0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属循环塑性变形的力学本构关系

针对0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属开展了系列应变幅的循环加载试验,并分析了循环应力应变特性。结果表明:循环塑性变形条件下表观弹性模量随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;循环塑性应变显著降低屈服强度,且屈服强度随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;塑性变形段的真应力和真应变塑性分量满足单对数强化弹塑性本构关系,并建立了0Cr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属循环应力应变本构方程。     

OCr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属循环塑性变形的力学本构关系

针对OCr18Ni24Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属开展了系列应变幅的循环加载试验,并分析了循环应力应变特性.结果表明:循环塑性变形条件下表观弹性模量随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;循环塑性应变显著降低屈服强度,且屈服强度随应变幅的增大呈线性降低特点;塑性变形段的真应力和真应变塑性分量满足单对数强化弹塑性本构关系,并建立了OCr18Ni24 Mo6N奥氏体焊缝金属循环应力应变本构方程.     

0Cr20Ni12Mn5Mo2NbN钢循环应力应变本构关系

针对奥氏体0Cr20Ni12Mn5Mo2Nb N钢开展了系列应变幅的循环加载试验,分析了其循环应力应变特性,结果表明,循环全过程中真应力和真应变呈指数关系,基于该指数关系提出了描述循环应力应变关系的本构模型:σ=σ0+α·exp(β·ε)。     

10CrNi5MoV钢的包申格效应研究

利用单轴屈服试验法研究了高强度10Cr Ni5Mo V钢的包申格效应。结果表明,随着拉伸预塑性应变量的增大,10Cr Ni5Mo V钢的包申格效应显著增大,在约0.9%预塑性应变量时趋于饱和,此时包申格效应因子为0.72;包申格效应的产生主要与位错运动和背应力有关,热处理均可显著减弱10Cr Ni5Mo V钢的包申格效应。     

反应堆压力容器用SA508Gr.4N钢的热变形行为

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在温度为1050~1250℃、应变速率为0.001~0.1s-1、真应变量0.16的条件下,研究和分析SA508Gr.4N钢高温塑性变形及动态再结晶行为。结果表明:SA508Gr.4N钢的高温真应力-应变曲线主要以动态再结晶为特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加,属于温度和应变速率敏感材料;在真应力-应变曲线的基础上,建立材料热变形本构方程,较好地表征了材料高温流变特征,其热激活能为383.862kJ/mol;其硬化率-应力(θ-σ)曲线均呈现拐点且-dθ/dσ-σ曲线出现极小值;临界应变随应变速率的增大与变形温度的降低而增加,且临界应变(εc)与峰值应变(εp)之间具有一定相关性,即εc/εp=0.517;临界应变与Z参数之间的函数关系为εc=8.57×10-4 Z0.148。     

03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢动态力学性能和本构关系

以准静态压缩性能作为参考,通过气枪式霍普金森压杆试验,研究了03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢在常温20℃和低温-40℃两种环境条件下的动态力学性能,并基于Johnson-Cook本构模型建立了03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢本构关系。结果表明,准静态及高应变率下,03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢的强度均随着温度的降低呈升高趋势;与准静态相比,03Cr21Ni14Mn5Mo3N不锈钢在高应变率下显示出明显的应变率硬化效应;在1 500/s~4 000/s高应变率范围内,随应变率的增加,钢板动态强度略有增加,但应变率硬化效应不明显。      

金属塑性变形的本构模型研究

根据位错动力学理论,忽略动态应变时效因素,将塑性变形的流变应力分解为非热应力、热激活应力和粘拽阻力3部分,建立了一个基于物理概念的本构模型。对HSLA-65结构钢的力学行为进行了研究,试验温度为77～700K,应变率为0.001～0.1s-1,真实塑性应变超过60%。结果表明,塑性流变应力随温度的降低、应变和应变率的增加而增大;在一定的温度和应变率范围发生动态应变时效现象,并且随应变率的提高,该现象将移向更高的温区。通过模型预测与试验结果的比较可知,所给本构关系能很好地描述较宽的温度与应变率范围内的塑性流变应力。     

钢/聚氨酯夹层结构动态压缩力学性能与本构模型研究

基于霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置,对高应变率下的钢/聚氨酯夹层结构进行了动态压缩实验,通过对不同厚度比的试样进行比较,建立了夹层结构的动态本构模型。实验结果表明,钢/聚氨酯夹层结构对应变率较为敏感,其屈服强度随应变率的增大而增大,且屈服强度的增幅随应变率的提高会有一定幅度的上升。基于Johnson-Cook模型,考虑厚度比对结果的影响,建立适用于钢/聚氨酯夹层结构的动态本构模型,并通过试验分析,确定了模型参数。利用实测应力应变曲线拟合的方法得到的钢/聚氨酯夹层结构的动态压缩本构模型,能描述不同厚度比的钢/聚氨酯夹层结构在高应变率下的应力应变关系,具有较高的精度。     

9Ni3CrMoV钢形变强化能力的研究

从 3种不同厚度规格 (36mm ,5 0mm ,80mm )的 9Ni3CrMoV钢板中不同部位及不同方向取样 ,用圆试样测定了拉伸应力 应变曲线 ,计算了该钢的形变强化指数n值 ,研究了取样部位和取样方向对n值的影响 ,结果表明 ,试样取样部位和取样方向对n值的影响不大 ,9Ni3CrMoV钢的n值与屈强比σs/σb 及屈服强度σs 呈明显线性关系。在最大载荷下 ,9Ni3CrMoV钢的真应变εb 低于其形变强化指数n值 ,两者相差约 10 %。     

汽轮机转子10%Cr钢的高温低周疲劳特性

在分别控制应变和温度的条件下进行超超临界汽轮机转子10%Cr钢的高温低周疲劳实验,用SEM和TEM分析了10%Cr钢实验前后的表面形貌和亚晶粒结构。根据实验数据拟合应力-应变曲线、应力-寿命曲线和应变-寿命曲线,得到了反映材料高温低周疲劳特性的Ramberg-Osgood参数和Manson-Coffin参数。对比分析了低周疲劳实验初始和结束两个阶段的滞回曲线和应力-寿命曲线,并讨论了不同温度和不同应变幅控制的塑性应变。结果表明,在高温工况下10%Cr钢的塑性应变较为明显,随着应变幅的增大钢的疲劳寿命降低,随着循环周期的变化塑性应变速率经历了下降-过渡-上升三个阶段,曲线出现拐点。最大裂纹长度随循环周期呈非线性扩展,高温低周疲劳载荷使钢中的亚晶粒尺寸增大。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...