Auswirkungen moderner Prozeßleittechnik auf Sensorsysteme

Effects of modern process control technology on sensor systems . Sensor and actuator systems constitute the interface between material and energy flow of a process and the corresponding flow of information. Sensor systems can be classified independently of one another from the viewpoint of information utilization and that of information acquisition. This article presents a general structure for sensors, which differ widely depending upon function and design. Processing of the information which becomes available leads to certain demands but also to possibilities which are largely fulfilled or exploited with the aid of inbuilt computers. This concept of sensor systems with computers and its implications for systems components are examined.     

Besondere Anforderungen an die Produktionsplanung und -steuerung in der chemischen und pharmazeutischen Industrie

Special demands on production planning and control in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The chemical and pharmaceutical market place is in a phase of structural changes. The decrease of product development times as well as the minimization of production cost are important success factors. Computer based material management and manufacturing planning and control systems also help to improve the efficiency of production. However, systems developed for discrete manufacturing industries are not applicable in chemical and pharmaceutical environments. This paper surveys the specific features of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries concerning production planning and their impact on information technologies.     

过程工业中具有能量集成的用水网络优化设计

Effective utilization of water and energy is the key factor of sustainable development in process industries, and also an important science and technology problem to be solved in systems engineering. In this paper,two new methods of optimal design of water utilization network with energy integration in process industries are presented, that is, stepwise and simultaneous optimization methods. They are suitable for both single contaminant and multi-contaminant systems, and the integration of energy can be carried out in the whole process system, not only limited in water network, so that energy can be utilized effectively. The two methods are illustrated by case study.     

基于主元分析的传感器故障检测盲区预测

传感器故障极易发生但不易察觉，其测量数据是制冷空调系统安全运行和优化节能的必要条件。分析了以Q统计量为故障检测边界的基于主元分析的传感器故障检测流程，建立了一种预测传感器故障检测能力的指标--故障检测盲区，用于预测训练数据集中各个传感器的故障检测能力，从而分析、评价和优化建模用训练数据的质量。采用工程数据、实验数据分别开展算法验证，结果表明故障检测盲区能有效预测选定数据集的相关传感器的故障检测结果。     

基于统计信号重构的传感器故障诊断

主元分析、偏最小二层等数据驱动的多元统计监控方法由于不依赖于精确的数学模型,在化工过程监控与故障检测方面取得了广泛应用.通过研究基于统计信号重构的传感器故障诊断算法,给出了统计信号重构算法的一般形式,并推导了基于统计信号重构算法进行传感器故障诊断的可检测与可分离性条件,定义了模型空间和余差空间的故障识别指标.通过CSTR仿真对象的应用比较了不同统计信号重构算法间的差异,验证了故障诊断算法的有效性.     

过程工业软测量中的多模型融合建模方法

对多模型融合建模方法在过程工业软测量中的研究进展进行了系统总结。根据整体模型中子模型的不同,多模型融合建模方法主要可分成数据驱动融合建模方法和半参数建模方法。详细介绍了数据驱动融合建模方法和半参数建模方法的设计思想和国内外研究现状,分析了各类方法的优缺点,并提出了相应的改进方向。根据过程数据处理方法的不同,将数据驱动融合建模方法分为集成学习和聚类分析。根据模型结构形式的不同,将半参数建模方法分为串联结构和并联结构。最后对多模型融合建模方法的未来研究方向进行了展望,期望今后的研究工作能在改进数据驱动模型融合技术、提高半参数模型外推能力和解决双率数据问题等方面取得突破性进展,并指出采用多模型融合建模方法建立基于多源信息融合的软测量模型是实现过程工业中难测变量在线估计的有效方法。     

化工能量系统集成

本文叙述了讨论由换热网络及蒸汽动力系统,冷却,冷冻等公用工程系统组成的能量系统的优化集成方法作者着重阐述了广泛应用于工程节能的夹点技术及其有关的各种先进软件,通过列举多个工厂的实例,展示了能量系统集成在化工企业节能降耗工作中的重要作用。     

An overview of the application of Fenton oxidation to industrial wastewaters treatment

This review provides updated information on the application of the Fenton process as an advanced oxidation method for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. This technology has been used in recent decades as a chemical oxidation process addressed to meet a variety of objectives including final polishing, reduction of high percentages of organic load in terms of chemical oxygen demand or total organic carbon and removal of recalcitrant and toxic pollutants thus allowing for further conventional biological treatment. The efficiency and flexibility of this technology has been proven with a wide diversity of effluents from chemical and other related industries or activities, including pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, textile, food, cork processing, and landfilling among others. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

