"Acquisition of a complex place task in rats with selective ibotenate lesions of hippocampal formation: Combined lesions of subiculum and entorthinal cortex versus hippocampus": Correction.

Reports an error in "Acquisition of a complex place task in rats with selective ibotenate lesions of hippocampal formation: Combined lesions of subiculum and entorhinal cortex versus hippocampus" by John-Paul Bouffard and Leonard E. Jarrard (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1988[Dec], Vol 102[6], 828-834). This article's corresponding plate appears on page 995. The information should read, "Plate A. Photomicrographs of horizontal, cresyl violet stained sections at dorsal, middle, and ventral levels of the brain for an unoperated control rat (left), an animal from the Subiculum + Entorhinal lesion group (middle), and a rat from the hippocampus group (right)." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1989-28756-001.) The effects of isolating the hippocampus from its neocortical inputs and outputs by damaging the deep layers of entorhinal cortex and subiculum were compared with direct removal of the hippocampus using acquisition of a complex radial maze task. A series of eight problems (four out of eight arms being correct) were learned under either massed (45 s) or distributed (10 min) practice conditions, thus varying contextual information. Performance of rats with subiculum/entorhinal cortex lesions was similar to that of controls in all aspects of the radial maze task; whereas animals with hippocampal lesions were impaired on nearly all dependent measures. Although the effects of varying the intertrial interval were generally small, distributed practice did serve to facilitate the performance of hippocampal rats in terms of working memory. These findings are discussed as they related to recent theorizing in the area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Dynamic testing": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by E. L. Grigorenko and R. J. Sternberg (Psychological Bulletin, 1998[Jul], Vol 124[1], 75–111). The original article contained a word-processing error that resulted in an incorrect word substitution in the reference list. Corrections to the references are listed. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1998-04232-004.) This article evaluatively reviews the literature on dynamic testing, a collection of testing procedures designed to quantify not only the products or even the processes of learning but also the potential to learn. The article considers a variety of approaches to dynamic testing and the strengths and weaknesses of each. Moreover, the literature on each approach is reviewed and analyzed in terms of the extent to which it fulfills the claims made for it. In all of these approaches, testing involves learning at the time of test, rather than just static testing of what has been learned before. It is concluded that dynamic testing has great potential for helping to understand people's potentials but that its potential has yet to be realized fully. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Does reward increase or decrease creativity?": Correction to Eisenberger and Selbst.

Reports an error in "Does reward increase or decrease creativity" by Robert Eisenberger and Michael Selbst (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994[Jun], Vol 66[6], 1116-1127). In the aforementioned article, Figures 1 and 2 were interchanged. The figures appear with their correct captions in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1994-40652-001.) Two studies involving 504 school children investigated why behaviorists and cognitively oriented investigators have come to opposite conclusions about reward's effects on creativity. A monetary reward for a high degree of divergent thought in 1 task (word construction) increased children's subsequent originality in a different task (picture drawing). The same reward, made contingent on a low degree of divergent thought, reduced this generalized originality. These effects were eliminated by using a large reward and were restored by keeping the large reward out of the children's sight. The results suggest that reward training increases generalized creativity when (1) a high degree of divergent thought is required and (2) the reward is presented in not too salient a fashion. The findings are consistent with a 2-factor interpretation of rewarded creativity effects that incorporates learned industriousness and selective attention. [A correction concerning this article appears in Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 1994(Jul), Vol 67(1), 125. Figures 1 and 2 were interchanged.] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Differential involvement of the dorsal anterior cingulate and prelimbic-infralimbic areas of the rodent prefrontal cortex in spatial working memory": Correction to Ragozzino et al. (1998).

