Phloem Alkaloid Tolerance Allows Feeding on Resistant Lupinus angustifolius by the Aphid Myzus persicae

We examined the hypothesis that the polyphagous green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) shows clone-specific adaptation to the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) containing toxic quinolizidine alkaloids. We compared the performance of a lupin-feeding clone of M. persicae from Western Australia to that of nine clones of the same species collected from eastern Australian locations, where narrow-leafed lupins rarely occur. Mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and colonization ability varied among the M. persicae clones on one aphid-susceptible and two aphid-resistant lupin varieties. The performance of the lupin-feeding clone was better than that of all other clones on the resistant narrow-leafed lupin varieties “Tanjil” and “Kalya”, indicating that successful lupin feeding is not a characteristic of the species. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses (GC-MS) of phloem from the different lupin varieties detected differences in the quantities of two alkaloid compounds identified as 13-OH-lupanine and lupanine. The lupin-feeding M. persicae clone also showed better performance on artificial diet amended with lupanine. The results suggest that the M. persicae clone collected from Western Australia is adapted to feed successfully on narrow-leafed lupin, and that this adaptation may involve improved tolerance of lupanine in its diet.     

Enantiospecific Effect of Pulegone and Pulegone-Derived Lactones on Myzus persicae (Sulz.) Settling and Feeding

The effect of pulegone chiral center configuration on its antifeedant activity to Myzus persicae was examined. Biological consequences of structural modifications of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(−)-pulegone, the lactonization, iodolactonization, and incorporation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups were studied, as well. The most active compounds were (R)-(+)-pulegone (1a) and δ-hydroxy-γ-spirolactones (5S,6R,8S)-(−)-6-hydroxy-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one (5b) and (5R,6S,8S)-6-hydroxy-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one (6b) derived from (S)-(−)-pulegone (1b). The compounds deterred aphid probing and feeding at preingestional, ingestional, and postingestional phases of feeding. The preingestional effect of (R)-(+)-pulegone (1a) was manifested as difficulty in finding and reaching the phloem (i.e., prolonged time preceding the first contact with phloem vessels), a high proportion of probes not reaching beyond the mesophyll layer before first phloem phase, and/or failure to find sieve elements by 20% of aphids during the 8-hr experiment. The ingestional activity of (R)-(+)-pulegone (1a) and hydroxylactones 5b and 6b resulted in a decrease in duration of phloem sap ingestion, a decrease in the proportion of aphids with sustained sap ingestion, and an increase in the proportion of aphid salivation in phloem. δ-Keto-γ-spirolactone (5R,8S)-(−)-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-2,6-dione (8b) produced a weak ingestional effect (shortened phloem phase). The postingestional deterrence of (R)-(+)-pulegone (1a) and δ-hydroxy-γ-spirolactones (5R,6S,8R)-(+)-6-hydroxy-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]-decan-2-one (5a), 5b, (5S,6R,8R)-6-hydroxy-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one (6a), 6b, and δ-keto-γ-spirolactone 8b prevented aphids from settling on treated leaves. The trans position of methyl group CH₃–8 and the bond C5–O1 in lactone 6b appeared to weaken the deterrent activity in relation to the cis diastereoisomer (5b).     

保护地蚜虫杀虫真菌的分离及毒力测定初报

从不同地方共采集到上百只被真菌侵染死亡的昆虫,通过分离纯化共得到82株虫生真菌。以保护地发生严重的桃蚜为试虫,选出其中15株生长快、产孢多的菌株进行毒力测定,结果表明这15株真菌对蚜虫均有致病性,但不同菌株对蚜虫的致病力存在明显差异。致病力最强的10号和9号菌株,在1.2×109个孢子/mL下,对蚜虫的校正死亡率高达76.6%和72.6%。     

10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂对桃树桃蚜田间防效研究

为明确氟啶虫酰胺对桃蚜的防治效果和最佳用药剂量,在桃树上进行了10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂不同稀释浓度喷雾处理防治桃蚜的田间药效试验,为示范推广提供科学依据。结果表明,10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂药后1 d速效性一般,但药后3 d,在有效成分20、40、60 mg/L处理下的防效就分别达到78.9%、86.8%、91.8%;药后7 d防效均达93%以上;药后14 d,在20、40、60 mg/L处理下仍分别保持着94.2%、98.4%、99.2%的防效。氟啶虫酰胺持效性优异,可与速效性较好的药剂混配,用于桃树桃蚜的防治。     

