桔子副产品——桔皮类胡萝卜素的利用

从新鲜桔皮中用各种溶剂萃取类胡萝卜素丙酮试验中最有效的溶剂。在最初用丙酮或乙醇洗涤后,用丙酮二次连续的萃取,能除去89％的类胡萝卜素。浓缩萃取液.将类胡萝卜素转移到己烷中,由己烷蒸发得到一种粗的色素浓缩物。水洗先于丙酮萃取而排除溶剂——溶剂转入己烷中,由萃取残留物中回收果胶,从桔皮中除去类胡萝卜素不影响果胶的得率和质量。     

桔子副产品—桔皮类胡萝卜素的利用

从新鲜桔皮中用各种溶剂萃取类胡萝卜素丙酮试验中有效的溶剂。在最初用丙酮或乙醇洗涤后，用丙酮二次连续的萃取，能除去８９％的类胡萝卜素。浓缩萃取液，将类胡萝卜素转移到己烷中，由己烷蒸发得到一种粗的色素浓缩物。水洗先于丙酮萃取而排除溶剂－溶剂转入己烷中，由萃取残留物中回收果胶，从桔皮中除去类胡萝卜素不影响果胶的得率和质量。     

超声波、微波辅助萃取鹌鹑蛋黄卵磷脂的研究

探索超声波、微波辅助萃取鹌鹑蛋黄卵磷脂工艺条件,在单因素水平试验基础上进行正交试验优化工艺条件。结果表明:超声波萃取最佳工艺为V(乙醇):V(乙醚)=2:1,溶剂用量为4倍蛋黄体积,萃取时间30 min,萃取2次,萃取率达87.5%;微波萃取最佳工艺为萃取液用体积分数95%乙醇,pH值8.5,料液比1:4,辐射功率650W,辐射时间40s,萃取率为88%。     

大豆异黄酮提取工艺的研究

试验采用80%的乙醇溶液萃取脱脂豆粕，将萃取液蒸发浓缩后，用正已烷萃取脂溶性的物质，用盐酸酸除去蛋白经分离后，用大孔树脂进行提纯，最后用丙酮萃取提纯，使其成品得率达到75.0%，含量为70.56%其中大豆苷元占44.66%，染科木黄酮糖苷为55.34%。     

高效液相色谱法测定烟叶中的总茄尼醇

为了简化烟叶样品前处理步骤,采用正己烷直接萃取烟叶样品得到烟叶的正己烷萃取液,利用KOH水溶液对正己烷萃取液直接进行油水两相皂化,再采用高效液相色谱法测定皂化后萃取液中的茄尼醇浓度.结果表明:①萃取温度65°C,萃取时间24 h,KOH水溶液浓度0.01 mol/L,皂化时间0.5 h时,萃取效率较好,皂化转化率较高;②茄尼醇的质量浓度范围为2.125～34.000 mg/L时,峰面积与质量浓度具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.99998;③平均回收率为97.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%(n=3).表明该方法快速、简便、准确.     

高效液相色谱法测定食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物总量

建立了检测食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯总量的高效液相色谱方法。采用皂化酸解工艺,将食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯转化为邻苯二甲酸,经正己烷萃取弃除脂肪酸,再用乙酸乙酯萃取邻苯二甲酸,旋转蒸发浓缩,用甲醇溶解,C18色谱柱分离,紫外检测器分析,流动相为甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲溶液(浓度25 mmol/L,pH 2.5)进行梯度洗脱,总流速为1 mL/min,测定邻苯二甲酸的含量,并进一步估算出邻苯二甲酸酯的总含量。所建立的方法相对标准偏差为2.67%～9.51%,回收率在79.12%～110.01%之间。该方法前处理简单,有利于大批量样品中邻苯二甲酸酯总量的检测,适用于初步判定食用油是否受到邻苯二甲酸酯的污染及其受污染程度。     

光度法测定烟草中总类胡萝卜素的方法研究

以90％的丙酮溶液漫提烟草试样中的全部色素。然后用氢氧化钾的甲醇溶液将叶绿素及叶黄素的酯皂化。形成溶于水的盐，再用乙醚将类胡萝卜素萃取出来。测定445nm处的吸光度值并定量。通过实验，探索了光度法测定烟革中总类胡萝卜素的方法步骤。     

玉环柚果肉中挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取的方法,对柚子果肉中的挥发油进行提取。用旋转蒸发仪除去溶剂乙醚,并通过GC-MS法对其进行分离和鉴定。共鉴定出13种化合物,它们是冰片、柠檬烯、月桂烯等。同时运用峰面积归一化法测得各化学成分在挥发油中的相对百分含量。     

