催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的研究

研究了FeCl3·6H2O为催化剂催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯。讨论了催化酯化的各种影响因素,优化的反应条件为:对羟基苯甲酸与丁醇摩尔比为1∶3,催化剂与对羟基苯甲酸的摩尔比为0.04∶1,反应时间2.0h,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯产率为98.9%。     

苯甲酸丁酯合成工艺的改进

以固体FeCl3·6H2O为催化剂催化合成苯甲酸丁酯,讨论了影响催化酯化的各种因素.其优化的反应条件为:n(苯甲酸):n(丁醇)=1:3.0、n(催化剂):n(苯甲酸)=0.04:1、反应时间为2.0 h,此时苯甲酸丁酯的产率约为90%.     

微波法强酸性树脂催化合成对羟基苯甲酸酯

采用强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,以对羟基苯甲酸和脂肪醇为原料,在微波辐射下合成了8种C2～8烷基对羟基苯甲酸酯。探讨了微波功率、微波辐射时间、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比等对合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯产率的影响。结果表明,微波功率320 W、微波辐射30 min、醇酸摩尔比8∶1、强酸性阳离子交换树脂0.6 g,在无带水剂存在下,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的产率可达90.3%。同时考察了催化剂的重复使用性。     

微波辐射法合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯

以对羟基苯甲酸与正丁醇为原料,以硫酸氢钠为催化剂,采用微波辐射法合成了对羟基苯甲酸丁酯。确定最优合成条件为:对羟基苯甲酸10.00 g、n(对羟基苯甲酸)∶n(正丁醇)=1∶3、催化剂用量0.9 g、微波辐射功率500W、微波辐射温度128℃、微波辐射时间30 min,在此条件下,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯产率可达91.3%。     

二氧化硅负载硫酸钛催化合成苯甲酸正丁酯

以二氧化硅负载硫酸钛[Ti(SO4)2/SiO2]为催化剂,通过苯甲酸和正丁醇反应合成了苯甲酸正丁酯,研究了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明:Ti(SO4)／SiO2是合成苯甲酸正丁酯的良好催化剂,在醇酸物质的量比为3:1,催化剂用量为2.5g／0.05mol苯甲酸,反应时间为2h的条件下,苯甲酸正丁酯的酯化率可达96.1％。     

氨基磺酸催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯

研究了以氨基磺酸为催化剂催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯。优化反应条件如下：醇酸摩尔比为1：3．5，催化剂用量为1．6g(当对羟基苯甲酸用量为0．1mol时)，反应温度为135～140℃，反应时间3．0h，对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的产率为95．4％。催化剂易回收，可循环使用，不污染环境。     

微波辐射相转移催化合成苯甲酸正丁酯

研究了在四丁基溴化铵催化下，采用微波辐射由苯甲酸钠和溴代正丁烷发生亲核取代反应合成苯甲酸正丁酯。讨论了微波辐射功率、辐射时间、原料配比及催化剂用量等对酯化反应的影响。结果表明：当n（苯甲酸钠）：n（溴代正丁烷）：n（四丁基溴化铵）为1．0：3．0：0．3时，采用280W微波辐射55min，苯甲酸正丁酯的产率可达93．4％。     

磷钨酸铯作催化剂合成对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯

本文介绍了磷钨杂多酸铯的制备方法，并用其作催化剂合成了对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯，确定了合成对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯的最佳工艺条件；正丁醇，对羟基苯甲酸与甲苯的物质的量为4：1：2，催化剂用量为对羟基苯甲酸质量的10%左右，反应时间4h，反应温度130℃左右，对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯的收率为97.9%。     

常见硫酸盐催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯

系统研究了几种常见硫酸盐作催化剂催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯。结果表明,酸式KHSO_4催化活性最高,酯产率达到96.8%,具有Lewis酸性质的硫酸盐催化效果适中,酯化产率68.6～82.4%。     

微波辐射催化合成对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯

以对羟基苯甲酸与正丁醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,微波辐射催化合成了对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯。优化了合成条件,结果表明：当正丁醇为0．4mol,对羟基苯甲酸为0．1mol,催化剂为0．80g,微波辐射的功率为600W,反应温度为120℃,时间为12min时,反应产率达92．8％。产品经过熔点测定仪和红外光谱仪表征,证实与目标产物完全一致。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。