平屋盖围护构件设计风荷载研究

GB 50009-2012《建筑结构荷载规范》中未给出复杂体型且重要建筑物的风荷载局部体型系数,此类建筑物的风荷载需通过风洞试验确定。基于此,提出了基于风洞试验的围护构件设计风荷载计算方法,将规范中阵风系数与局部体型系数的乘积修改为局部体型系数与脉动风压系数极值之和的形式,称为风压系数极值。提出的围护构件设计风荷载计算方法不仅适用于迎风面围护构件设计风荷载的计算,也适用于气流分离区围护构件设计风荷载的计算。在脉动风压系数极值的计算中,考虑了气流分离区非正态风压时程的特性,采用非正态峰值因子的简化计算式,可简便确定非正态风压时程的峰值因子。以平屋盖围护构件设计风荷载的确定过程为例,对比了我国规范方法与文中方法的异同,提出了平屋盖围护构件风压系数极值的设计建议值。结果表明,采用文中提出的围护构件设计风荷载计算方法,基于风洞试验数据可确定气流分离区围护构件的设计风荷载,采用日本风荷载规范的屋盖风荷载分区方法是合理的;采用风洞试验得到的局部体型系数,套用GB 50009-2012规范方法确定气流分离区围护构件的设计风荷载,可能严重低估风荷载取值。     

复杂体形高层建筑表面风压分布的特征

本文对上海、杭州三幢高层建筑表面风压模型风洞试验的主要结果进行了分析对比，探讨了复杂体形双塔楼高层建筑表面风压分布特征，为保证高层建筑大型玻璃幕墙在强风暴作用下的安全可靠提供了设计参数。     

Hurricane hazard modeling: The past, present, and future

Hurricane hazard modeling has become a commonly used tool for assessing hurricane risk. The type of hurricane risk considered varies with the user and can be an economic risk, as in the case of the insurance and banking industries, a wind exceedance risk, a flood risk, etc. The most common uses for hurricane hazard models today include:

(i) Simulation of wind speed and direction for use with wind tunnel test data to estimate wind loads vs. return period for design of structural systems and cladding.

(ii) Estimation of design wind speeds for use in buildings codes and standards.

(iii) Coastal hazard risk modeling (e.g. storm surge elevations and wave heights vs. return period).

(iv) Insurance loss estimation (e.g. probable maximum losses, average annual losses).

This paper presents an overview of the past and present work in hurricane modeling. The wind model is the key input to each of the examples presented above and is the focus herein. We discuss the evolution and current state of wind field modeling, modeling uncertainties, and possible future directions of the hurricane risk modeling process.     

住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计研究

以中国5个典型城市的气候条件为例，提出住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计流程。基于Grasshopper参数化性能分析平台，和Ladybug/Honeybee环境分析插件，以热环境舒适度模型、建筑能耗模型和建筑生命周期成本模型为目标函数进行优化分析。发现哈尔滨和北京气候条件下，住宅建筑应选择nZEB'（权衡最优）设计参数，而上海、昆明和深圳气候条件下，C-O（成本效益最优）解决方案比nZEB（节能最优）解决方案的综合效益更好。基于参数化性能模拟的多目标优化可以有效辅助住宅建筑的气候适应性设计研究。     

Using building energy simulation and geospatial modeling techniques to determine high resolution building sector energy consumption profiles

A technique is presented for estimating hourly and seasonal energy consumption profiles in the building sector at spatial scales down to the individual taxlot or parcel. The method combines annual building energy simulations for city-specific prototypical buildings and commonly available geospatial data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) framework. Hourly results can be extracted for any day and exported as a raster output at spatial scales as fine as an individual parcel (<100 m). This method can be applied to virtually any large U.S. city to obtain day-specific estimates of electricity and natural gas consumption within the residential and commercial sectors. As a demonstration this method has been applied to Houston TX. When the resulting profiles were averaged over 1.33 km grid cells, the resulting peak energy consumption within the urban core was found to be greater than 100 W/m². The resulting profiles can be used to estimate anthropogenic sensible and latent waste heat emissions associated with building energy consumption. The target application for this approach is urban scale atmospheric modeling in support of urban heat island and air quality studies. In such applications the inclusion of high spatial and temporal resolution waste heat data represents a significant advancement.     

