钛合金叶片等温精锻时晶粒尺寸的数值模拟

将有限元法与Yada微观组织模型结合 ,对TC6合金叶片在等温锻造过程中初生α晶粒尺寸的演变进行了数值模拟 ,详细给出了TC6合金叶片在等温锻造过程中初生α相的分布及晶粒尺寸的变化。研究结果表明 :压下量、变形温度和打击速度对初生α晶粒尺寸有显著影响 ,工件与模具间的摩擦对初生α晶粒尺寸的影响较小。     

Multi-objective optimization of process parameters for the helical gear precision forging by using Taguchi method

Precision forging of the helical gear is a complex metal forming process under coupled effects with multi-factors. The various process parameters such as deformation temperature, punch velocity and friction conditions affect the forming process differently, thus the optimization design of process parameters is necessary to obtain a good product. In this paper, an optimization method for the helical gear precision forging is proposed based on the finite element method (FEM) and Taguchi method with multi-objective design. The maximum forging force and the die-fill quality are considered as the optimal objectives. The optimal parameters combination is obtained through S/N analysis and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is shown that, for helical gears precision forging, the most significant parameters affecting the maximum forging force and the die-fill quality are deformation temperature and friction coefficient. The verified experimental result agrees with the predictive value well, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method.     

风机叶片的剖面翼型反设计优化技术

使用反方法进行风机叶片的翼型设计，采用了一种非线性优化速度分布的方法，分别针对吸、压力面的初始速度分布采用不同的优化手段，可以有效地调节翼型的厚度。并且在设计中可以自由给定攻角、落后角，通过速度分布的优化得到符合工程应用要求的风机叶片的翼型。并依据探索出的速度分布优化准则，设计出了三种风机叶片的翼型。     

Optimal geometric tolerance design framework for rigid parts with assembly function requirements using evolutionary algorithms

A new forming technology of car steering knuckle was presented, aiming at eliminating the defects in the existing steering knuckle forming process. Based on orthogonal experimental design to numerical simulation by using FEM, for steering knuckle closed extrusion of multi-objective optimal design problems in systematic research, the influences of extrusion temperature and speed, mold temperature, and lubrication of forming technology were discussed with comprehensive scoring method and integrated balance method, then the process parameters used in the forming were applied in the productive practice. Results show that the orthogonal test method combined with finite element simulation can be flexible and efficient in handling of multi-objective optimization problems. As for the forming of other types of long rod fork forging, the new process and the design method have important guiding significance.     

Prediction of dimensional errors in 3D complex shapes due to press elasticity

This paper presents an approach to predict dimensional errors in 3D complex shapes due to press geometry errors and elasticity. Using a press stiffness matrix formulation for the press deflections in forging operation, a quantitative relationship between forging die deviations and the press geometry errors and elastic deflections is developed, which is a function of the forging force, press stiffness and the spatial relationship between the forging dies and the press table. The stiffness matrix of a screw press is obtained using finite element analysis. To evaluate the effect of the press elasticity on dimensional errors of 3D components, a case study of forging for aerofoil shapes is carried out based on the results from physical modelling experiments. With the representative information of the tool shape and forging force data, numerical results of the forging die deviations as a source of dimensional errors for the aerofoil shape are obtained and evaluated. It is demonstrated that this approach is applicable to forging and other metal forming processes for complex shapes.     

控制变形力的锻造预成形优化设计研究

以刚黏塑性有限元为基础,采用基于灵敏度分析的正向模拟优化法,以直接设计预成形模具形状为目标,提出并建立了一种控制变形力的灵敏度分析理论和模具形状优化设计方法。给出了目标函数的表达形式,确定了优化设计变量,推导了目标函数对优化设计变量的灵敏度,利用FORTRAN语言开发了变形力预成形优化设计程序,并对一平面应变变形的H形锻件进行了预成形优化设计,得到了目标函数及终锻件Y向应力分布随优化迭代次数的变化情况。     

Multi-objective optimization of forming parameters for tube hydroforming process based on the Taguchi method

Tube hydroforming is an attractive manufacturing technology which is now widely used in many industries, especially the automobile industry. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to analyze the effects of the forming parameters on the quality of part formability and determine the optimal combination of the forming parameters for the process. The effects of the forming parameters on the tube hydroforming process are studied by finite element analysis and the Taguchi method. The Taguchi method is applied to design an orthogonal experimental array, and the virtual experiments are analyzed by the use of the finite element method (FEM). The predicted results are then analyzed by the use of the Taguchi method from which the effect of each parameter on the hydroformed tube is given. In this work, a free bulging tube hydroforming process is employed to find the optimal forming parameters combination for the highest bulge ratio and the lowest thinning ratio. A multi-objective optimization approach is proposed by simultaneously maximizing the bulge ratio and minimizing the thinning ratio. The optimization problem is solved by using a goal attainment method. An example is given to illustrate the practicality of this approach and ease of use by the designers and process engineers.     

