生物质气化对减少CO2排放的作用

分析了生物质利用过程中几种能量利用的特点及整体效率，论述了生物质和矿物燃料在ＣＯ２排放方面的不同特点，分别得出产生单位有效能源时ＣＯ２的排放值。通过比较发现，高效的生物质利用技术相对于矿物燃料，可以减少ＣＯ２排放９０％左右，这充分证明利用生物质替代矿物燃料是减少ＣＯ２排放的有效措施之一，而气化技术是高效利用生物质的重要途径。     

生物质成型燃料炉具

农作物秸秆、糠渣、谷壳等农林废弃物是宝贵的生物质能资源。生物质成型技术为高效再利用农林废弃物、农作物秸秆等提供了一条很好的途径。文章介绍了一种使用生物质成型燃料的炉具及其设计方法。     

家用生物质颗粒燃料炉的研制

为解决农村秸秆焚烧污染问题，研究以生物质颗粒为燃料的家用生物质颗粒燃料炉供农家炊事使用。在充分研究、分析生物质颗粒燃料燃烧动力学特性的基础上，根据生物质颗粒燃料挥发分含量高、燃点低的特点，在生物质颗粒燃料炉的设计中采用了气化、燃烧一体化结构。测试结果表明，生物质颗粒燃料在生物质颗粒燃料炉内能气化燃烧，残碳也能够完全燃尽。该炉的主要技术指标均符合国家标准，燃烧稳定、高效、清洁，提高了秸秆的能源利用率。     

生物质热裂解过程的节能与优化

生物质秸秆是一种洁净的新能源,具有硫、氮含量低,环境污染小等优点.生物质热裂解是一种很有前景的生物质高效利用方式.本文简要介绍了生物质热裂解过程,介绍了夹点技术、自热式热裂解以及移动床闪速热裂解的研究进展情况,并对国内生物质热裂解节能与优化的发展方向提出了建议.     

秸秆类生物质燃烧动力学特性实验研究

生物质能的利用越来越受到重视。直接燃烧技术由于其操作简单、取材方便、成本适宜等特点是一种符合我国国情的生物质能利用方式。采用热重分析的研究方法,对水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和玉米芯三种秸秆类生物质的燃烧动力学特性进行了实验,研究了不同升温速率、氧浓度对不同种类的秸秆生物质燃料燃烧动力学特性的影响,并对着火温度、燃烧稳定性、挥发分析出特性、燃烧特性指数等相关特性参数进行定量分析,为设计秸秆工业锅炉燃烧设备,合理选择生物质种类、优化燃烧、提高锅炉效率提供了理论支撑。     

生物质固体成型燃料全生命周期评价

为探讨生物质固体成型燃料的能源效率和温室气体排放量,采用全生命周期评价分析原理,对北京地区以玉米秸秆为原料的生物质固体成型燃料进行全生命周期分析.结果表明:生物质固体成型燃料的净能量为13243.5MJ/t,能量产出投入比为10.8,其中,种植阶段、加工阶段以及秸秆运输能源消费居前三位,分别占总量的58.65％、24.23％、12.58％.CO2当量排放量为11.13g/MJ,约为煤的1/9.这说明生物质固体成型燃料具有较大的节能、减少温室气体排放的效益.     

生物质热化学转化制氢技术

生物质是一种重要的可再生能源，是氢的载体，与矿物燃料相比，具有挥发分高，硫、氮含量低等优点。无论是从能源角度还是从环境角度，发展生物质制氢技术都具有重要的意义。目前有关生物质制氢方面的研究主要集中在热化学转换法和生物法，文章从热化学转换的角度，进行了几种生物质制氢路线的技术经济分析预测。     

微藻生物质可再生能源的开发利用

藻类具有生物量大、生长周期短、易培养以及含有较高的脂类等特点，是制备生物质液体燃料的良好材料。微藻热解所得的生物质燃油热值高达33MJ/kg，是木材或农作物秸秆的1．6倍。通过调节微藻的培养条件和脂类含量，可获得高品质、高热值的生物质燃油。     

生物质的能源利用和生物质气化

生物质可泛指有机物质。从能源利用角度来说是指储存太阳能又可释放热能的植物。自从人类发现并发明对火的应用，生物质能的燃烧热利用伴随着人类文明的进步，在漫长的历史进程中，曾成为人类赖以生存的能量之源。从实用角度，这里的生物质能是指林业和农业生产加工剩余物，如枝条、秸秆、树皮、锯末悄、翟木条、谷果壳等。 自然状态下的生物质能量密度低，影响它取代煤、油、气的功能。为提高真能量品位，强化应用功能，生物质气化是技术措施之一。１ 生物质资源及属性 生物质能是太阳能通过植物的光合作用转换、固化和储存的能量。它是可…     

我国生物质直燃发电问题探讨

针对生物质直燃电厂可否大规模发展的问题,对比了秸秆综合利用途径效益及消化能力,得出生物质直燃发电是我国现阶段最具现实意义的秸秆资源化利用技术。通过分析现有生物质直燃电厂存在的问题,获得了直燃电厂利用秸秆资源的关键在于直燃机组参数、容量、布局均要基于辐射区内秸秆冗余量来规划,同时政府在电价上要给予一定的配套支持。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.