菜籽油脱臭馏出物中天然VE和植物甾醇提取工艺研究

不同的脱臭馏出物脂肪酸含量差别很大,为充分利用其中的天然VE和植物甾醇,针对脂肪酸含量低的菜籽油脱臭馏出物,采用酒精萃取天然VE。90%酒精、pH4.0,液料比4L/kg,在60℃、120r/min下搅拌萃取20min,VE提取率达68.82%,浓缩24.48倍。萃余物水相皂化,碱料比0.2kgNaOH/kg,水料比5L/kg,80℃下皂化8h后,经盐水洗涤,用乙酸乙酯萃取不皂化物中的植物甾醇,液料比7L/kg脱臭馏出物,在50℃、120r/min搅拌下萃取40min,萃取液1000r/min离心15min,甾醇提取率达75.97%,浓缩20.3倍。针对脂肪酸含量高的脱臭馏出物,2%碱水洗至酸价测不出,再用硅胶吸附法浓缩VE。硅胶用量为原料的3倍,吸附溶剂6号溶剂油用量9L/kg原料,在30℃下吸附1.25h,解吸溶剂石油醚/乙醇(1∶4)用量7L/kg原料,于室温下解吸0.75h,VE提取率达65.02%,浓缩12.4倍。在上述硅胶中用乙醇在室温下解吸0.75h,乙醇用量32L/kg原料,甾醇提取率达73.46%,浓缩10.4倍。两种工艺均取得了较好的效果。     

微波萃取沙棘黄酮的研究

以体积分数70%的乙醇为萃取液,用单因素分析与正交试验相结合的方法,研究了微波萃取沙棘叶黄酮。确定的优化条件为微波功率560W,萃取时间6min,料液比(g∶mL)1∶20。测定沙棘叶中黄酮类化合物的含量为3068mg/g。     

番茄果皮中番茄红素的超临界二氧化碳流体萃取

本项研究表明：超临界二氧化碳流体萃取能够作为传统的有机试剂萃取的替代方法有效地从番茄果皮组织中萃取番茄红素等类胡萝卜素。在本项研究中，多种有机试剂被用来对样品组织进行预处理。这种预处理可明显地提高超临界流体萃取的效率。用四氢呋喃对组织进行预处理后，超临界流体萃取物中总类胡萝卜素的含量比丙酮-乙醚萃取物的高31％，其中番茄红素占90％。这一流程可以考虑被应用到工业生产中去。     

Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) extract from by-product of juice processing: A focus on carotenoids

Cashew apple fibrous residue is a by-product of the cashew juice industry. After pressing using a helical type continuous press followed by crossflow microfiltration, an aqueous extract was obtained from these cashew apple fibres. It was characterised by an intense yellow colour due to carotenoid pigments. Carotenoids were identified and quantified in the cashew apple before extraction, in its aqueous extract and in the concentrate obtained by microfiltration. Cashew apple aqueous extract and its concentrate presented a carotenoid profile with 11 carotenoids, most of them were tentatively identified by HPLC-DAD–MS and are xanthophylls present under an esterified form. Auroxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin represented around 50% of total carotenoids. Concentration of the extract by microfiltration led to epoxy-furanoxy rearrangement of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin. The process allowed an increase of 10 times total carotenoid content compared with initial cashew apple. Total carotenoid content of the final concentrated extract reached 54 mg/kg.     

Extraction of Pentosans from Wheat Flour with Trichloroacetic Acid Solutions

Pentosans were extracted from wheat flour with 15% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 2°C. The TCA was extracted with ether and the aqueous solution dialyzed, centrifuged and lyophilized. Subfractions obtained by fractionation on Sepharose 6B and by ammonium sulfate precipitation were analyzed for carbohydrates, protein and hydroxyproline. The pentosans contained a high molecular weight component having only arabinose and galactose as monosaccharides, and 4.4% protein, of which 3% w/w was hydroxyproline.     

高速逆流色谱法分离制备蓖麻籽中的蓖麻碱

利用高速逆流色谱法对蓖麻籽中蓖麻碱粗提物进行纯化,以液相色谱对纯化结果进行检测,用质谱、核磁对纯化产物进行结构确定。去壳后的蓖麻籽经过石油醚- 乙醚(2:1,V/V)脱脂,以95% 乙醇索式提取,所得产物浓缩、冻干后得到蓖麻碱粗提物。采用三氯甲烷- 甲醇- 水(2:1:1,V/V)两相溶剂体系对粗提物进行高速逆流色谱纯化一次进样100mg,可得到74mg 样品。纯化所得主要组分经面积归一化法确定其纯度达到99.62%。质谱、核磁验证纯化产物为蓖麻碱。高速逆流色谱可用于大量制备高纯度蓖麻碱。     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法分析海藻碘浓缩液中砷形态

