固体酸催化新疆褐煤直接加氢液化研究

为了实现褐煤温和加氢液化联产高附加值酚类化学品,研制了1种新型固体酸催化剂,可以弥补反应条件缓和带来的褐煤大分子结构单元桥健断裂的裂解性能不足,进行了固体酸催化剂的物性表征和活性评价,考察了催化剂类型对褐煤温和加氢液化性能和产物分布的影响规律,探讨了固体酸催化剂用于褐煤温和加氢液化的可行性,并与传统液化进行了比较。结果表明:固体酸催化剂粒径减小,出现了强酸中心,在430℃和15 MPa反应条件下,转化率和油产率与传统液化相当,低级酚产率增加了1.5%,气产率降低近4%,这种固体酸催化剂有利于实现褐煤加氢液化的节能减排增效和产品结构优化,是一种值得关注和深入研究的煤直接加氢液化催化剂。     

一步法合成N-(1-乙基丙基)-3,4-二甲基苯胺

以自制的Pd－Pt/C为加氢催化剂，有机酸为助催化剂，3，4－二甲基硝基苯和3－戊酮为原料，通过硝基加氢、酮胺加成、脱水与碳氮双键加氢一系列反应一步法合成了N－（1－乙基丙基）－3，4－二甲基苯胺。考察了不同加氢催化剂、助催化剂和反应温度对该反应的影响：在较佳的反应工艺条件下，四步反应的总收率达98．6％，比文献值收率提高10％。     

神华上湾煤恒温阶段直接液化反应动力学

为考察神华上湾煤的直接液化性能及反应动力学,以加氢蒽油-洗油混合油作为溶剂、负载型FeOOH作为催化剂,在0.01 t·d~(-1)煤直接液化连续实验装置上考察了不同反应温度(435~465℃)、不同停留时间(7~110 min)下液化产品组成的演变规律。研究发现,随着煤的裂解及加氢反应的进行,煤及沥青类物质(PAA)收率不断减小,重质液化产物逐步向轻质液化产物转化。当反应温度为455℃、停留时间为90 min时,煤转化率为90.41%(质量分数),油收率为61.28%(质量分数)。随着反应条件进一步苛刻,油收率下降。基于上湾煤直接液化反应特性及其产物收率变化规律建立了11集总煤直接液化反应动力学候选模型,以BFGS优化算法对实验数据搜索、选优,确定了动力学模型参数。检验结果表明所建立的动力学模型可用于恒温阶段直接液化行为的模拟计算。     

神华上湾煤恒温阶段直接液化反应动力学

为考察神华上湾煤的直接液化性能及反应动力学,以加氢蒽油-洗油混合油作为溶剂、负载型FeOOH作为催化剂,在0.01 t·d^-1煤直接液化连续实验装置上考察了不同反应温度（435~465℃）、不同停留时间（7~110 min）下液化产品组成的演变规律。研究发现,随着煤的裂解及加氢反应的进行,煤及沥青类物质（PAA）收率不断减小,重质液化产物逐步向轻质液化产物转化。当反应温度为455℃、停留时间为90 min时,煤转化率为90.41%（质量分数（,油收率为61.28%（质量分数（。随着反应条件进一步苛刻,油收率下降。基于上湾煤直接液化反应特性及其产物收率变化规律建立了11集总煤直接液化反应动力学候选模型,以BFGS优化算法对实验数据搜索、选优,确定了动力学模型参数。检验结果表明所建立的动力学模型可用于恒温阶段直接液化行为的模拟计算。     

煤炭直接液化高分散度固体酸催化剂的研制

煤炭直接液化反应的速率控制步骤一般是沥青烯生成液化油的中间化学反应．根据煤炭直接液化油收率极限理论,新型催化剂研制的方向和目标就是加快沥青烯生成液化油的反应速率,显著降低沥青烯的产率,获得接近高限油收率的试验油收率．首次确定了Fe2O3催化剂研制的重点必须放在表面酸性上．应用沉淀法制备Fe2O3超微颗粒催化剂,晶粒尺寸在72nm～81．3nm．通过化学计算,首次证明了液相沉淀反应体系的pH值与Fe^3 浓度对数lg[Fe^3 ]成线性关系,应用程序升温脱附法(TPD)测定了催化剂酸性。     