Automated performance measurement for 3D building modeling decisions

Building information modeling (BIM) is instrumental in documenting design, enhancing customer experience, and improving product functionality in capital projects. However, high-quality building models do not happen by accident, but rather because of a managed process that involves several participants from different disciplines and backgrounds. Throughout this process, the different priorities of design modelers often result in conflicts that can negatively impact project outcomes. To prevent such unwanted outcomes from occurring, the modeling process needs to be effectively managed. This effective management requires an ability to closely monitor the modeling process and correctly measure the modelers' performance. Nevertheless, existing methods of performance monitoring in building design practices lack an objective measurement system to quantify modeling progress. The widespread utilization of BIM tools presents a unique opportunity to retrieve granular design process data and conduct accurate performance measurements. This research improves upon previous efforts by presenting a novel application programming interface (API)-enabled approach to (a) automatically collect detailed model development data directly from BIM software packages in real-time, and (b) efficiently calculate several modeling performance measures during schematic and design development phases of building projects. These indicators can be used to properly arrange modeling teams in the quest for high-quality building models. The specific objectives of this study to examine the feasibility of a proposed automated design performance measurement framework, and to identify optimal modeling team configurations using empirical performance information. A passive data recording approach allows for the real-time capture of comprehensive user interface (UI) interaction and model element modification events. The proposed framework is implemented as an Autodesk Revit plugin. Next, an experiment is conducted to capture data using the developed Revit plugin. Experiment participants' individual production rates are estimated to establish the validity of the proposed approach to identify the optimal design team configuration. The presented approach uses the earliest due date (EDD) sequencing rule in combination with the critical path method (CPM) to calculate the maximum lateness for different design team arrangements.     

Twelve Design Patterns for Integrating and Normalizing Product Model Schemas

Abstract:   This article reviews a method for generating a product model from user data and introduces 12 design patterns for resolving conflicts that may occur in the integration and normalization process. The generating method and design patterns were evaluated during a project to integrate the product models collected from three different precast concrete companies in the United States, testing the new method of product model generation. The application results indicate that the 12 design patterns are effective and sufficient for resolving most known schema conflicts and for integrating and normalizing multiple product models into a single well-formed product model.     

Construction time information system for the building industry

The paper describes a computerized construction time information system for time planning of buildings at early stages of design. A sample of 29 commercial, privately funded buildings was used to develop the proposed model. A procedure for extending the model to other project categories is shown. Multiple linear regression analysis of sample data shows that the durations of activity groups: substructure,superstructure, cladding, finishes, services and their sequential start – start lag times can be predicted from 12 variables: grossjloor area, area of groundpoor, approximate excavated volume, building height,number of storeys, end use, cladding type, presence of atrium, building location, intensity of services and site accessibility. An experiment involving nine planners and three office projects showed that the time predictions of the model fall within the distribution of planners' estimates and are tatistically indistinguishable from them. Therefore, the model can produce reliable estimates of construction times.     

广州白鹅潭·洲头嘴地区近代遗产保护措施研究

本文从广州白鹅潭地区的发展历史、现实状况、城市设计与规划实施等层面,分析探讨了该地区的空间形态特征以及结合城市设计开展保护与更新所需要注意的规划措施、设计方法、历史建筑的修复等问题。     

高层病房楼建筑方案阶段节能设计初探

如何更好地节约和利用能源,已成为各行各业探讨的热门话题。医院病房楼作为性质重要、使用频率最高的一类公共建筑就更需要节能高效。建筑设计在方案阶段如果不考虑节能降耗必然会影响建成后的节能效果。该文以重庆地区高层病房楼为研究对象,分析了重庆地区的气候环境特点以及高层病房楼的建筑能耗特点,提出了重庆地区高层病房楼在建筑方案阶段的节能设计方法。     

