是一种具有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。本文以菜籽饼为材料,探讨用乙醇浸提多酚的工艺条件及其体外抗氧化性。以多酚得率为考察指标,选择乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取温度和初始pH进行单因素试验,并进行响应面试验确定乙醇浸提菜籽饼多酚的最优工艺条件:乙醇体积分数70%,液料比12∶1,温度52℃、初始pH为3,在此工艺条件下多酚得率为21.96mg/g。以鞣酸、维生素C为对照,通过测定多酚提取液的还原能力、对羟自由基和DPPH.的清除能力,结果表明,多酚提取液具有一定的体外抗氧化能力。     

螺旋藻的营养价值及开发利用潜力

本文通过对螺旋藻的化学成份及生物价、消化率等的综合分析和评价,阐述了进一步加工利用螺旋藻的合理途径和潜力。     

饲用乳制品及其副产品的加工技术与营养价值

介绍了饲用乳制品及其加工副产品的加工技术,以及乳粉、酪蛋白、乳清粉、乳清蛋白、代乳粉等产品的营养成分和营养价值。     

葡萄籽油的营养价值与生物活性综述

酿酒葡萄皮渣是葡萄酒加工副产物,包括葡萄皮、果梗和葡萄籽,其中葡萄籽中富含多酚、维生素、植物甾醇、不饱和脂肪酸等营养成分,具有极高的利用价值。该文在查阅大量国内外相关文献资料的基础上,详细阐述了葡萄籽油的营养价值、生理活性和利用现状,并对未来我国葡萄籽油的综合利用进行了展望,以期能为我国酿酒葡萄皮渣的有效利用提供一定的参考。     

诺丽酵素抗氧化性能与蛋白质营养价值评价研究

对3种不同发酵时间的诺丽酵素体外抗氧化能力、氨基酸的含量以及蛋白质营养评价进行研究,结果表明：随着发酵时间的 延长,诺丽酵素中总酚含量有轻微上升;3种酵素均具有抗氧化能力,且均表现出显著的浓度依赖性（P＜0.05）,发酵时间长短对其影 响不明显（P＞0.05）;随着发酵时间的延长,蛋白质含量有轻微下降,3种酵素均检测出16种常见蛋白氨基酸和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）, 半胱氨酸（Cys）未检出,GABA含量随着发酵时间的延长有所上升,3种酵素中必需氨基酸含量丰富;9种必需氨基酸得分（AAS）均＞ 100%,比值系数分（SRC）均＞55,单从蛋白质营养价值来说,从高到低依次为：发酵360 d诺丽酵素＞发酵540 d诺丽酵素＞发酵720 d 诺丽酵素。     

牛初乳的营养价值和保健作用

给出了牛初乳的主要成分含量,这些数据表明,牛初乳中含有多种生物活性物质和生长因子,动物实验表明,牛初乳制剂能增强体质、促进健康,同时还能增强免疫能力,因此,牛初乳具有较大的开发价值。     

对蛇肉及其有限酶解液营养价值的研究

蛇肉是一种珍贵的传统保健食品资源,含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素(VA,VE,VB1,VB2)、矿物元素(Ca、Zn、Fe、P、Mg、Mn、Ccu)和人体必需氨基酸,其营养价值高于牛肉、鸡肉、鱼肉等肉制品;22.3%水解度的蛇肉酶解液含有蛇肉的全部营养素(蛋白质除外)种类,其营养价值明显优于牛奶、豆浆,甚至优于豆腐脑;该有限酶解液还含有平均分子量为538Da的低肽分子近3%(这占酶解液总氨基酸含量的56.3%),这说明蛇肉蛋白的这种有限酶解物是一种低肽含量占优势的低肽/游离氨基酸混合物。根据现代低肽吸收理论,它比原料蛇肉更易消化吸收,因而更有营养价值和保健功能。     

The nutritive value of egg by‐products and their potential bactericidal activity: in vitro and in vivo studies