煤炭直接液化油收率极限理论及其应用

首次建立了煤炭直接液化油收率极限理论,在指定的液化试验装置上,当催化剂、助催化剂和试验条件一定时,可以确定煤种的低限油收率和高限油收率,从而阐明了煤种进行直接液化主反应的限度,掌握煤种的低限油收率和高限油收率可以识别煤炭直接液化催化剂性能,最大限度地降低前沥青烯和沥青烯等液化反应中间产物的产率,就可以获得接近高限油收率的液化油收率。     

煤炭直接液化高分散度固体酸催化剂的研制

煤炭直接液化反应的速率控制步骤一般是沥青烯生成液化油的中间化学反应。根据煤炭直接液化油收率极限理论，新型催化剂研制的方向和目标就是加快沥青烯生成液化油的反应速率，显著降低沥青烯的生产率，获得接近高限油收率的试验油收率，首次确定了Fe2O3催化剂研制的重点必须放在表面酸性上。应用沉淀法制备Fe2O3超微颗粒催化剂，晶粒尺寸在72nm-81.3nm。通过化学计算，首次证明了液相沉淀反应体系的pH值与Fe^3 浓度对数lg[Fe^3 ]成线性关系。应用程序升温脱附法（TPD）测定了催化剂酸性。     

神府煤的液化性能及其重质产物结构表征

利用管式高压反应釜,以四氢萘为溶剂、FeS和S为催化剂,对神府煤进行了加氢液化研究,考察了催化剂、反应温度和反应气氛等因素对煤液化性能和产物组成分布的影响,同时对液化产物进行了红外光谱、元素分析以及酸性含氧官能团等结构表征。结果表明,FeS+S催化神府煤液化的最高四氢呋喃(THF)抽提率和油+气收率分别为69.5%和35.9%;未加催化剂时,神府煤液化THF抽提率和油+气收率都是最低的。     

新疆东疆褐煤温和加氢液化富产酚类化学品的研究

为实现褐煤加氢液化富产高附加值的酚类化学品,以新疆东疆褐煤和循环溶剂为原料,在500 mL高压釜中进行了温和加氢液化的过程调控实验。考察了催化剂类型、反应温度和反应压力对氢耗率、气产率、转化率、油产率、沥青质产率及酚产率的影响,开展了温和加氢产物中酚类化合物的分布特征与迁移规律的研究。结果表明:东疆褐煤是一种适合直接加氢液化的优质原料,超强酸催化剂能够弥补反应条件温和带来的褐煤裂解性能的不足,温和液化呈现出良好的反应性能;氢初压对酚羟基迁移规律的影响较小,但对反应温度的影响显著;褐煤温和加氢液化油中的酚类化合物主要以烷基酚形态存在,另有少量的茚满酚和萘满酚。     

采用金属氯化物-气态HCl催化剂体系进行煤的加氢和加氢裂解

为了美国蒙大拿次烟煤的加氢液化,研究了一种新催化剂体系——金属氯化物浸渍在固体煤上,于5%HCl-H_2气氛中。在半连续的反应器中进行不同金属氯化物的初步筛选。最好的催化剂再在连续短停留时间的管式反应器中试验。当反应气体含有5%HCl时,油收率增加,约为没有HCl时的2倍到5倍以上,这取决于     

煤直接液化低分油加氢脱硫脱氮反应动力学研究

为了进一步了解煤直接液化油中硫氮化合物的形态和性质,采用石油研究中的先进分析手段GC-PFPD和GC-NCD,对煤直接液化低分油进行了分析,获得了详细的硫氮化合物组成含量。结果发现:煤直接液化低分油中含有大量的杂环化合物,S主要以苯并噻吩类和二苯并噻吩类化合物存在,N主要以五元环化合物形式存在。在高压釜中进行了催化剂添加量和不同温度条件下的加氢实验,对总硫总氮的加氢反应动力学进行了研究。通过计算得到了高压釜煤液化油加氢脱硫反应的一级反应动力学模型,且通过模型计算的S含量与反应实测的S含量相对误差仅为7.8%;对实验得到的震荡式高压釜中煤液化油加氢脱氮反应的一级反应动力学模型进行验证,发现相对误差也仅为0.97%。     