3%啶虫脒乳油防治烟蚜田间药效试验

田间试验结果表明,3%啶虫脒乳油对烟蚜有较好的防治效果,适宜稀释倍数为2100~2500倍,持效期在10d以上。     

40%氯噻啉水分散粒剂防治烟蚜田间药效试验

为验证40%氯噻啉水分散粒剂对烟田烟蚜的防治效果,进行了田间药效试验。试验结果表明,40%氯噻啉水分散粒剂对烟蚜有较好的防治效果,药后第10d供试3个剂量的防效为89.83%～96.40%,各处理间无显著性差异。40%氯噻啉水分散粒剂用于防治烟田蚜虫的适宜用量为18.75g/hm2(有效成分),持效期为10d左右。     

Repellency of Rosemary Oil Against Myzus persicae in a Laboratory and in a Screenhouse

The repellencies of 13 labiate essential oils against Myzus persicae were investigated with a linear track olfactometer. Rosemary, thyme, peppermint, lavender, and spearmint oils repelled aphids at a dose of 10 l. Rosemary and thyme oils repelled at a dose of 1 l. The repellent actions of 13 components of rosemary oil were also evaluated. Among these components linalool, d,l-camphor, and -terpineol had repellent action. The repellency of rosemary oil in a screenhouse was investigated. Aphids were released in a screenhouse and allowed to choose between tobacco plants in an area permeated with rosemary oil odor and plants in a control area. The number of aphids in the treatment area was about 70% of that in the control area. These results indicated that the landing of M. persicae on host plants was influenced by odors and that it may be possible to control aphids with repellents.     

烟蚜的抗药性现状及其综合治理

烟蚜作为烟田的重要害虫之一,不仅直接为害烟草叶片,使烟叶的品质下降,而且还可传播多种病毒病。目前主要以化学防治为主来控制烟蚜及其传播烟草病毒病,但是随着农药的广泛使用,烟蚜的抗药性己成为当前烟蚜防治中所面临的一场严峻挑战。因此,烟蚜抗药性的研究对烟草生产具有重要意义。本文就烟蚜的抗药性现状,抗药性综合治理等方面进行了论述。     

5％啶虫脒．高氯乳油防治桃蚜的效果

5％啶虫脒．高氯乳油对桃蚜具有良好的效治效果,田间用量为35－45ml/667m^2时,7天的在87．7％以上,是防治桃蚜的优良药剂。     

Behavioral Effects and Sensory Detection of Drimane Deterrents in Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii Nymphs

Eleven synthetic drimane compounds were tested for their deterrency to nymphs of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae). In general, A. gossypii nymphs were less sensitive to the drimanes than M. persicae nymphs. Warburganal (1) and polygodial (2), with a -dialdehyde configuration and double bond at C7–C8, were highly active as deterrents and/or feeding inhibitors against both species. One of the synthetic compounds (10) showed relatively high activity against A. gossypii, while it was not active at all against M. persicae, indicating that synthetic analogs of natural deterrents can be highly selective feeding deterrents. From 24-hr interval observations and ablation studies, it is concluded that nymphs of both M. persicae and A. gossypii detect polygodial and possibly the other drimanes tested with contact chemosensilla at the tips of their antennae. The ablation studies also showed that in both species no tarsal, labial, or epipharyngeal sensilla are involved in detecting polygodial within 24 hr.     

25%噻虫嗪水分散性粒剂防治桃蚜田间药效试验简报

研究了不同浓度下噻虫嗪对桃蚜的田间药效试验,发现3种浓度对桃蚜的防效均在80%以上,持效期可达14 d以上,有较好的防治效果。     

亚致死浓度氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜体内能量物质的影响

[目的]明确氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度对桃蚜体内能量物质的影响,旨在为氟啶虫胺腈对靶标害虫的解毒代谢机理提供更多的理论参考.[方法]通过GC-MS分析法,测定氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度(LC10和LC30)胁迫下,桃蚜体内脂肪酸、氨基酸及可溶性糖的组成及含量变化.[结果]氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度作用下,桃蚜体内的总脂肪酸含量显著降低,...     

氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜和瓜蚜室内杀虫活性及田间防治效果

通过室内毒力测定及田间药效试验评价氟啶虫胺腈原药以及22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂对桃蚜和瓜蚜的杀虫活性。分别采用浸叶法和常规喷雾法进行室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈原药对桃蚜和瓜蚜48 h LC50值分别为0.98 mg/L和1.70 mg/L,氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜和瓜蚜的相对毒力分别是啶虫脒的4.2倍和2.0倍。田间药效试验结果表明,22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂对桃蚜和瓜蚜具有很好的速效性和持效性,平均防治效果为82.0%~96.0%。氟啶虫胺腈可有效防治桃蚜和瓜蚜,是农业生产上防治蚜虫的理想药剂之一。     

2.5%除虫菊素乳油防治烟蚜田间药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明,2.5%除虫菊素乳油对烟蚜有较好的防治效果,适宜稀释倍数为1000～1200倍,持效期在7d左右。     

25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂防治烟蚜田间药效试验

山东青州的田间药效试验结果表明．25％噻虫嗪水分散粒剂在移栽前苗期灌根．大田茎叶期喷雾防治烟蚜都有很好的效果．持效期20d左右。苗期灌根防治烟蚜建议使用浓度4000倍．大田茎叶期喷雾防治烟蚜使用浓度为1000～12000倍，防效均为100％。     

3种杀虫剂亚致死浓度胁迫对桃蚜扩散行为的影响

[目的]明确氟吡呋喃酮、氟啶虫胺腈和环氧虫啶亚致死浓度作用下桃蚜的扩散行为.[方法]实验室条件下测定3种杀虫剂对桃蚜的相对生物活性,并开展各药剂亚致死浓度对桃蚜扩散能力影响研究.[结果]"杀虫剂种类"和"作用时间"是影响桃蚜扩散行为的主要因素;氟吡呋喃酮LC10和LC30处理桃蚜2 h,其扩散率分别为12.38％和36...     

桃蚜的饲养及其在杀虫剂生测筛选中的应用

介绍了一种新的生测筛选靶标桃蚜的室内饲养方法及几种不同的生测方法.     

15%联苯菊酯·氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂防治桃蚜药效试验

为明确15%联苯菊酯·氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂对桃蚜的田间防效,2017—2018年分别在河南、河北、辽宁3省的不同桃园进行了药效试验。结果表明,15%联苯菊酯·氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂有效剂量为33.3~37.5 mg/L时对桃蚜防效很好,药后7、14 d的防效均在90%以上,对所有供试桃树安全。建议最好在春季桃蚜初发期至初盛期喷洒用药。     

Genetic Diversity Analysis Reveals Potential of the Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae) Resistance in Ethiopian Mustard

Brassica carinata (BBCC, 2n = 34) is commonly known as Ethiopian mustard, Abyssinian mustard, or carinata. Its excellent agronomic traits, including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, make it a potential genetic donor for interspecific hybridization. Myzus persicae (green peach aphid, GPA) is one of the most harmful pests of Brassica crops, significantly effecting the yield and quality. However, few aphid-resistant Brassica crop germplasms have been utilized in breeding practices, while the underlying biochemical basis of aphid resistance still remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of 75 B. carinata accessions and some plant characteristics that potentially contribute to GPA resistance. Initially, the morphological characterization showed abundant diversity in the phenotypic traits, with the dendrogram indicating that the genetic variation of the 75 accessions ranged from 0.66 to 0.98. A population structure analysis revealed that these accessions could be grouped into two main subpopulations and one admixed group, with the majority of accessions (86.67%) clustering in one subpopulation. Subsequently, there were three GPA-resistant B. carinata accessions, BC13, BC47, and BC51. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) assay detected resistance factors in the leaf mesophyll tissue and xylem. The result demonstrated that the Ethiopian mustard accessions were susceptible when the phloem probing time, the first probe time, and the G-wave time were 20.51–32.51 min, 26.36–55.54 s, and 36.18–47.84 min, respectively. In contrast, resistance of the Ethiopian mustard accessions was observed with the phloem probing time, the first probe time, and G-wave time of 41.18–70.78 min, 181.07–365.85 s, and 18.03–26.37 min, respectively. In addition, the epidermal characters, leaf anatomical structure, glucosinolate composition, defense-related enzyme activities, and callose deposition were compared between the resistant and susceptible accessions. GPA-resistant accessions had denser longitudinal leaf structure, higher wax content on the leaf surface, higher indole glucosinolate level, increased polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and faster callose deposition than the susceptible accessions. This study validates that inherent physical and chemical barriers are evidently crucial factors in the resistance against GPA infestation. This study not only provide new insights into the biochemical basis of GPA resistance but also highlights the GPA-resistant B. carinata germplasm resources for the future accurate genetic improvement of Brassica crops.