Reports an error in "Differential involvement of the dorsal anterior cingulate and prelimbic-infralimbic areas of the rodent prefrontal cortex in spatial working memory" by Michael E. Ragozzino, Spencer Adams and Raymond P. Kesner (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1998[Apr], Vol 112[2], 293-303). Figure 1 (page 295) and Figure 4 (page 299) were printed incorrectly. The corrected figure pages and corresponding captions are provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1998-01023-003.) The present study examined the effects of quinolinic acid lesions of the dorsal anterior cingulate and prelimbic-infralimbic cortices on spatial working memory and spatial discrimination using go/no-go procedures. All testing occurred in a 12-arm radial maze. In a working memory task, rats were allowed to enter 12 arms for a cereal reward. Three or 4 arms were presented for a 2nd time in a session, which did not result in a reward. In a spatial discrimination task, rats had successive access to 2 different arms. One arm always contained a reward, and the other never contained a reward. Prelimbic-infralimbic lesions impaired spatial working memory but only produced a transient spatial discrimination deficit. Dorsal anterior cingulate lesions did not induce a deficit in either task. These findings suggest that the prelimbic-infralimbic cortices, but not the anterior cingulate cortex, are important in spatial working memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Reminiscence and Stage of Illness in Schizophrenia": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by J. Higgins and S. A. Mednick (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1963, 66[4], 314-317). On page 317, the third line of the right-hand column should read: phrenics were .46 and .50, respectively. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1963-08191-001.) When given a repetitive inverse alphabet printing task to perform for 5 min. of massed practice, Early Stage schizophrenics (N=16) displayed a greater degree of improvement in performance (reminiscence) after a 2-min. rest than did Advanced Stage schizophrenics (N = 16). Early Stage and Advanced Stage schizophrenia were defined in terms of a theory of schizophrenia which postulates differential levels of arousal as characteristic of the stages of the disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm": Correction to Greenwald et al. (2003).

Reports an error in "Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm" by Anthony G. Greenwald, Brian A. Nosek and Mahzarin R. Banaji (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003[Aug], Vol 85[2], 197-216). The article contained several errors. On page 203, the data lines in Figure 2 are incorrectly labeled. As in Figure 1, the line with filled squares as data points should be labeled MEAN, the line with filled diamonds as data points should be labeled MEDIAN, and the line with unfilled squares as data points should be labeled RECIPROCAL. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2003-05897-003.) In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT (A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998). Demonstration IATs available on the Internet have produced large data sets that were used in the current article to evaluate alternative scoring procedures. Candidate new algorithms were examined in terms of their (a) correlations with parallel self-report measures, (b) resistance to an artifact associated with speed of responding, (c) internal consistency, (d) sensitivity to known influences on IAT measures, and (e) resistance to known procedural influences. The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors. This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Task structure and the experimental modification of verbal behavior.

Numerous studies have investigated techniques assumed to modify verbal behavior. The present article focuses on 3 of the most important procedures: instructions, verbal models, and verbal conditioning. These procedures are reviewed and interpreted as sources of information available to the S in the experimental task. The effects of task structure and S uncertainty are discussed in terms of these sources of information and their effects upon the S's awareness and intention related to task performance. Studies that have compared the use of the 3 modification techniques with verbal behavior are evaluated within the context of this theoretical approach. Similarities and differences between experimental studies of verbal behavior and the psychotherapeutic setting are discussed in terms of applying modification procedures to problems outside of the laboratory. (78 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Nature of priming effects in semantic matching": Correction to Whitlow.

Reports an error in "Nature of priming effects in semantic matching" by J. W. Whitlow (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1986[Jul], Vol 12[3], 353-360). The Appendix table was constructed incorrectly. The correct table appears in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-29114-001.) Studied priming effects in a semantic matching task that distinguished visually based matching processes from nominally and semantically based matching processes, using 24 undergraduates. Ss judged semantic matches for 3 types of word pairs: identical (e.g., robin-robin), same category (e.g., robin-sparrow), and different category (e.g., robin-truck). Visual matching was isolated by comparing performance between physical identity (e.g., robin-robin) and nominal identity (e.g., robin-ROBIN) pairs. Physical identity pairs, which allowed visually based matching, exhibited an interaction between priming and the typicality of category exemplars that was absent in nominal identity and same-category pairs. Priming had no effect on nominal identity pairs. For same-category pairs, which required semantically based matching, priming produced facilitation at all levels of typicality. The results bring the semantic matching paradigm into agreement with other procedures that show that priming facilitates processing for all related targets. Categories and exemplars used as stimulus materials are appended. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effect of defining features on inhibition in a spatial localization task": Correction to Simone et al (1998).