Study of the preasphaltenes of coal liquefaction and its hydro-conversion kinetics catalyzed by SO4/ZrO2

The investigation of hydro-conversion behavior of the heavy intermediate products derived from coal direct liquefaction is advantageous to optimize the technological conditions of direct coal liquefaction and improve the oil yield. In this paper, the hydro-conversion of preasphaltenes catalyzed by SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂ solid acid was investigated based on the structural characterization of preasphaltenes and its hydro-conversion products, and the determination of products distribution and the kinetics of preasphaltenes hydro-conversion. The results indicated that the content of condensed aromatic rings increased, and the contents of hydrogen, oxygen and aliphatic side chains of preasphaltenes decreased with the increase of coal liquefaction temperature. The preasphaltenes showed higher hydro-conversion reactivity while SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂ solid acid was used as catalyst. Higher temperature and longer time were in favor of increasing the conversion and the oil + gas yield. The conversion of preasphaltenes hydro-conversion under 425 °C, for 40 min reached 81.3% with 51.2% oil + gas yield. SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂ solid acid was in favor of the catalytic cracking rather than the catalytic hydrogenation in the hydro-conversion of preasphaltenes. The activation energy of preasphaltenes conversion into asphaltenes was 72 kJ/mol. The regressive reactions were only observed at a higher temperature.     

Liquefaction of bituminous coal at moderate temperatures

Coal hydrogenation was investigated in the temperature range 275 to 325 °C in order to minimize the number of thermal side reactions that take place. Gas-phase hydrogen was used in batch experiments without an added donor solvent, to avoid the additional analytical complexities introduced by such a solvent. It was found that significant oil yields (up to 72% of the daf coal) can be obtained from the hydrogenation of bituminous coal at 325 °C. Furthermore, at this temperature, the data indicate that cleavage of certain C---O bonds may have an important role in oil formation. The metal surfaces of the liner and impeller of the autoclave had a strong catalytic effect on the liquefaction reactions under these conditions. The oil yield was 48% when the metallic surfaces were exposed and only 19% when these components were coated with glass. Catalysis by nickel, applied as nickel acetate impregnated into the coal, gave higher overall conversion, lower oil yield, and a more saturated oil product than catalysis by the autoclave surfaces.     

煤直接液化制油技术研究现状及展望

煤直接液化制油技术是促进煤炭清洁高效利用、缓解石油供需矛盾、保障我国能源安全的重要途径。为全面了解煤液化反应机理、动力学、催化剂及工艺的全过程,促进煤直接液化技术基础研究的快速进步和新工艺的开发,笔者综述了国内外在煤加氢液化反应机理、反应动力学、催化剂以及液化工艺方面取得的研究成果,重点介绍了德国IGOR、日本NEDOL和我国的神华煤液化工艺,分析了这些典型煤液化工艺的开发历程和特点;指明了煤直接液化制油技术发展趋势。煤的加氢液化反应是自由基反应机理,是一系列顺序反应和平行反应的综合结果,包含煤的热解、自由基加氢、脱杂原子和缩合反应等,总体上以顺序反应为主。借助同位素示踪、原位实时检测、等离子体技术以及微波快速加热技术等现代分析方法和试验手段,重点研究自由基的产生速率、活性氢产生速率及定量传递机理,有助于深入认识和精准阐明煤加氢液化反应机理。各国学者利用不同的研究方法,针对不同煤种、催化剂、工艺条件和供氢溶剂等,建立了各种各样的动力学模型。动力学模型从单组分到双组分和多组分,从连续反应、平行反应到复杂的网络反应,从最初的一步反应到后来较为合理的多段反应,模型越来越复杂,越来越接近工业应用。根据反应阶段不同进行分段处理的多组分"集总"反应动力学模型将是今后煤加氢液化反应动力学发展的主要方向。借助先进分析手段及科学的处理方法,建立真正揭示不同条件下煤液化动力学规律的通用型动力学模型是未来的发展趋势。借助纳米合成、等离子体等高新技术,调控组分配伍、降低催化剂粒径、优化制备方法是制备高活性催化剂的有效手段。强化系统合理配置和优化集成,重视煤的温和液化和分级转化,优化产品结构,发展直接液化-间接液化耦合技术是煤直接液化未来的发展趋势。     

