温度对电流变体智能材料的性能影响

本文通过化学合成的方法制备了含氯离子(Cl-)的草酸氧钛钡(BTO)颗粒材料,以甲基硅油Ⅰ为基础液,制备了电流变体,考察了该体系的粘度和流变等性能随温度的变化规律。     

电流变体漏电流特性研究

本文以Al2O3作为电流变体材料的颗粒相,制备电流变体,测试了材料的电流变性能,对材料的漏电流特性进行了表征,探讨了漏电流随电场强度和剪切速率的变化规律,分析了电流变体漏电流变化的原因。     

基液黏度对草酸氧钛电流变液性能的影响

以草酸氧钛纳米颗粒为分散相,以不同黏度的二甲基硅油(运动学黏度为10 cSt、50 cSt、100 cSt、500 cSt和1000 cSt)为基液制备电流变液,测试其剪切屈服强度、零场黏度、电流变效率、响应时间及沉降稳定性,研究了基液黏度对草酸氧钛电流变液性能的影响。结果表明,以50 cSt二甲基硅油为基液的电流变液具有最佳的电流变效率,以100 cSt二甲基硅油为基液的电流变液具有最短的响应时间和较高的沉降稳定性。其机制是,较高的基液黏度可提供较大的黏滞阻力,但易引起颗粒的团聚。     

聚吡咯电流变体特性研究

以聚吡咯为悬浮颗粒,二甲基硅油为分散介质,制备了聚吡咯电流变体悬浮液。测试了其电流变性能,结果表明,聚吡咯电流变体具有较明显的电流变效应,并且悬浮液具有较低的漏电流密度。     

电喷法钛氧/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/硬脂酸颗粒及其电流变性能

采用电喷法制备钛氧/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/硬脂酸(钛氧/PVP/SA)微纳米颗粒。SEM、粒径分析表明钛氧/PVP/SA颗粒为规则球状,平均尺寸为236.7nm;FT-IR表明PVP、SA成功引入钛氧颗粒;XRD表明钛氧/PVP/SA颗粒为无定形态。分别以电喷法钛氧/PVP/SA、水解沉淀法钛氧/PVP/SA颗粒为分散相,制备质量分数为43%的电流变液。电流变性能测试结果表明,电喷法钛氧/PVP/SA电流变液比水解沉淀法钛氧/PVP/SA电流变液具有更高的剪切屈服强度及剪切稳定性。     

聚苯胺修饰草酸氧钛钡电流变性能的研究

采用原位氧化聚合法对草酸氧钛钡(BTO)粒子进行聚苯胺(PAn)修饰.发现聚苯胺的修饰极大地改善了草酸氧钛钡粒子与硅油的漫润性和所配制的电流变液的力学性能.当聚苯胺的修饰量为1.7%时,复合粒子表现出最佳的电流变效应,其静态剪切应力高达54.5kPa,是未修饰草酸氧钛钡粒子电流变液剪切应力的3.3倍.界面极化能力的增强和浸润性的改善是其ER性能显著提高的主要原因.     

丙三醇改性对电流变液性能的影响

以丙三醇和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用沉淀法制备丙三醇改性氧钛系(gly-O-Ti)电流变液颗粒,通过实验研究丙三醇加入量对颗粒形态及电流变性能的影响。颗粒结构及形态测试结果表明,gly-O-Ti颗粒呈无定形态,其粒径随丙三醇量增加而增大。电流变性能采用MCR301旋转流变仪测得,结果表明,当丙三醇与钛酸四丁酯摩尔比为2.5时,所制备的gly-O-Ti颗粒具有最佳的电流变效应;以此颗粒为分散相制备颗粒质量浓度为70%的电流变液,其在2.5kV/mm的电场强度下,剪切屈服强度达150kPa,呈低场高强特性。     

硅油端基对草酸氧钛电流变液性能的影响

以草酸氧钛纳米颗粒为分散相,以粘度相近、端基不同的硅油(羟基硅油、甲基含氢硅油、二甲基硅油)为基液制备电流变液,测试其剪切屈服强度、零场粘度、漏电流密度、剪切稳定性、沉降稳定性,以研究硅油端基结构对电流变液性能的影响。测试结果表明,以极性端基能够提高电流变液的剪切屈服强度、电流变效率及沉降稳定性,但导致漏电流密度增大;空间位阻作用较小的端基能够提高电流变液的剪切屈服强度、电流变效率,降低漏电流密度,但导致沉降稳定性变差。     

硅油端基对草酸氧钛电流变液性能的影响

以草酸氧钛纳米颗粒为分散相,以黏度相近,端基不同的硅油(羟基硅油、甲基含氢硅油、二甲基硅油)为基液制备电流变液,测试其剪切屈服强度、零场黏度、漏电流密度、剪切稳定性、沉降稳定性,以研究硅油端基结构对电流变液性能的影响。测试结果表明,以极性端基能够提高电流变液的剪切屈服强度、电流变效率及沉降稳定性,但导致漏电流密度增大;空间位阻作用较小的端基能够提高电流变液的剪切屈服强度、电流变效率,降低漏电流密度,但导致沉降稳定性变差。     

苯胺-SrTi(C2O4)2颗粒制备及其电流变性能

用沉淀法制备了苯胺-草酸氧钛锶（SrTi（C₂O₄）₂）颗粒。FTIR分析表明,苯胺已引入到SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒的表面;XRD分析表明,苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒为含少量结晶的无定形态。采用SEM观察颗粒的形貌,结果表明,随反应体系中苯胺与钛原子物质的量比n_aniline/n_Ti的增大,苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒由近似球状（n_aniline/n_Ti =0）变为多面体状（n_aniline/n_Ti =2）,而后变为棒状与团簇状颗粒的混合体系（n_aniline/n_Ti =3）。以苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒为分散相制备颗粒质量分数为66.7%电流变液,电流变性能测试结果表明,在n_aniline/n_Ti =2时,电流变液具有较高的剪切应力和剪切屈服强度、较大的漏电流密度。苯胺在颗粒制备过程中起控制颗粒形貌的作用,在电流变液体系中起极性分子的作用,其对苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂电流变液性能的影响是两种效应综合作用的结果。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...