金属材料拉伸试验的缺口效应

通过拉伸试验研究了在缺口效应影响下塑性金属材料试样不同截面处的塑性变形规律及其他常规力学性能指标。结果表明：试验金属材料缺口拉伸中试样的塑性变形主要集中在缺口附近局部区域,同时探讨了增加缺口塑性这一新的性能指标及建立相关试验标准的必要性。     

2D-C_f/SiC复合材料缺口试件拉伸力学行为研究

通过对V型、半圆型和细线型双边缺口2D-Cf/SiC复合材料试件进行拉伸实验,研究了不同形状缺口对试件拉伸力学行为的影响。通过引伸计获得了拉伸过程中缺口段材料整体拉伸变形与净截面应力之间的对应关系;通过应变片获得了缺口附近局部材料的应变数值,直观体现了缺口周围的应变集中现象;依据应变变化规律,分析了双边缺口试件的损伤失效进程。通过对比标准拉伸试件,全面分析了2D-Cf/SiC复合材料双边缺口试件拉伸净强度的主要影响因素和破坏机理;最后通过有限元模拟,得到了三种缺口试件缺口段材料的应变分布情况。结果表明:拉伸过程中缺口试件缺口段材料损伤失效进程具有明显的非同步性,净拉伸强度随缺口形状不同出现不同程度下降;有限元模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

缺口对不同塑性金属材料拉伸断裂行为的影响

以10CrNi3MoV钢、5083铝合金、500-7球墨铸铁3种不同塑性的金属材料为研究对象,分别加工光滑和缺口试样,通过对比试样的拉伸性能及断口形貌,研究了缺口对不同塑性金属断裂行为的影响。结果表明:缺口改变了材料的应力状态,减少了剪切方向的变形,提高了试样正拉断裂的比例。对于塑性材料,缺口根部可以通过塑性变形来缓解应力集中,且缺口深度越大,材料塑性越好,抗拉强度越高;对于脆性材料,缺口根部产生的应力集中会导致拉伸过程中试样过早断裂,降低材料的抗拉强度。     

改型的GH4145镍基合金

为了提高改型的ＧＨ４１４５合金的中温塑韧性，消除缺口敏感性，研究了不同热处理工艺对合金性能的影响。结果表明，在适当的热处理条件下，改型的ＧＨ４１４５合金在５００￣７００℃区的塑性得到改善，并且消除了缺口敏感性，达到了汽轮机紧固件用材料的技术要求。     

缺口对7A85铝合金拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响

在光滑试样表面预制深度为0.1 mm和0.2 mm的环状缺口，研究了不同缺口尺寸对7A85铝合金拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响，并分析了7A85铝合金含缺口试样的疲劳断裂机理。结果表明，随着缺口深度由0 mm增加至0.2 mm, 7A85铝合金试样的抗拉强度、断后伸长率和疲劳强度分别下降了6%、47.5%、44.4%。缺口对7A85铝合金塑性的影响远大于拉伸强度，且其抗拉强度与疲劳强度呈线性关系。试样疲劳缺口系数随着缺口尺寸和循环次数的增加而增大。7A85铝合金试样的疲劳裂纹源通常是富铁的第二相颗粒，环状缺口根部应力集中促进了多疲劳裂纹源萌生，多个裂纹源同时扩展使得试样有效承载面积快速减少，导致疲劳寿命急剧缩短。     

钨合金材料动态拉伸性能与微观断裂机制关系的研究

测定了光滑和缺口钨合金材料在不同应变率下动态拉伸性能的变化规律，观察了材料断裂的微观机制。结果发现，光滑试样具有正应变率效应，缺口试样具有负应变率效应，在不同应变率下，两种试样的断裂方式没有明显的差别。     