Reports an error in "Effect of defining features on inhibition in a spatial localization task" by Patricia M. Simone, Elizabeth A. Carlisle and Eileen B. McCormick (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1998[Jun], Vol 24[3], 993-1005). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) main effects and interactions reported in the article were incorrect owing to an error in programming. Electronic mail requests for a table of corrected ANOVAs may be sent to psimone@scu.edu. Planned comparisons altered by the corrected analyses occur in the results of Experiments 2 and 4. The corrected results are presented in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1998-02354-022.) In selective attention tasks, inhibition appears to be limited to the reported feature of a stimulus, suggesting that reported features determine inhibition (S. P. Tipper, B. Weaver, & G. Houghton, see record 1995-20194-001). This article examines whether defining features can also determine inhibition when participants are required to make a cognitive search on the basis of a target feature (color or shape). In 2 spatial localization experiments in which a touch-sensitive monitor was used, results indicated that distractor inhibition depended on both defining and reported stimulus features. Two additional experiments examined the locus of discrepancy between these results and other findings (e.g., B. Milliken, S. R Tipper, & B. Weaver, see record 1994-35938-001). The researchers concluded that defining features can determine inhibition in a selective attention task involving spatial localization. However, defining-feature inhibition may depend on level of analysis of the stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Does implicit memory extend to legal and illegal nonwords?

In 4 experiments, implicit and explicit memory for words and nonwords were compared. In Exps 1–2 memory for words and legal nonwords (e.g., kers) was assessed with an identification (implicit) and a recognition (explicit) memory task: Robust priming was obtained for both words and nonwords, and the priming effects dissociated from explicit memory following a levels-of-processing manipulation (Exp 1) and following a study-test modality shift (Exp 2). In Exp 3, priming for legal and illegal nonwords (e.g., xyks) was observed on an identification task, and the effects dissociated from explicit memory following a levels-of-processing manipulation. Finally, in Exp 4, significant inhibitory priming for legal nonwords was observed when a lexical-decision task was used. Results suggest that implicit memory can extend to legal and illegal nonwords. Implications for theories of implicit memory are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Rothermund et al. (2005).

Reports an error in the article "Retrieval of Incidental Stimulus-Response Associations as a Source of Negative Priming" by Rothermund et al. (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol 31(3) May 2005, 482-495). Table 1 (p. 484) was incorrectly typeset. The correct layout is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2005-05101-007.) Priming effects of ignored distractor words were investigated in a task-switching situation that allowed an orthogonal variation of priming and response compatibility between prime and probe. Across 3 experiments, the authors obtained a disordinal interaction of priming and response relation. Responding was delayed in the ignored repetition condition if different responses were required for identical stimuli in the prime and probe (negative priming). Repeating the prime distractor in the probe facilitated responding if the same response was required in the prime and in the probe (positive priming). The same pattern of results was replicated in a letter-matching task without task switching (Experiment 4). Findings lend support to a new model that explains negative priming in terms of an automatic retrieval of incidental stimulus-response associations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Differential effects of posterior septal lesions on dispositional and representational memory": Correction to Thomas and Gash (1986).