汽车前轴制坯辊锻数值模拟与工艺分析

采用基于热力耦合的刚粘塑性有限元法对汽车前轴制坯辊锻成形工艺进行了模拟,获得了汽车前轴制坯辊锻成形流动过程、力能参数曲线和工件及辊锻模具的温度场。阐述了制坯辊锻过程中工件和模具的温度变化趋势,明确了温度变化对工件初始温度的选择和对辊锻模具使用性能的影响,分析了具有礼帽形型槽的异形截面和上压力轧制方式对制坯辊锻工艺的影响和作用。     

单向压紧制孔工艺的自适应响应面优化方法

针对轻型自动化制孔系统的单向压紧制孔工艺,提出了一种基于自适应响应面法的单向压紧制孔工艺参数优化方法。该方法仅通过少量样本点的有限元分析,即可构建可靠的自适应响应面,避免了优化迭代过程中的有限元仿真分析,大大提高了计算效率和精度。以飞机机身框间对接结构为例,构建了自适应响应面模型并进行参数优化,给出了该典型结构的工艺参数推荐值。优化结果表明,压紧力大于和小于最佳值都会造成贴合面间隙过大,采用合理的压紧力是工艺实施的关键。最后通过试验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

齿轮冷精锻工艺预锻模具齿形优化设计

在直齿圆柱齿轮两步成形冷精锻工艺中 ,预锻模具齿形设计对改善材料填充性能 ,降低成形载荷具有重要意义。本文采用正交试验法与数值模拟技术相结合的方法 ,来解决预锻模具型腔优化设计问题。选取了描述预锻模具几何形状的 3个参数作为影响因素 ,以预锻终锻总载荷值为指标 ,通过有限元模拟分析来获得虚拟试验结果 ,最终确定预锻模具型腔几何形状参数的最佳值 ,为提高齿轮精锻成形质量提供有效依据。     

TC4合金叶片精锻过程的二维数值模拟

采用刚塑性有限元法对钛合金精锻叶片的锻造过程进行了二维有限元数值模拟。在数值模拟过程中 ,考虑了摩擦边界的作用和畸变网格的局部重划分。根据数值模拟结果 ,研究了不同锻造工艺参数 (变形温度、变形速率、压下量等 )对叶片锻造过程中的变形力、应力和应变变化的影响规律。     

An optimization method for radial forging process using ANN and Taguchi method

In this study, the artificial neural network (ANN) and the Taguchi method are employed to optimize the radial force and strain inhomogeneity in radial forging process. The finite element analysis of the process verified by the microhardness test (to confirm the predicted strain distribution) and the experimental forging load published by the previous researcher are used to predict the strain distribution in the final product and the radial force. At first, a combination of process parameters are selected by orthogonal array for numerical experimenting by Taguchi method and then simulated by FEM. Then the optimum conditions are predicted via the Taguchi method. After that, by using the FEM results, an ANN model was trained and the optimum conditions are predicted by means of ANN (using genetic algorithm as global optimization procedure) and compared with those achieved by the Taguchi method. The optimum conditions are verified by FEM, and good agreement is found between the two sets of results.     

Vibration—Analysis of circular-arc aerofoil shaped plates

Circular-arc aerofoil flat plates are analysed for their vibrational characteristics using the finite element approach. The effect of variation in the lune angles of the aerofoil plates, on natural frequencies and mode shapes is investigated. Two types of plate bending finite elements are used in the investigation; one is the conventional nine degree of freedom triangular element and the other is a modified triangular element with one edge curved. The later element has been specially developed and used near the curved boundaries of the plate, whereas the former straight edged element is used in the interior. The results of the finite element analysis are verified through experimental investigations.     

圆盘锻件纯形状锻造模具优化设计

在讨论圆盘锻件模具设计现状的基础上,提出了一种金属成形过程的有限元灵敏度分析方法和以此为基础的模具形状优化设计方法。对圆盘件锻造过程进行了灵敏度分析和模具形状优化设计。结果表明,采用优化设计的预锻模具,可得到侧面无鼓形的纯形状圆盘锻件,并且预锻模具形状光滑、简单、便于加工和锻造生产。为圆盘锻件的纯形状锻造模具设计提供了一种定量分析方法。     

基于UGⅡ的叶片锻模CAD系统及软件设计

为了满足航空发动机叶片的设计需要 ,以 UG 为支撑软件 ,开发了叶片锻模 CAD软件系统。该软件采用模块化的设计思想 ,交互设计与自动设计相结合的设计方法 ,实现了叶片的实体造型与锻模设计 ,可大大提高工作效率 ,且通用性强 ,使用方便     