L245无缝钢管在4MPa氢气环境下的氢脆敏感性研究

为了考察低钢级管线钢在中压氢气环境下的氢脆敏感性，采用光滑和缺口试样慢拉伸试验方法，结合宏观和微观断口表征与分析，研究了L245钢在空气和4 MPa氢气中的氢脆敏感性。结果表明：L245钢光滑试样在4 MPa氢气中慢拉伸的抗拉强度、断面收缩率和延伸率的损失率分别为5.2%、4.8%和-0.1%,而缺口试样在4 MPa氢气中慢拉伸的抗拉强度、断面收缩率和拉伸位移的损失率分别达到19.1%、45.6%、15.4%,即发生了氢脆。L245钢光滑试样在空气介质中的慢拉伸断裂方式为韧性断裂；开缺口后起裂源开始于缺口位置，然后以准解理断裂的方式向内部扩展，加速试样断裂过程，但整体仍然表现为韧性断裂。相比之下，当L245钢光滑试样在4 MPa氢气环境中时，会在颈缩位置产生裂纹源；开缺口后，从缺口位置向内部产生的准解理断裂区域显著增加，使得断裂过程急剧加快，而心部则发生了氢致韧断。开缺口后L245钢在4 MPa氢气中的断裂方式为准解理断裂与氢致韧断相结合。     

ARALL层板缺口敏感性的研究

本文通过测试三种不同性质胶粘剂、不同胶粘剂含量以及施加不同预应力的ＡＲＡＬＬ层板的缺口拉伸性能（含中央圆缺孔及中央锯切穿透裂纹），分析了胶粘剂性质、胶粘剂含量及残余应力与ＡＲＡＬＬ层板缺口敏感性的关系，并且研究了两种缺口的层板拉伸后的分层状态受以上三种因素影响的变化规律。     

FGH95缺口小试样高温拉伸和蠕变断裂性能

对FGH95平板小试样和缺口小试样高温拉伸和蠕变实验结果进行了分析,并对各个加载工况的应力应变及三轴应力因子TF分布进行了有限元计算.对具有相同最小截面的试样,拉伸名义断裂应力与名义应力集中因子Kt和弹性三轴应力因子TF成线性关系."钝"缺口和"尖"缺口对蠕变断裂分别起到了硬化和软化作用,有限元计算表明"尖"缺口试样的缺口根部有强烈的轴向应力集中和高的TF值,一些研究得出的对于韧性材料,较高的TF值将导致较长的蠕变寿命的结论,对FGH95缺口小试样是不适用的,三轴应力因子的大小不能用来判定蠕变断裂寿命的长短.断口SEM分析结果表明缺口引起的应力集中导致缺口试样断裂方式与平板试样不同.     

锌-镍合金电镀中氢的共沉积

用电化学渗透测试方法研究了电镀锌－镍合金时渗氢量的变化规律，能够监控和评价镀层的氢脆性能，初步筛选出两种呆用于高强度钢抗氢脆电镀用槽液组成。在氯化物－硫酸盐槽液体系和含有添加剂B的氯化物糟液中，常温下可获得耐氢脆性能良好的Zn－Ni镀层。此外，缺口拉伸试验结果与电化学渗透测试结果相吻合。     

Fracture at V-notches with contained plasticity

Fracture at V-notches with contained plasticity was studied. The tested material was a soft annealed tool steel, AISI O1, at −50°C. The material behaviour at this temperature was brittle for a standard fracture toughness test and ductile for a tensile test. Single-edge notched tension and three-point bend specimens were tested, with notch angles ranging from 0° to 140°. For the same notch angle, both brittle and ductile fracture occurred depending on the geometry. However, transferability between different geometries prevailed if the fracture was brittle.Fracture loci derived from simple point-stress or mean-stress criteria were fitted to the experimental results. The trend of the experimental results was followed well even though the fracture loci were derived under the assumption of linear elastic stresses. However, a fracture criterion based on the fracture toughness and a tension test alone will provide a conservative fracture locus.The effect of introducing a notch radius on the used fracture criteria is discussed within the context of linear elastic analysis. As expected, a mean-stress criterion is more sensitive to changes in the notch radius than a point-stress criterion. For both criteria, the sensitivity for changes in the notch radius is less for larger notch angles.     