难降解有机废水处理技术研究进展

随着化学工业及其相关产业的高速发展,难生物降解的有机污染物工业废水种类和数量日益增多,对生态环境和人类健康的危害也日益严峻,尤其是化工、医药、农药、造纸和冶金等行业。由于经济和技术方面的原因,采用传统的废水处理技术如物理法、化学法和生化法已不能满足越来越高的环保要求,探索高效、经济的方法处理高毒性和难生化降解有机废水已成为化学界和环保领域重要的研究课题。阐述各种方法和工艺的优缺点及其研究现状,并在加强单一技术研发的基础上,提出多种处理技术耦合新工艺,如光-Fenton氧化相结合处理工艺、厌氧与好氧相结合处理工艺和化学与生化处理组合处理工艺,既克服了传统处理有机废水工艺的缺点,同时具有较好的处理效果,为今后高浓度有机废水处理指明研究方向,对高浓度有机废水的工业处理具有重要意义。     

分子印迹在化学传感器及阵列领域的研究进展

分子印迹聚合物因其具有高选择性、预定识别性、制备简单、价格低廉等优点,成为当前研究的热点之一。本文对分子印迹聚合物在化学传感器及传感器阵列领域的应用进展进行了综述。作为选择性化学传感器,重点探讨了分子印迹聚合物在电化学传感器、光化学传感器和质量敏感型传感器中的应用。相对于分子印迹传感器,基于分子印迹聚合物交叉敏感性原理的分子印迹聚合物传感器阵列的应用较少,仅对有限例子的光化学传感器阵列进行了探讨。受益于印迹机理的深入理解,分子印迹化学传感器及其阵列将在食品分析、药物控制、环境监测等领域表现出较好的应用前景。     

基于人为因素的振动流化床过程操作HAZOP分析

在全面了解误操作原因的基础上,采用HAZOP分析技术分析振动流化床的操作情况,并对可能发生异常操作提出相应的预防措施(包含硬件和软件上的措施),从而建立安全生产操作"一对一"检查规程,促进本质安全化。     

Development of an Electrical Resistance Tomography Reactor for Pharmaceutical Processes

A review of tomography systems suitable for industrial implementation and design considerations for tomographic sensors has allowed the design of an ERT sensor compatible with stringent process requirements. In conjunction with a data acquisition system, ITS P2000, this sensor was applied to processes considered typical of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) chemical development. Experimental results are described where variations in conductivity measurements were monitored in a stirred tank. The data were compared with spectroscopic on‐line monitoring and kinetic information. The results obtained demonstrate that this approach shows promise for on‐line control of mixing process performance and efficiency evaluation and optimisation of reactor geometries.     

Expertensysteme für die Verfahrenstechnik

Expert systems in chemical and process engineering . A survey is given of expert systems in chemical and process engineering and adjacent fields of knowledge. The article assumes a knowledge of the basic concepts of artificial intelligence and expert-system technology. The expert systems, arranged according to their function and domain of expertise, are described and discussed with emphasis on information of interest to the potential user, e.g. on applications, construction, and implementation. Finally, an attempt is made to give an outlook on future applications of technical expert systems and on the abilities which these systems are expected to possess.     

Chemical Engineering Education in the Next Century

This paper summarizes the work of the EFCE Working Party Education (WPE) over the last decade and attempts to identify effective educational solutions to meet the challenges caused by the rapid rate of change in technology and society world‐wide. The paper uses the results of the 1994 WPE survey of curricula in European Chemical Engineering Universities to identify a first degree level core curriculum. The problem of how to adapt the discipline to meet technological and societal changes without losing its identity is addressed. Basic sciences, chemical engineering science, integrated systems design and holistic thinking are emphasized as essential elements of the discipline. The paper discusses how Safety, Health and Environment (SHE), biotechnology, computerized models, product design, sustainability and other new subjects have been incorporated into chemical engineering curricula since the original survey. A simple model of the education process is presented to indicate how students might obtain a chemical engineering understanding and mindset. The paper explains how chemical engineering evolved from its origins in the petrochemical, heavy chemical and nuclear industries, to its current wide range of applications in industries, such as fine chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, software, and cybernetics. It is suggested that the impact of changes arising from industry, new technology and society has driven the chemical engineering discipline to a point where it is now ripe for re‐invention. The effects of rapid industrial, technological and societal change on chemical engineering education are studied against the backdrop of a discipline on the threshold of a significant change. The paper concludes by identifying curriculum development, personal development and life‐long learning as three important factors for educating chemical engineers for a successful future.     