基于能耗模拟的北方新农村典型居住建筑能耗影响因素分析

依据对北方地区农村居住建筑的调研结果,选取3个典型设计方案,建立典型新建农村住宅模型,使用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-H对其在寒冷地区的能耗进行模拟,对能耗影响因素进行定量分析,讨论了每种建筑模型在不同围护结构条件下的负荷情况,并综合建筑节能效果、舒适性和经济性给出北方农村新建住宅建筑可行的节能措施。     

太阳能雨篷支架结构设计

现代建筑中的雨篷多用钢结构支座和覆面玻璃板通过一定的方式搭接固定,用来遮阳、避雨或是增加使用面积。雨篷的整体结构设计很重要,主要是保证构件的安全性、耐久性和实用性,同时在一定程度上对建筑起着装饰美化的作用。本文将太阳能绿色建筑思想融入雨篷的设计中,把原有的覆面材料转换成新型的太阳能电池板,并制得简易模型,针对该模型进行细致的结构设计计算,以获得更加科学的太阳能雨篷技术,为该技术的实际推广应用建立必要的理论基础。     

Performance evaluation of cold-formed steel braced frames designed under current U.S. seismic design code

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the seismic performance of cold-formed steel braced frames (CFSBF) by adopting a new evaluation procedure developed from the SAC Joint Venture. The validity ofR factors for CFSBF in current U.S. design codes was examined. To estimate the global collapse drift capacity of CFSBF buildings the modified IDA procedure was used. Also, the values of some parameters were newly decided for CFSBF buildings. The two-, four-, and six-story prototype CFSBF buildings for the Seattle site were chosen for this study. The modeling of the braces and columns of CFSBF buildings was based on the results of static cyclic test and shaketable test conducted from CERL. Also, the gypsum walls’ contribution to resisting lateral loads was considered for analysis. According to the evaluation results, the four- and six-story CFSBF buildings designed under current design codes were not able to satisfy the performance objective, so a new configuration scheme for CFSBF buildings exhibiting better seismic performance was proposed.     

Framework for Performance-Based Design of Building Structures

Abstract:   This article proposes a new framework for performance-based design (PBD) of building structures. This framework was proposed under the 3-year Japanese Government Comprehensive Research and Development Project on "Development of a New Engineering Framework for Building Structures" launched in the fiscal year of 1995. The primary objective of the project is to create a system in which the performance of buildings is clearly stated, and consumers, that is, occupants, are well informed of how their buildings will perform and how much it will cost to maintain their performance. The framework emphasizes the establishment of target performance, the performance evaluation, and the performance statement as the main three elements. It also stresses that an institutional framework and support systems need to be provided to enable PBD to be practiced efficiently. The implementation of the proposed framework is also expected to promote engineering innovation, progress in building engineering, and globalization. The new framework will also bring other benefits, such as improved design techniques, greater design flexibility, and international harmonization. It is also important for building structural performance to become one of the most important indexes for consumers to define a building's value. The Japanese building code was changed to the performance-based code, based in the clear and comprehensive manner proposed in this article. In the United States, "Vision 2000" ( SEAOC, 1995 ) was published, then many research activities were conducted simultaneously.     

商业建筑色彩与造型设计要点研究

本文针对商业建筑色彩与造型设计要点进行了探讨。商业建筑的外观造型与色彩有着很好的名片效果,能够给来往的顾客带来直观的视觉冲击。笔者结合自己的工作经验,对商业建筑的造型、色彩设计两方面内容做出了详细的分析。     

Assessing Settlement of High-Rise Structures by 3D Simulations

Abstract:   A number of new high-rise buildings in the Frankfurt region are currently in their planning stage. Most of these high-rise structures will be erected on combined piled-raft foundations (CPRFs). Due to the complex interaction between piles, raft, and subsoil the difficult design of these foundations will be carried out by three-dimensional finite-element (FE) simulations. For the 121 m high City-Tower , which is currently under construction, the design procedure based on a three-dimensional FE simulation of the CPRF is described. The design process for the new 228 m high office tower Max , which will be located in the financial district of Frankfurt, in the direct vicinity of already existing high-rise buildings, has just started. To improve and verify the input parameters for the constitutive modeling and to allow for a cost optimized foundation design, a numerical back-analysis of the 110 m high Eurotheum , located close to the building site of Max , has been performed. For this building comprehensive measurements were carried out starting in the construction stage and lasting up to the present day.     