目的 建立液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LC-ICP-MS)测定海藻碘浓缩液中6种不同形态砷化合物的分析方法。方法 单因素实验确定对不同形态砷化合物LC-ICP-MS的分离条件, 包括流动相浓度、pH及洗脱方式。以总砷提取效率的高低评价三种不同的提取砷化合物的方法, 确定最佳方法。结果 以稀硝酸浸提的前处理方法的提取效果最佳, 提取效率为84.28%~92.99%;以25 mmol/L pH8.0磷酸二氢铵溶液和水作为流动相, 采用梯度洗脱的方式, 可以将6种砷形态完全分离,结果显示6种海藻碘样品中砷甜菜碱AsB含量较多, 而亚砷酸盐As(III)、砷酸盐As(V)和二甲基砷酸DMA含量较少, 未检测出砷胆碱AsC和一甲基砷酸MMA, 样品有毒砷含量占浓缩液总砷含量的2.01%~3.69%, 本方法加标回收率在80.4%~101.5%之间。结论 海藻碘浓缩液中砷形态的主要存在形式为AsB,本方法准确、简单,适合海藻碘浓缩液中砷形态分析。     

从双液相溶剂棉仁浸取液中提纯棉酚

采用石油醚和甲醇的双液相溶剂浸取棉仁可以得到高质量的棉籽油和棉籽粕,棉仁中的棉酚大部分被甲醇溶解。从甲醇相中提取棉酚,可增加该工艺的的经济效益。考察了棉酚在甲醇相中的储存稳定性,储存温度越低,环境光线越弱,储存时间越短,棉酚损失越小。用水稀释法提取甲醇相中的棉酚,并对提取工艺进行了优化研究。较佳提取参数为:甲醇相溶剂浓缩至1.0 mL/g棉仁,向甲醇相浓缩液中加入2倍体积的水,分2次加入,破乳剂氯化钠加量1%(W/V浓缩液),调pH为5,静置8 h后分离沉淀。在此工艺条件下得到的棉酚产率为68.25%,纯度为96.89%。说明水稀释法是一种可行的从甲醇相中提取棉酚的方法。     

混合反胶团提取α-淀粉酶

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯聚氧乙烯醚(Tween-60)为混合表面活性剂溶于正丁醇-异辛烷中构成反胶团系统,萃取纯化α-淀粉酶。研究不同萃取条件下,α-淀粉酶的萃取率。其中反胶团相组成为：ρ(CTAB+Tween-60)＝4g/L;n(CTAB):n(Tween-60)＝2.0:1.0;V(正丁醇):V(异辛烷)＝1.0:1.0。水相组成为：α-淀粉酶配制的粗酶液,此时c(NaCl)＝0.04mol/L,水相pH11.04。结果表明：萃取温度40℃、V(有机相):V(水相) ＝2.0:1.0、振荡时间10min时,α-淀粉酶萃取率可达91%;反萃取水相组成为c(NaCl)＝2.5mol/L、pH4.5、V(水相):V(有机相)＝1.0:2.0,反萃取振荡时间10min、温度50℃时,α-淀粉酶反萃取率可达65%。反胶团相可重复使用,当V(水相):V(有机相)＝1.0:2.75时,反胶团第2次α-淀粉酶萃取率达到71%。     

Biochemical Study on the Nonprotein Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitors in the Soybean

The chemical properties of nonprotein trypsin inhibitor (NPTI) and nonprotein chymotrypsin inhibitor (NPCTI) in the soybean were studied. NPTI was extracted with 50% methanol and treated with TCA to a final concentration of 16% (W/V). Two dimensional thin-layer chromatography was used to make a peptide map of the methanol extract; 14 spots were observed. To distinguish the active peptides, the sample was mixed with trypsin or chymotrypsin; some peptides disappeared which formed complexes with the enzyme. The relative rate of inhibition indicated that inhibition was stoichiometric for trypsin and chymotrypsin. Dissociation constants of complexes (enzyme and inhibitor) showed that inhibition of chymotrypsin and trypsin were competitive and uncompetitive, respectively.     

A preliminary study: saltiness and sodium content of aqueous extracts from plants and marine animal shells

To develop a salt substitute with low sodium content, the water-soluble components of seaweed, kelp, clamshell, oyster shell, semen cassiae, cuttlefish bone, inula flower, Arabia cowry shell, and sanna leaf were extracted with water. The aqueous extracts of nine species of plants and marine animal shells were obtained after drying the plants and shells at 105 °C until achieving a constant weight. The hedonic scale test revealed that the clamshell and cuttlefish bone aqueous extracts tasted distinctly salty. The result of the degree of difference test showed that the 1 % clamshell extract solution (m/v) and 0.6 % cuttlefish bone extract solution (m/v) both had equivalent saltiness of 0.6 % NaCl (m/v). In contrast, the sodium content in the cuttlefish bone extract solution was 27 % less than that in a NaCl solution of the same degree of saltiness. Therefore, a novel salt substitute will be developed in future studies in accordance with the principles of bionics and a deep understanding of the salty taste interactions among key salty components in the cuttlefish bone extract.     

芫荽提取物抗菌活性研究

分别用石油醚、95％乙醇、水浸提冷冻干燥的芫荽,研究提取物的抗菌活性及pH、温度、NaCl对提取物抑菌活性的影响.结果表明,仅水浸提物对细菌的抑菌效果较为明显,最低抑菌浓度小于或等于10％.具有良好的热稳定性,在pH 6,2.0％ NaCl的条件下抑菌效果较好.