Reports an error in "Differential effects of posterior septal lesions on dispositional and representational memory" by Garth J. Thomas and Don M. Gash (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1986[Oct], Vol 100[5], 712-719). A phrase was erroneously deleted from the text. In the seventh paragraph on p. 713, the second sentence should read as follows: Early in training individual differences were great, but by the end of adaptation training, individual differences were quite small and all rats responded at close to asymptotic speeds. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-06585-001.) A distinction between 2 classes of memory has been made in terms of the sensory availability of cues at the time of making discriminations that are influenced by past experience. Three tasks objectively defining this distinction were learned in a T-maze by 36 male Long-Evans rats in 3 groups: (a) a delayed non-matching-to-sample (DNMTS) that depended on representational memory; (b) a simple sensory discrimination (SD) that depended on dispositional memory; and (c) a more difficult discrimination that also depended on dispositional memory, called the simultaneous conditional discrimination (SCD). The DNMTS and SD tasks were acquired quickly; the SCD task took many more trials. Posterior septal lesions impaired DNMTS performance but had no effect on retention of tasks that depended on dispositional memory. Results indicate that dispositional and representational memory systems have at least partially distinct anatomical substrates in the brain and that it is the representational and not the conditional aspects of the DNMTS task that are impaired by the septal lesions. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Acquisition of a complex place task in rats with selective ibotenate lesions of hippocampal formation: Combined lesions of subiculum and entorhinal cortex versus hippocampus.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 103(1) of Behavioral Neuroscience (see record 2008-10623-001). This article's corresponding plate appears on page 995. The information should read, "Plate A. Photomicrographs of horizontal, cresyl violet stained sections at dorsal, middle, and ventral levels of the brain for an unoperated control rat (left), an animal from the Subiculum + Entorhinal lesion group (middle), and a rat from the hippocampus group (right)."] The effects of isolating the hippocampus from its neocortical inputs and outputs by damaging the deep layers of entorhinal cortex and subiculum were compared with direct removal of the hippocampus using acquisition of a complex radial maze task. A series of eight problems (four out of eight arms being correct) were learned under either massed (45 s) or distributed (10 min) practice conditions, thus varying contextual information. Performance of rats with subiculum/entorhinal cortex lesions was similar to that of controls in all aspects of the radial maze task; whereas animals with hippocampal lesions were impaired on nearly all dependent measures. Although the effects of varying the intertrial interval were generally small, distributed practice did serve to facilitate the performance of hippocampal rats in terms of working memory. These findings are discussed as they related to recent theorizing in the area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception": Correction to Connine and Clifton.

Reports an error in "Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception" by Cynthia M. Connine and Charles Clifton (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1987[May], Vol 13[2], 291-299). In the aforementioned article, Figures 1 and 2 were inadvertently transposed. The figure on p. 294 is actually Figure 2, and the figure on p. 296 is actually Figure 1. The captions are correct as they stand. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-23984-001.) Two experiments are reported that demonstrate contextual effects on identification of speech voicing continua. Experiment 1 demonstrated the infuence of lexical knowledge on identification of ambiguous tokens from word–nonword and nonword–word continua. Reaction times for word and nonword responses showed a word advantage only for ambiguous stimulus tokens (at the category boundary); no word advantage was found for clear stimuli (at the continua endpoints). Experiment 2 demonstrated an effect of a postperceptual variable, monetary payoff, on nonword–nonword continua. Identification responses were influenced by monetary payoff, but reaction times for bias-consistent and bias-inconsistent responses did not differ at the category boundary. An advantage for bias-consistent responses was evident at the continua endpoints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Self-administration of alcohol before and after a public speaking challenge by individuals with social phobia": Correction to Abrams et al. (2002).

Reports an error in "Self-administration of alcohol before and after a public speaking challenge by individuals with social phobia." by Kenneth Abrams, Matt G. Kushner, Krista Lisdahl Medina and Amanda Voight (Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2002[Jun], Vol 16[2], 121-128). On page 121, in the abstract, the penultimate sentence incorrectly reads, “As predicted, participants consumed more alcohol following the anxiety challenge than following the control task; however, the opposite pattern was evidenced for drinking following the 2 activities.” The sentence should read as follows: “As predicted, participants consumed more alcohol following the anxiety challenge than following the control task; however, the opposite pattern was evidenced for drinking preceding the 2 activities.” (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2002-01321-005.) K. Abrams, M. Kushner, K. Medina, and A. Voight (2001) showed that alcohol attenuates social anxiety symptoms in socially phobic individuals. This article examines whether social anxiety symptoms can lead to increased alcohol use in this same population. Forty-four individuals with social phobia attended 2 laboratory sessions, spaced 1 week apart, in groups of approximately 10. Participants underwent a social anxiety challenge during 1 session and a control task during the other. Half of the sample self-administered alcohol immediately before, and half immediately after, these 2 activities. As predicted, participants consumed more alcohol following the anxiety challenge than following the control task; however, the opposite pattern was evidenced for drinking following the 2 activities. These findings add to an understanding of why social phobia and alcohol problems tend to co-occur. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Restriction of pursuit eye movement range during a concurrent auditory task.