Wind engineering challenges of the new generation of super-tall buildings

The new generation of tall buildings is going much higher than before. This poses new challenges for wind engineering. The boundary layer models in many building codes and standards have served well for buildings less than about 300 m but more realistic models need to be used above 300 m. The statistics of upper level winds need also to be known with better certainty. New tools such as the archived global re-analysis data coming from weather forecast models can help shed more light on the upper level wind statistics. There are also questions to be answered about the effects on all tall buildings of non-synoptic wind profiles such as occur in thunderstorm downbursts and the Shamal winds of the Middle East. For the super-tall buildings wind tunnel testing is often commenced much earlier in the design than for lesser buildings. This permits the results to be used in a pro-active way to shape both the architectural design and structural design. The wind tunnel methods used include the force balance technique, aeroelastic modeling, high frequency pressure integration tests, as well as the traditional pressure model and pedestrian wind studies. A super-tall building pushes the limits of the force balance method due to difficulties in maintaining sufficient model stiffness and in accounting for the influence of higher modes of vibration. Since the impact of wind on people using terraces and balconies increases with building height, it is an issue needing particular attention for super-tall buildings.     

Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques

Building information models (BIMs) are maturing as a new paradigm for storing and exchanging knowledge about a facility. BIMs constructed from a CAD model do not generally capture details of a facility as it was actually built. Laser scanners can be used to capture dense 3D measurements of a facility's as-built condition and the resulting point cloud can be manually processed to create an as-built BIM — a time-consuming, subjective, and error-prone process that could benefit significantly from automation. This article surveys techniques developed in civil engineering and computer science that can be utilized to automate the process of creating as-built BIMs. We sub-divide the overall process into three core operations: geometric modeling, object recognition, and object relationship modeling. We survey the state-of-the-art methods for each operation and discuss their potential application to automated as-built BIM creation. We also outline the main methods used by these algorithms for representing knowledge about shape, identity, and relationships. In addition, we formalize the possible variations of the overall as-built BIM creation problem and outline performance evaluation measures for comparing as-built BIM creation algorithms and tracking progress of the field. Finally, we identify and discuss technology gaps that need to be addressed in future research.     

Integrated damping systems for tall buildings: tuned mass damper/double skin facade damping interaction system

As today's tall buildings become ever taller and more slender, wind‐induced vibration is a serious design issue. This paper presents integrated damping systems for tall buildings. An emphasis is placed on investigating the potential of double skin facades (DSF) as an integrated damping system for tall buildings. In the first scheme, the connectors between the inner and outer skins of the DSF system are designed to have low axial stiffness with a damping mechanism. Through this design, vibration of the primary building structure can be substantially reduced. However, excessive movements of the DSF outer skin masses are a design limitation. In the second scheme, the tuned mass damper (TMD) and DSF damping (DSFD) interaction system is studied to mitigate the design limitation of the first scheme and to resolve other TMD‐related design issues. TMDs are usually very large and located near the top of tall buildings for their effective performance. As a result, very valuable occupiable space near the top of tall buildings is sacrificed to contain large TMDs. In addition, installing TMD systems means adding additional masses to tall buildings. Through the TMD/DSFD interaction system, these issues can also be substantially addressed. Compared with the conventional TMD system, the TMD/DSFD interaction system requires a significantly reduced TMD mass ratio to achieve the same target damping ratio. Compared with the first scheme only with the DSFD mechanism, movements of the DSF outer skins can be better controlled in the TMD/DSFD interaction system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.