化工过程深度神经网络软测量的结构与参数自动调整方法

深度学习在流程工业的软测量领域已经得到了应用。然而,深度神经网络（DNN）的结构和参数需要人工调整,这需要扎实的机器学习知识基础和丰富的参数调整经验,烦琐的调整过程限制了深度学习在化工领域的推广应用。在大量实验的基础上,对DNN的每个关键参数的选取过程进行了系统化的分析,提出了几乎无须人工干预的基于DNN软测量的结构和参数自动调整方法,极大地简化了参数调整过程,能够给工程技术人员学习及应用深度学习提供参考。对原油蒸馏装置及煤气化装置的案例分析验证了所提出方法的有效性和通用性。     

基于机理建模的聚醋酸乙烯浓度软测量技术

化工过程的先进控制必须依靠完善的信息系统,而产品质量的在线估计是构建完善信息系统的难题之一。利用软测量技术,通过机理建模,采用常规仪表成功实现了某厂聚醋酸乙烯浓度的在线连续检测。系统具有硬件设备简单、操作维护方便、使用寿命长、价格较低等优点,并易于与工厂原有装置进行系统衔接,检测精度达到0.5%。     

大数据技术在过程工业中的应用研究进展

近些年,大数据技术在金融、贸易和医疗健康等行业也得到了较好的应用,但大数据技术在过程工业中的应用还处于起步阶段。本文分别从过程工业大数据的特点、分析方法以及应用现状3个方面进行介绍,简述了过程工业数据除了具有一般大数据海量性、多样性、高速性和易变性的4V特点外,还具有高维度、强非线性、样本分布不均和低信噪比的特点。基于过程工业数据的分析方法,按照功能划分可以分为降维分析、聚类和分类分析、相关性分析和预测分析四大类。在此基础上,综述了近些年大数据技术在过程工业上的应用,分别从过程工业优化、过程监测与故障诊断以及产品性能和产率预测3个方面介绍了其在过程工业中的应用情况,并指出未来应该将企业内部的生产数据和原料与产品的市场数据等相结合进行分析和挖掘,这样能够更大程度地发挥大数据的价值。     

Among the trends for a modern chemical engineering,the third paradigm: The time and length multiscale approach as an efficient tool for process intensification and product design and engineering

To respond to the changing needs of the chemical and related industries in order both to meet today's economy demands and to remain competitive in global trade, a modern chemical engineering is vital to satisfy both the market requirements for specific nano and microscale end-use properties of products, and the social and environmental constraints of industrial meso and macroscale processes. Thus an integrated system approach of complex multidisciplinary, non-linear, non-equilibrium processes and phenomena occurring on different length and time scales of the supply chain is required. That is, a good understanding of how phenomena at a smaller length-scale relates to properties and behaviour at a longer length-scale is necessary (from the molecular-scale to the production-scales). This has been defined as the triplet “molecular Processes-Product-Process (3PE)” integrated multiscale approach of chemical engineering. Indeed a modern chemical engineering can be summarized by four main objectives: (1) Increase productivity and selectivity through intensification of intelligent operations and a multiscale approach to processes control: nano and micro-tailoring of materials with controlled structure. (2) Design novel equipment based on scientific principles and new production methods: process intensification using multifunctional reactors and micro-engineering for micro structured equipment. (3) Manufacturing end-use properties to synthesize structured products, combining several functions required by the customer with a special emphasis on complex fluids and solid technology, necessating molecular modeling, polymorph prediction and sensor development. (4) Implement multiscale application of computational chemical engineering modeling and simulation to real-life situations from the molecular-scale to the production-scale, e.g., in order to understand how phenomena at a smaller length-scale relate to properties and behaviour at a longer length-scale. The presentation will emphasize the 3PE multiscale approach of chemical engineering for investigations in the previous objectives and on its success due to the today's considerable progress in the use of scientific instrumentation, in modeling, simulation and computer-aided tools, and in the systematic design methods.     

天然气化工中膜分离技术的应用

与常规分离方法相比，膜分离技术在气体分离中的应用具有许多优势，在工业上得到了广泛的应用。文章介绍了气体膜分离的基本原理，并简述了气体膜分离技术在天然气化工中的应用实例。