冲积河流的水流挟沙能力

在前人研究成果的基础上分析了水流挟沙的物理模式，以挟沙水流紊动能量方程为理论基础，得出了紊动能产生项和粘性耗散项的表达式，由此推导出适用于水流的紊流三区(光滑区、过渡区和粗糙区)的挟沙能力计算式，依据天然河流实测资料和室内水槽试验资料，验证了该水流挟沙能力计算式．针对该计算式分析了影响水流挟沙能力的因素．     

三峡工程大江截流水流数学模型计算

本文采用有限体积法对长江三峡大江截流期间上、下游围堰附近的河道水流建立了数学模型，井利用压力校正法求解数学模型。通过数学模型计算，本文获得了截流期间两级设计流量(Q=14000m3／s和Q=19400M3／s)下，上、下游龙口宽度发生变化时．坝区附近水域内流态的变化情况．得到了龙口附近的水流参数(如流速、上下游水位落差、龙口处流态分布及导流明槊的分流比等)．井且把这两套设计方案的计算结果与长江水利委员会所做的物理模型试验结果加以比较、验证。结合大江截流的实际水流条件．本文还进行了相应的水流计算．从而利用实测值进一步验证了已建水谎数学模型的可靠性。     

多沙河流水流输沙能力的研究

河道中出现的高含沙量水流绝大部分属于非均质两相水流，和低含沙水流一样，同样存在水流挟沙力问题.但由于高含沙水流性质的改变，其挟沙能力关系式与低含沙水流存在着较大的差别.本文分析了国内应用最为广泛的水流挟沙力关系式所存在的一些问题，提出了以水流紊动支持泥沙悬移为基础的水流挟沙力公式，并通过水槽输沙试验得到了含沙量较高(S>40kg/m3)时的一种新型挟沙力公式.该公式通过黄河下游、洛惠渠等实测资料的验证，结果令人满意，可应用于计算不同河槽形态的河道输沙能力，水流阻力.     

一种新的高精度的溃坝水流数值模型

溃坝问题，严格来讲，是一种不连续洪水波问题．传统的水流数值模型都是建立在数值求解圣维南方程组基础上的，而该方程组的基本假定就是水流必须具有连续性，所以，以圣维南方程为基本控制方程的水流数值模型应用于溃坝问题的计算是非常牵强的．提出一种新的以描述分子运动的BGK波尔兹曼方程为基础的水流数值模拟方法，这种方法没有水流连续性假定，计算表明，这种数值模型能够精确、稳定地模拟溃坝波问题。     

以波尔兹曼理论建立明渠水流数值模型方法

根据文献[1]所论述的以波尔兹曼方程建立明渠水流模型的理论及明渠水流中微、微观变量之间的基本关系，采用有限体积离散方法，探讨了BGK明渠水流数值模型的方法，初步建立了不同于传统方法的、满足熵原理的BGK明渠水流数模型，通过对一系列典型的明渠水流现象的模拟，并对理论解，其它计算方法获得的解决以及公开发表的实验结果相比较，表明所提出的模型计算精度高，、稳定性好，勿须人为的熵修正（如人为增加耗散项）、能准确模拟明渠中不连续水流运动（如溃坝波等），不会出现非物理性的震荡，是一种颇具开发前景的明渠水流模型。     

深圳上埔引水口水流三维数值模拟

该文采用三维水流数学模型对深圳上埔引水口设计方案水流状况进行研究，以雷诺方程组为基础，采用刚盖假定、κ-ε紊流模式，结合相关边界条件和初始条件建立了三维数学模型，对上埔引水口的水流状况进行了模拟，给出了进水口流速分布，计算结果与物理模型试验结果吻合。     

二维溃坝波遇障碍物的水流泥沙数值模拟

本文通过对浅水方程进行Godunov差分离散和对泥沙运动方程进行一阶迎风差分离散，建立了平面l二维溃坝水流泥沙数值模型。在算例中计算了溃坝波遇障碍物后的水流反射、绕射及泥沙冲淤，计算结果表明，溃坝波遇障碍物后会产生明显的反射和绕射，并在障碍物前形成壅水、障碍物的侧面会发生剧烈的冲刷，障碍物前后则会发生局部淤积。本模型能够较好地模拟溃坝间断水流的运动，结果符合水流泥沙运动的基本规律。     

明渠高含沙水流的两个重要特性研究

本文从三维恒定雷诺方程式出发导出了计算二维均匀明渠高含沙水流紊流极限切应力τＢＴ的公式．公式中包含了紊动扩散系数εｍ，并通过分析天然河道实测资料和室内水槽试验资料研究了εｍ沿垂线分布的规律，结论是明渠高含沙水流的紊动扩散系数εｍ沿垂线分布规律和低含沙水流的类似，在河底处εｍ为０；在河底至相对水深０．２范围内εｍ随水深增加而变大，在相对水深０．２至水面范围内εｍ为常数．用所得τＢＴ计算公式对部分天然河道实测资料进行验算，大多数明渠高含沙水流属紊流流态，不存在紊流极限切应力τＢＴ     

一种新的三维孔口水流数值解法

本文提出了一种新的三维孔口水流数值解法，在势流假设下，通过调和变换，将具有复杂边界形状的物理空间（ｘ，ｙ，ｚ），转换到规则空间（ξ，η，β）上，用显式迭代方法解出势函数，进而可求出三维流场的流速分布、压力分布、自由表面位置和泄流量．这种解法不但解决了三维求解中遇到的网格结点布置的困难，而且占用计算机内存少，可在微机上实现．算例表明，该算法有很好的收敛性，计算结果与试验值较好地吻合．     

三维过坝水流数值模拟

三维过坝水流是一种具有自由表面的临界流动，即使在势流假设下，因其非线性强，数值求解时也会遇到较大困难，目前尚未见到有效势流解法。本文提出一种正交调和变换法，可方便地采用笔者曾提出的自由表面位移理论，同步解出待定的自由表面位置和未知能头（或流量）。算例表明，该三维过坝水流的计算方法是成功的，计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。