不同邻对位比值的酚醛树脂固化行为研究

通过DSC研究了不同邻对位比值（O／P值）的酚醛树脂与六亚甲基四胺的固化反应行为。DSC测试表明，DSC固化曲线的峰顶温度随着升温速率的增加而升高，在同一升温速率下，酚醛树脂固化曲线的初始温度（Ton）及峰顶温度Tp均随着其O／P值的增加而降低。进一步分别利用（Dzawa和Kissinger方法求解了不同O／P值酚醛树脂的固化反应活化能，发现酚醛树脂的固化活化能随其O／P值的增加而降低，表明随着树脂O／P值的增加，其固化进程变得更加容易，固化速率更快，与之对应，树脂的最佳固化温度区间随O／P值的增加而向低温方向移动。     

碳酸化法合成冰晶石

探讨了碳酸化法合成冰晶石的工艺条件，确定了影响纯碱分解氟硅酸钠的分解率的主要因素，试验结果表明：氟化钠溶液的精制、n（6F）／n（Al）、反应温度等对冰晶石性能有显著的影响。通过优化工艺条件，即氟化钠溶液中二氧化硅质量浓度小于0．25g／L，n（6F）／n（Al）控制在1．02～1．1，反应温度控制在70℃左右，合成的冰晶石样品与目前普遍采用的萤石法生产工艺相比物相纯度高、流动性好，具有广阔的市场前景。     

酚醛树脂对介孔碳孔结构及有序性的影响

以酚醛树脂为碳前体,三嵌段聚合物F127作为模板剂,采用溶剂挥发自组装法制备了有序介孔碳材料。采用凝胶渗透色谱测定了不同合成温度酚醛树脂的分子量;使用X射线衍射、透射电镜和N2吸/脱附等手段对有序介孔碳进行了表征。研究了合成酚醛树脂的温度对介孔碳孔径分布及有序性的影响。结果表明,随着合成酚醛树脂的温度从75℃升到95℃,介孔碳的有序性先增后减:酚醛树脂的合成温度为85℃时,所得介孔碳有较好的有序性,介孔孔容和比表面积分别为0.115cm3/g和127m2/g,平均孔径为3.41nm。     

简易模板法制备有序介孔碳及其表征

目前制备有序介孔碳的方法工艺复杂、繁琐耗时,为了简化其制备工艺,缩短实验流程,本文提出一种不需要添加额外溶剂直接制备有序介孔碳的方法。以三嵌段共聚物F127为模板剂,自制低分子量酚醛树脂为碳前体,制备了具有二维六方结构的介孔碳。采用红外光谱对酚醛树脂和F127进行表征,研究了两者之间的作用力;采用X射线衍射、透射电镜和N2吸附/脱附等手段对介孔碳结构进行表征,研究了酚醛树脂的合成温度和模板剂用量对介孔碳结构的影响。结果表明酚醛树脂合成温度为70℃,F127：PF=1时,得到的介孔碳比表面积、孔容和孔径分别为490m2/g、0.41cm3/g和4.15nm。     

轻质阻燃酚醛泡沫材料的制备与构效关系研究（摘要）

针对可发性酚醛树脂及酚醛泡沫存在的问题,本文作者采用新型不脱水工艺,直接合成了固含量在70％～85％的可发性高固含甲阶酚醛树脂。分析了甲醛／苯酚（F／P）物质的量之比和催化剂种类对树脂性能的影响;讨论了酚醛泡沫制备工艺,建立了酚醛泡沫表观密度一力学性能模型;采用木质纤维表面处理方法制备纤维复合酚醛泡沫;采用无卤阻燃系统制备阻燃改性的酚醛泡沫;采用酸化处理方法制备无机复合酚醛泡沫。主要研究内容和结论如下：     

水溶性酚醛树脂的蒙脱土纳米插层复合改性

合成了低摩尔质量水溶性酚醛树脂（PF），再与有机蒙脱土（OMMT）复合，并分析了PF／MMT复合材料的结构和性能。结果表明：水溶性低摩尔质量酚醛树脂与有机蒙脱土相容性良好，得到部分插层部分剥离型PF／MMT纳米复合材料（PMNC）；PMNC的醚键减少，--OH增多，蒙脱土与酚醛树脂分子很可能通过氧原子产生了较强联接；与常规陬俐MT复合材料相比，PMNC的热分解特性改变，耐热性更好，表现出一定纳米效应。     

常温呈固体的热固性酚醛树脂的合成及表征

以苯酚、37%甲醛水溶液为原料,25%氨水为催化剂,合成了常温呈固态的热固性酚醛树脂。通过软化点,凝胶化时间,羟甲基含量及酚醛树脂固化度测试研究了醛酚比(F/P)、反应温度及反应时间对合成树脂的结构及性能的影响。结果表明:F/P=2.0,反应温度65℃、反应时间4.0 h时合成的树脂固化速度最快,羟甲基含量最高。     

NaOH用量对PUF共缩聚树脂结构和性能的影响

以13^C核磁共振分析（13^C NMR）和基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱（matrix-assisted laser desorption／ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry．MALDI—TOF—MS）为手段．研究了不同的NaOH／P物质的量比（nNaOH／nP）条件下合成的苯酚-尿素-甲醛（PUF）共缩聚树脂的结构特征,通过压制胶合板,进一步评价了nNaOH／nP变化对PUF共缩聚树脂的影响。13^C核磁共振和MALDI—TOF—MS结构分析结果显示,在本研究范围内改变碱性条件对PUF共缩聚树脂的结构构成无显著影响;合成的PUF共缩聚树脂结构仍是以酚醛树脂为主体,特别是聚合物的链接方式;胶合性能研究结果表明,在尿素／甲醛／苯酚物质的量比不变的条件下,在一定范围内增加NaOH的用量,PUF树脂干状和湿状胶合强度增加显著,这一合理的范围应小于nNaOH／nP=0．53,超出这一范围后,随着nNaOH／nP的增加,树脂的胶合性能快速下降,但仍在可以接受的范围内。     

酚醛树脂在橡胶配方中的应用

酚类和醛类的缩聚产物通称为酚醛树脂,其合成和固化过程遵循体型缩聚反应的规律。控制不同的合成条件（如酚和醛的比例,所用催化剂的类型等）,可以得到热塑性或热固性酚醛树脂。在酚醛树脂的生产过程中,常加入不同的油改性剂以增加树脂在橡胶中的溶解性。常用的有妥尔油（Talloil）和腰果油（Cashew Nut Shell Liquid）,两者的分子结构式见图1。用妥尔油改性的树脂与NR／IR、BR、SBR胶的相容性较好,而用腰果油改性的树脂与BR、SBR、CR及NBR的相容性较好,且补强后胶料较硬。用妥尔油改性的树脂在胶料中的用量上限要比用腰果油改性的高,进而能得到更高的胶料硬度。     

酚醛浆的合成工艺对松香改性树脂性能的影响

研究了酚醛浆合成中烷基酚种类、反应温度、反应时间、酚醛摩尔比及反应体系酸碱性对松香改性酚醛树脂性能的影响,得出了酚醛浆合成的最佳工艺条件。合成的松香改性酚醛树脂软化点165℃、黏度13000mPa·s（25℃）、正庚烷值8．4mL／（2g）,性能优良。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。