Heat transfer and temperature profiles in flow-through catalytic membrane reactors

In flow-through membrane reactors, a porous membrane is used as a microstructured catalyst support, which provides for an intensive contact between reactants and catalyst. When performing exothermal gas phase reactions, large temperature differences between feed and permeate side are observed. This work systematically derives an axial temperature profile inside the inaccessible membrane pores by combining a one-dimensional reactor model of mass and energy balances with experimental measurements of reactor temperatures and conversion, applying ethene hydrogenation as a model reaction. It is shown, that the anodized membrane reactor can be regarded as isothermal under any operating conditions and the heat transfer mechanisms inside the membrane prove to be irrelevant for the resulting membrane temperature. By applying the derived heat transfer model to the performed ethene hydrogenation experiments, the reactor temperature can be predicted satisfactorily in the whole range of performed experiments.     

Early coal hydrogenation catalysis

Three inputs were necessary to make catalytic hydrogenation of coal possible. One was the ammonia synthesis which, in 1910, introduced high pressure and temperature into the chemical industry. The second was the experimentation by F. Bergius who showed, in 1913, that coal can be liquefied by adding hydrogen at high pressure and temperature. The liquid products were similar to coal tar. They were not of the quality required for gasoline or diesel fuel production. The use of catalysts to refine the coal oil appeared then to be hopeless since coals contained sulfur, a poison for all then known hydrogenation catalysts. The third input was methanol synthesis in 1923. M. Pier found selective, oxidic catalysts that were less sensitive to sulfur than e.g. the metallic catalyst for the ammonia synthesis.In 1924 M. Pier, in the laboratories of the BASF, prepared sulfur resistant coal hydrogenation catalysts: sulfides and oxides of molybdenum, tungsten, and the iron group metals. With these catalysts it became possible to add hydrogen; split carbon-carbon bonds; and eliminate such heteroelements as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen from coals and oils. Thus fuels were produced that met petroleum fuel specifications.Optimum catalyst action was achieved by subdividing coal hydrogenation into two stages. The coal was converted, with a dispersed catalyst in the “liquid phase”, into middle oil. This was then hydrogenated over fixed bed catalyst, in the “vapor phase”, to gasoline. On this basis a large scale demonstration plant for the liquefaction of central German brown coal was erected in 1927.The development of catalysts for these two stages proceeded on different routes. Liquid phase catalysts were discarded after one pass through the reactor. They were cheap, or used in very small amounts. It was found soon that coal of different rank required different catalysts, and that the mineral matter of the coal played an important role.The first commercially used vapor phase catalysts were of the hydrorefining type. Hydrocracking activity was achieved by using high temperatures. A great step forward was made in 1930 when a special preparation of tungsten disulfide permitted hydrocracking activity at low temperatures. Thus the first essentially dual function catalyst was found. Its hydrocracking activitity was further increased, and gasolines with a higher octane number were obtained by using it on acidic supports such as materials containing alumina-silica.Such supported catalysts were poisoned by the nitrogen compounds present in coal oils. Therefore a refining step for these oils was needed. The vapor phase was subdivided into the “prehydrogenation” (hydrorefining) and “splitting hydrogenation” (hydrocracking) steps. Further development of catalysts with specific functions for these two steps proceeded rapidly. In addition, separate catalysts were developed for the production of gasolines with a high content of aromatics.The various catalysts developed primarily for the hydrogenation of coal derived oils introduced hydrogen processing into the petroleum refining industry. There they were further modified and improved for the processing of petroleum. These improved catalysts, in turn, will be of help to a future coal liquefaction industry.