Two experiments with 10 21-37 yr old males were conducted to determine the effects of a concurrent auditory dot/dash identification task on pursuit eye movements (PEMs). Results indicate there was a significant (20%) but transitory task-induced restriction of the range of both an 18° horizontal and a 14° vertical PEM visual angle. Doubling the presentation rate of the concurrent task accounted for an additional 5% restriction of PEM range. Results also indicate that the eye-movement range was unaffected by both prior knowledge of the task and 4 consecutive practice trials. It is suggested that both the rapidity of target movement and the presence of concurrent mental tasks could significantly shrink an operator's PEM ranges during viewing of dynamic visual displays such as airborne low-level TV and forward-looking infrared. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conceptually driven encoding episodes create perceptual misattributions

Processing fluency caused by prior encoding of a word is shown to increased duration judgments about that word and to decrease brightness contrast judgments about its mask when the word is presented in a masked word identification task. These effects occurred following an encoding task that involved visual perception of the words (reading aloud) and a task that provided no direct visual experience (generation from a semantic cue). Analysis of judgments conditionalized on correct or failed identification of target words indicated that judgments were powerfully affected by successful identification. Subjective estimates of the proportion of targets that were previously studied suggested that awareness of prior occurrence followed as an attribution based on fluent word identification, rather than acting as a causal agent for identification or altered perceptual judgments. We conclude that prior perceptual and conceptual encoding episodes can contribute to fluent processing of target words on a subsequent masked word identification task and that, regardless of its source, this fluency is experienced in a generic form that is susceptible to attribution to various causes, including prior experience (creating a sense of recollection) and current stimulus conditions.     

"Recovery of spatial alternation deficits following selective hippocampal destruction with kainic acid": Correction to Kesslak and Gage (1986).

Reports an error in "Recovery of spatial alternation deficits following selective hippocampal destruction with kainic acid" by J. Patrick Kesslak and Fred H. Gage (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1986[Apr], Vol 100[2], 280-283). In the aforementioned article, the degrees of freedom reported in the Results section are incorrect. In the sixth paragraph on page 281, the second sentence should read as follows: Results of the ANOVA indicated a significant effect for surgical treatments. F(2, 25)=25.44, p1986-21445-001.) Examined whether the sympathetic ingrowth of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) fibers sprouting into the hippocampus following kainic acid (KA) lesion of CA3 and CA4 pyramidal cells in male Sprague-Dawley rats would contribute to behavioral recovery. 31 Ss were trained on a forced-choice task. After reaching criterion performance levels, Ss received either KA (8 nM/0.4 μl) or saline injections into the hippocampus and were again tested on the forced-choice task. Half of the Ss had their SCG removed 35 days after injections, and all were again tested on the forced-choice task. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed Ss receiving KA took significantly longer to reach criterion following injections. Removal of the SCG after recovery reintroduced the performance deficit of KA-treated Ss on the alternation task; no other group showed any effect for SCG removal. Results indicate that the SCG may have a modulatory effect in behavioral recovery, although other mechanisms may also be operating. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effects on executive function following damage to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)": Correction to Moore et al (2009).

Reports an error in "Effects on executive function following damage to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)" by Tara L. Moore, Stephen P. Schettler, Ronald J. Killiany, Douglas L. Rosene and Mark B. Moss (Behavioral Neuroscience, 2009[Apr], Vol 123[2], 231-241). There was an error in the first sentence of the third full paragraph in the text on p. 235. The sentence should read “Based on the lesion reconstructions it was determined, as intended, that all monkeys had complete damage to areas 46, 8a, 8b, 9 and slight damage to area 10.” (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-04037-001.) Executive function is a term used to describe the cognitive processes subserved by the prefrontal cortex (PFC). An extensive body of work has characterized the effects of damage to the PFC in nonhuman primates, but it has focused primarily on the capacity of recognition and working memory. One limitation in studies of the functional parcellation of the PFC has been the absence of tests that assess executive function or its functional components. The current study used an adaptation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a classic test of frontal lobe and executive function in humans, to assess the effects of bilateral lesions in the dorsolateral PFC on executive function in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The authors used the category set-shifting task, which requires the monkey to establish a pattern of responding to a specific category (color or shape) based on reward contingency, maintain that pattern of responding, and then shift to responding to a different category when the reward contingency changes. Rhesus monkeys with lesions of the dorsolateral PFC were impaired in abstraction, establishing a response pattern to a specific category and maintaining and shifting that response pattern on the category set-shifting task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)