Crack initiation and propagation in torsional fatigue of circumferentially notched steel bars

Circumferentially notched bars of austenitic stainless steel, SUS316L, and carbon steel, SGV410, with three different notch-tip radii were fatigued under cyclic torsion without and with static tension. The torsional fatigue life of SUS316L was found to increase with increasing stress concentration under the same nominal shear stress amplitude. Electrical potential monitoring revealed that the crack initiation life decreased with increasing stress concentration, while the crack propagation life increased. This anomalous notch-strengthening effect was ascribed to the larger retardation of fatigue crack propagation by sliding contacts of fracture surfaces. The superposition of static tension on cyclic torsion causes notch weakening. The notch-strengthening effect in torsional fatigue was not found in carbon steels, SGV410. The difference in the crack path of small cracks near notch root between stainless steel and carbon steel gives rise to the difference in the notch effect in torsional fatigue. The factory-roof shape observed on fracture surfaces of SUS316L became finer with higher stress amplitude and for sharper notches. The superposition of static tension makes the factory-roof shape less evident. Under higher stresses, the fracture surface was smeared to be flat. The fracture surfaces of SGV410 became smoother with increasing stress amplitude and notch acuity. The three-dimensional feature of fracture surfaces clearly showed the difference of the topography of fracture surfaces. The topographic feature was closely related to the amount of retardation of crack propagation due to the sliding contact of fracture surfaces.     

Fatigue strength of laser beam welded automotive components made of thin steel sheets considering size effects

The applicability of and the quality of assessment using the nominal stress, structural stress and notch stress approaches for calculating the fatigue strength of laserbeam welded components made of thin steel sheets has been investigated. For this purpose, the fatigue lives of a longitudinal carrier, an injector and two tube-flange specimens have been determined by tests under constant amplitude loading. Fatigue cracks initiated at sharp root notches on all of these components. While the nominal stress is derived by theory of structural mechanics, the determination of structural and notch stresses is performed using 3D finite element models and solid elements. The structural stress is derived by an extrapolation of surface stress to the fatigue critical notch and the notch stresses by rounding the sharp root notch with a reference radius of r_ref = 0.05 mm. For all of the concepts used, the endurable stresses have been compared to the design SN-curves recommended by the International Institute of Welding (IIW).On comparing the quality of assessment of the different concepts, the notch stress approach shows the highest scatter. The highest endurable notch stresses occur in specimens with crack initiation at weld ends. These specimens have a very small highly loaded weld length. The lowest endurable stresses are determined for specimens with a long, equally loaded weld. The reason for these findings can be explained by statistical size effects. For an improved fatigue assessment, an easily applicable method is introduced, which takes into account the highly stressed weld length.     

超高强度结构钢的组织细化及韧性改善

通过合理设计化学成分以及有效地优化热处理工艺,新研制的系列贝氏体结构钢在保证超高强度(σb>1400MPa)条件下,塑性与韧性配合良好,且V型缺口冲击能(AKV>140J)与同强度级别的马氏体钢相比提高一倍多.结合显微分析结果,深入地讨论了韧性改善的物理机制.     

Continuous Drive Friction Welding Studies on AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds

An attempt has been made to study the friction welding characteristics of an austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 employing a continuous drive friction welding machine. The central region in some of the welds exhibited abnormal grain growth. Optimization studies revealed that the optimum parameters depend on the property of interest. In general, friction welds exhibited lower notch tensile strength and impact toughness than the parent metal due to aligned microstructure features. An inverse relationship has been observed between notch tensile strength and impact toughness.     

A study on the combined effect of notch and fretting on the fatigue life behaviour of Al 7075-T6

In this study, an investigation was conducted on the fatigue performance of Al 7075-T6 plates in the presence of stress raisers (notch, fretting, and a combination of notch and fretting). Fretting situation was induced on the surface of the aluminium plate through steel contacting pads under two different clamping forces of 2 kN and 5.6 kN. The fatigue tests revealed a more dominant effect from stress concentrators originating from geometrical discontinuities such as the tested notch compared to the fretting wear conditions. Therefore, no noticeable differences were found between the fatigue lives of the notched specimens and the combined notch and fretting condition. A finite element stress analyses of the notched model under the contacting fretting pads agreed with the experimental results. The stress distribution at the clamped area introduced tensile stresses at the edge of the contact region, however, the stress at the notch tip was observed to be higher when an axial tensile load was applied to the end of the plate. Fractographic analyses confirmed the presence of cracks initiating from the fretting damaged surface for most of the combined notch and fretting fatigue test specimens particularly at the high cycle fatigue (HCF) zone.     