Evolutionary forging preform design optimization using strain-based criterion

Preform design plays an important role in forging design especially for parts with complex shapes. In this paper, an attempt was made to develop a topological optimization approach for the preform design in bulk metal forming processes based on the bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization strategy. In this approach, a new strain-based element addition and removal criterion has been proposed for evaluating and optimizing the material flow in the forging process. To obtain a smooth preform boundary, a closed B-spline curve based on the least square algorithm is employed to approximate the uneven surface of the updated preform profile. A C# program has been developed to integrate the FE simulation, shape optimization, and surface approximation processes. Two 2D forging preform design problems are evaluated by using the developed method. The results suggest that the optimized preform with the strain uniformity criterion has shown better performance in improving the material flow and deformation uniformity during the forging process. The results also demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the developed preform optimization method.     

Embossment formation in press forging of AZ31 magnesium-alloy sheets

Embossment formation in press forging of AZ31 magnesium-alloy thin-walled structural components used in the electronics industry was examined by both the finite element analysis and the experimental approach in the present study. The mechanical properties of the AZ31 magnesium-alloy at elevated temperatures were first obtained from the compression tests under various strain-rates. The compression test results suggest that a feasible press forging process of AZ31 magnesium-alloy needs to be conducted at a forming temperature higher than 300°C. The ring compression tests were also performed at various temperatures to obtain the friction factors at the die-blank interface under different lubrication conditions. The experimental results were then employed in the finite element simulations to investigate the effects of process parameters, such as punch shape and sheet thickness on the formation of embossments in a press forging process, and a modified punch shape was proposed to improve the efficiency of embossment formation according to the finite element analysis. Experiments of press forging of AZ31 magnesium-alloy sheets were conducted to validate the finite element analysis. Good correlations were observed between the finite element simulation results and the experimental data in all respects. The experiments conducted in the present study not only validated the finite element analysis but also confirmed the efficiency of the modified die design in helping the embossment formation. The mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium-alloy at elevated temperatures and the detailed examination of the material flow on the formation of embossments made in the present study could provide a design guideline for a press forging process of AZ31 magnesium-alloy sheets.     

Multi-objective optimization of an axial compressor blade

Numerical optimization with multiple objectives is carried out for design of an axial compressor blade. Two conflicting objectives, total pressure ratio and adiabatic efficiency, are optimized with three design variables concerning sweep, lean and skew of blade stacking line. Single objective optimizations have been also performed. At the data points generated by D-optimal design, the objectives are calculated by three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis. A second-order polynomial based response surface model is generated, and the optimal point is searched by sequential quadratic programming method for single objective optimization. Elitist non-dominated sorting of genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with ε-constraint local search strategy is used for multi-objective optimization. Both objective function values are found to be improved as compared to the reference one by multi-objective optimization. The flow analysis results show the mechanism for the improvement of blade performance.     

Performance enhancement of axial fan blade through multi-objective optimization techniques

This paper presents an axial fan blade design optimization method incorporating a hybrid multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (hybrid MOEA). In flow analyses, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were solved using the shear stress transport turbulence model. The numerical results for the axial and tangential velocities were validated by comparing them with experimental data. Six design variables relating to the blade lean angle and the blade profile were selected through Latin hypercube sampling of design of experiments (DOE) to generate design points within the selected design space. Two objective functions, namely, total efficiency and torque, were employed, and multi-objective optimization was carried out, to enhance the performance. A surrogate model, Response Surface Approximation (RSA), was constructed for each objective function based on the numerical solutions obtained at the specified design points. The Non-dominated Sorting of Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) with local search was used for multi-objective optimization. The Pareto-optimal solutions were obtained, and a trade-off analysis was performed between the two conflicting objectives in view of the design and flow constraints. It was observed that, by the process of multi-objective optimization, the total efficiency was enhanced and the torque reduced. The mechanisms of these performance improvements were elucidated by analysis of the Pareto-optimal solutions.     

非等温成形过程中的预锻模具形状优化设计

采用塑性有限元、灵敏度分析和工程优化算法相结合的方法,对非等温成形过程中预锻模具形状进行了优化设计。预锻模具形状采用三次B样条函数表示,B样条函数的控制点作为设计变量,通过优化预锻模具形状,可实现净形锻造,得到无飞边完全充满模腔的合格终锻件。给出了模具形状优化设计步骤,推导了速度灵敏度方程和温度灵敏度方程。最后以一轴对称圆盘锻造过程为例,对预锻模具形状进行了优化设计。