涤纶毛条分散染料原位矿化染色新技术

通过实施原位矿化染色新技术,采用分散染料对涤纶毛条进行染色生产试验。与传统染色工艺相比,采用涤纶毛条原位矿化染色新技术,可使染色用水减少83.33%,染色废水CODCr降低51.65%,染色废水BOD5降低27.42%,染色废水中悬浮物降低40.74%,染色废水色度降低88.01%。采用该染色新技术无需对加工设备进行任何改动,综合染色加工成本低于或不高于传统染色加工成本。该染色新技术目前已在生产中推广应用,其深度节水、减排、节能效应十分明显,为涤纶毛条分散染料染色加工提供了一条新的加工途径。     

涤纶毛条分散染料原位矿化染色新技术北大核心

通过实施原位矿化染色新技术,采用分散染料对涤纶毛条进行染色生产试验。与传统染色工艺相比,采用涤纶毛条原位矿化染色新技术,可使染色用水减少83.33%,染色废水CODCr降低51.65%,染色废水BOD5降低27.42%,染色废水中悬浮物降低40.74%,染色废水色度降低88.01%。采用该染色新技术无需对加工设备进行任何改动,综合染色加工成本低于或不高于传统染色加工成本。该染色新技术目前已在生产中推广应用,其深度节水、减排、节能效应十分明显,为涤纶毛条分散染料染色加工提供了一条新的加工途径。     

粘胶毛条的活性染料原位矿化染色

采用原位矿化染色新技术对粘胶毛条进行活性染料染色。与传统染色工艺相比,粘胶毛条原位矿化染色新技术,可使染色用水减少66.67%,染色废水CODCr降低67.42%,染色废水BOD5降低60%,染色废水中残余苯胺类化合物降低72.62%,染色废水色度降低95.10%,减少工业蒸汽用量45.42%。采用该染色新技术无需对加工设备进行任何改动,染色加工综合成本明显低于传统染色加工成本。该染色新技术已在生产中推广应用,其深度节水、减排和节能效应十分明显,为粘胶毛条活性染料染色加工提供了一条新的途径。     

羊毛毛条的Lanasol CE染料原位矿化染色

采用Lanasol CE系列毛用活性染料对羊毛毛条进行原位矿化染色,优化的工艺参数为:偶合剂XAM0.8%(omf),偶合剂XBM 0.6%(omf),偶合剂XYS 5.0%(omf),矿化温度85℃,矿化时间40 min。与传统工艺相比,采用原位矿化染色工艺对羊毛进行染色,可节约染色用水约80%,染色废水COD_(Cr)值降低约57%。采用原位矿化工艺染制的羊毛毛条,颜色和各项色牢度、单纤维强力及断裂伸长率等指标均优于传统工艺。     

纯棉筒子纱活性染料原位矿化染色

采用原位矿化染色新技术对纯棉筒子纱活性染料染色进行了生产试验。与传统染色工艺相比,采用该染色新技术可使染色用水减少40.56%,蒸汽用量减少30.24%,电能消耗减少22.45%,染色废水CODCr降低69.99%,染色废水BOD5降低79.18%,染色废水氨氮总量增加468.93%,染色废水总氮含量降低47.33%,染色废水总磷含量降低36.55%,染色废水色度降低49.89%。     

粘胶毛条活性染料原位矿化染色工艺

针对粘胶纤维活性染料染色耗水量大、排放废水污染负荷高的问题,采用原位矿化技术对粘胶毛条进行活性染料染色,分析了固色碱剂与矿化助剂等主要因素对染色效果的影响,确定最佳工艺参数后进行生产试验。结果表明:原位矿化染色产品的颜色、色牢度与传统工艺染色产品基本一致,但原位矿化染色工艺可节水65.63%、节约蒸汽45.42%,排放废水的总色度、COD_(Cr)总量、BOD_5总量、苯胺类化合物总量分别降低95.10%、67.41%、59.61%与72.62%,具有深度节水、节能与减排效果,为粘胶纤维活性染料清洁染色加工提供一条新途径。     

涤/氨混纺织物的原位矿化染色

采用原位矿化染色技术对涤/氨混纺织物进行染色,并与传统染色工艺对比。结果表明,在原位矿化环节中,当助剂XBD用量为染料用量的0.2倍、XYS用量为染料用量的3.0倍、矿化温度为85℃,矿化时间为35 min时,涤/氨混纺织物染色后色牢度和颜色深度可以达到与传统染色工艺相当的水平。采用该染色新技术,可免除染色后还原清洗和多次净洗环节,排放废水的CODCr值较传统染色工艺降低40%～60%,实现了节水减排的目标。     

山羊绒原位矿化染色技术应用研究

为保证染色产品质量,传统山羊绒活性染料染色工艺需要繁琐的后处理,用水量及排污量大。采用Lanosol CE系列染料,同时对山羊绒散纤维进行传统工艺和原位矿化工艺染色加工,对比研究不同染色工艺产品的颜色、色牢度、纺纱性能等品质以及染色能耗、排污情况。结果表明,原位矿化工艺染品的颜色与传统工艺染品接近,色牢度与传统工艺染品相当,纺纱性能优于传统工艺染品,残液色度降低79%,COD_(cr)值降低83%,染色节水80%,染色时间节约11%,用电量节约11%,蒸汽耗用量节约58%,染色效率提高,加工成本显著降低。     

羊毛、涤纶纤维同浴染色原位矿化工艺

针对毛/涤混纺织物染色流程长、用水量大的问题,采用Lanasol染料和分散染料对羊毛和涤纶纤维进行原位矿化工艺同浴染色,分析了矿化工艺参数对染色效果的影响,并与传统染色进行比较。优化的工艺为环保载体2.0%(omf),矿化助剂XBD 1.00%(omf)、XYS 5.0%(omf),85℃矿化处理20 min。结果表明,原位矿化染色产品的颜色、色牢度与传统工艺基本一致,且具有显著的节水减排和提高生产效率的作用。     

亚麻纱线的活性染料原位矿化染色

采用原位矿化染色技术对亚麻纱线进行活性染料染色，探究了染色过程工艺参数对染色效果的影响。优化的亚麻纱线原位矿化染色工艺为：染料4%(omf),Na2SO480 g/L,XGA-1 2.0%(omf)，矿化助剂XBD 1.0%(omf)，矿化助剂XYS 5.0%(omf)，矿化时间30 min。结果表明：原位矿化染色工艺与传统染色技术染品的色泽及色牢度指标基本一致；原位矿化染色可减少染色用水40%，排放废水的CODCr值降低45%左右，简化了后处理工序，染色时间缩短23%，具有显著的节能减排以及提高效率的作用。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.