Fatigue strength of steel rollers with failure occurring at the weld root based on the local strain energy values: modelling and fatigue assessment

Weldments geometry with failures occurring at the weld toe or at the weld root cannot, by its nature, be precisely defined. Parameters such as bead shape and toe or root radius vary from joint to joint even in well-controlled manufacturing operations. The worst case configuration can be achieved by modelling as a sharp, zero radius, notch both the toe and the weld root. The intensity of asymptotic stress distributions obeying Williams’ solution is quantified by means of the Notch Stress Intensity Factors (NSIFs). For steel welded joints with failures originated from the weld roots, where the lack of penetration zone is treated as a crack-like notch, units for NSIFs are the same as conventional SIFs used in LEFM. The different dimensionality of NSIFs for different notch opening angles does not allow a direct comparison of failures occurring at the weld toe or at the weld root. In order to overcome the problem related to the variability of the V-notch opening angle, a simple scalar quantity, i.e. the value of the strain energy density (SED) averaged in the structural volume surrounding the notch tip, has been introduced. This energy is given in closed form on the basis of the relevant NSIFs for modes I, II and III. The radius R_c of the averaging zone is carefully identified with reference to conventional arc welding processes being equal to 0.28 mm for welded joints made of steel.The local-energy based criterion is applied here to steel welded rollers produced by Rulmeca and subjected to prevailing mode I (with failures at the weld root). The aim of the paper is firstly to describe the employed methodology for the fatigue assessment and secondly to show the first synthesis of fatigue data by means of local SED for a specific geometry.     

Teacher tree: The evolution of notch shape optimization from complex to simple

Shape optimization of engineering components following the design rules of nature was started in the late eighties in the Karlsruhe Research Centre. The key idea was the natural observation that trees care by load-adaptive growth to maintain a uniform stress distribution at their surface. This means also that high stress peaks (notch stresses) are avoided as potential failure points. The computer simulation of this adaptive growth has been called Computer Aided Optimization (CAO). CAO is based on the use of the Finite-Element-Method (FEM).The present paper shows how 15 years after the CAO-method drastic simplifications are available. So notch shape optimization in many cases can be done without the FEM-codes, with a pocket calculator or even simpler with a graphic method.     

Effects of loading rate on the local cleavage fracture stress σf in notched specimens

Four point bending (4PB) notched specimens with different notch sizes are tested at various loading rates at a temperature of −110 °C for a C-Mn steel. An elastic-plastic finite element method (FEM) is used to determine the stress and strain distributions ahead of notches. By accurately measuring the distances of the cleavage initiation sites from the notch roots, the local cleavage fracture stress σ_f is measured. The results show that the local cleavage fracture stress σ_f does not essentially change with loading rate V and notch size. The reason for this is that the cleavage micromechanism does not change in the different specimens at various loading rates. The cleavage micromechanism involves competition of two critical events of crack propagation and crack nucleation in the high stress and strain volume ahead of notch root. The large scatter of σ_f and notch toughness are mainly caused by the different critical events in different specimens.     

Notch effect on torsional fatigue of austenitic stainless steel: Comparison with low carbon steel

Notch effect in austenitic stainless steel under cyclic torsion is quite different depending on the superposition of static tension. In pure torsion, the rubbing of the serrated factory-roof type crack faces delays the crack growth along the notch root. Thus, the lifetime in notched specimen becomes longer than in smooth specimen. However, in cyclic torsion with static tension, the flat crack path and mean tensile stress reduce the influence of the crack face contact. Accordingly, shorter lifetime resulted from higher strain concentration at the notch root. Crack growth in low carbon steel under cyclic torsion is highly affected by the ferrite/pearlite banded microstructure besides the addition of static tension. Because of a small amount of the crack face contact, the reduction of lifetime in notched specimen is revealed irrespective of superposition of static tension.