Technical‐grade egg albumen (TA) and whole egg (WE) by‐products are produced in substantial quantities by egg‐breaking facilities across North America. TA and WE products are recovered during processing but are not approved for human consumption. Both products are known to be rich in fat, maternal antibodies, protein and lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme. The objective of this research was to explore the potential for egg by‐products to be used as a valuable protein, energy and bactericidal supplement in animal nutrition. To improve the nutritive value of TA and WE, spray‐dried samples were heat treated at various temperatures and their digestible protein content was determined in vitro using a pepsin/pancreatin digestion/dialysis system. In addition, enhancement of lysozyme activity towards Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB) by heat or irradiation was examined. Optimal protein digestibility for TA averaged 80% following heat treatment at 105–110 °C for 10 min. In contrast, protein digestibility of spray‐dried TA was only 55%. Heat treatment (100–122 °C) of spray‐dried WE or hot room storage of spray‐dried TA and WE products at 70 °C for up to 14 days had a minimal effect on protein digestibility in vitro. Heat treatment or γ‐irradiation of lysozyme for at least 20 min at 80 °C or 0.5 kGy, respectively, increased antimicrobial activity towards GNB. When compared with either the heat or radiation control treatments, reductions in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium populations increased by at least 1 and 0.5 log₁₀, respectively. In contrast, the effect of irradiation (2 kGy) on the antimicrobial activity of spray‐dried TA was less pronounced. In a feeding trial, rats fed spray‐dried TA and spray‐dried TA subjected to either radiation (1.8 kGy) or heat (80 °C, 20 min) treatment exhibited a body weight gain and protein utilisation equal to or higher than the control (casein diet). In contrast, feeding spray‐dried WE or TA and WE previously maintained in a hot room (70 °C) for 3 days had a negative effect on rat growth and protein utilisation. In the case of WE products this was substantiated by poor digestibility of essential amino acids, including lysine, threonine and, to some extent, methionine. When compared with the control treatments, inclusion of heat‐treated or irradiated TA in the rat diets reduced the population of Enterobacteriaceae. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

精制纯鸡油的营养价值及应用研究

通过对精制纯鸡油的生产加工工艺特点的分析和不同动物脂肪中脂肪酸含量比较分析,表明精制纯鸡油加工过程科学合理最大限度的保留了鸡脂天然风味,同时其不饱和脂肪酸含量远远高于猪、牛、羊等其他动物脂肪,具有较高的营养价值并对人体健康起着至关重要的作用,因此在鸡精(鸡粉)、鸡汁调味品、餐饮、方便面调味包、肉制品、膨化休闲食品、饼干等方面得到了广泛的应用.     

不同加工方式对全豆蛋糕品质和营养价值的影响

采用烤箱烘烤和蒸锅蒸制2种不同加工方式分别制作全豆蛋糕,并对其感官性状和营养成分进行比较分析。结果显示:与蒸锅蒸制的全豆蛋糕相比,烤箱烘烤的全豆蛋糕感官评分更高;在营养成分方面,烘烤的蛋糕蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素A、维生素B2的含量以及能量均较高,但总膳食纤维和钙的含量却较低;亚麻籽油健康且稳定,可作为全豆蛋糕的烹调用油。2种加工方式各有优缺点,建议根据实际需求进行选择。     

玉米浆发酵液对杏鲍菇营养价值和非挥发性呈味物质含量的影响

目的：拟以玉米浆发酵液部分替代麸皮用于培养杏鲍菇,提高玉米浆的综合利用价值。方法：在杏鲍菇培养基质中添加6%玉米浆发酵液替代传统基质部分氮源,测定子实体营养价值和氨基酸、有机酸、可溶性糖醇、5′-核苷酸等非挥发性呈味物质含量的差异。结果：试验组和对照组杏鲍菇氨基酸CS值分别为50.31和48.93,BV值分别为157.99和144.61,NI值分别为30.8和28.0,EAARR值分别为0.854和1.025,在多评价体系下试验组营养价值高于对照组;试验组呈味氨基酸含量24.187 g/100 g、可溶性糖醇含量32.14 g/100 g、有机酸含量4 277.258 mg/kg、5′-核苷酸含量280.05 mg/100 g均高于对照组,综合分析等量鲜味浓度EUC试验组（595.14 g MSG/100 g）鲜味呈鲜效果较对照组（565.65 g MSG/100 g）突出,处于第二水平,鲜味明显,呈强烈的鲜味。结论：采用玉米浆发酵液部分替代传统培养杏鲍菇基质中的氮源,能显著提高杏鲍菇子实体营养价值和非挥发性呈味物质含量。     

新营养补充剂的抗抑郁效应及其应用进展

在讨论抑郁症的生物根源、症状及抗抑郁药的基础上,综述新营养补充剂——Empowerplus的组成、主要成分、抗抑郁效应的作用机制及其应用进展。