低温热源发电制冷复合系统研究进展

对低温热源发电制冷复合系统研究现状进行了综述,介绍了吸收式发电制冷复合系统和喷射式发电制冷复合系统的发展历程和技术特点,总结了复合系统性能分析、效率评价,工质选择等方面的研究成果。指出了低温热源发电制冷复合系统中关键设备制造、系统优化设计、系统控制与集成化是制约该系统推广应用的主要因素。通过研究提出开发新型工质及适用于该类工质的系统关键设备、建立适用于不同热源品质的系统优化设计方法,同时进一步提出加强系统控制以及对系统集成技术研究是今后该领域研究工作的重点和方向。     

CO2与R41跨临界朗肯循环低温发电系统比较分析

本文以R41为工质的跨临界朗肯循环低温发电系统进行了热力性能分析,并与CO_2跨临界发电系统进行比较,结果表明:R41和CO_2系统均存在一个最优进口压力使得热效率在相同的膨胀机进口温度下达到最大值,且膨胀机进口温度越高,对应的最优压力也越大。同热效率一样,系统均存在一个最优进口压力使得净功在相同的膨胀机进口温度下达到最大值,且R41系统比CO_2系统所作的最大净功平均提高52.6%,最优进口压力平均降低41.6%,系统火用效率平均提高24.8%。     

低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环工质的选择

为了筛选出适宜于低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环的工质,根据 PR 状态方程计算和分析了采用 11 种低沸点有机流体工质的低温太阳能发电朗肯循环的热力性能.结果表明:随着工质临界温度的升高,有机透平进口处的最大蒸发压力基本呈下降趋势;在凝结温度与有机透平进口温度一定的情况下,临界温度越高的流体,其循环热效率越高;使用正已烷和正戊烷能获得较高的循环热效率,凝汽器中的凝结压力比较适中,是比较适合用作低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环的工质.     

光伏发电技术清洁度分析

客观分析了光伏发电技术的清洁程度,通过时空多尺度分析和全生命周期评价方法,计算光伏发电的能量转换效率和CO2排放量,并探讨重金属排放和SiCl4的问题.计算结果表明,光伏发电的能量转换效率为13.6,每安装1 kW的光伏组件所发电量相当于减排CO224.3t.光伏发电技术较常规能源发电技术在减少CO2和污染物排放方面都具有很大优势,是清洁的发电技术.     

CO2为低温循环工质的复叠式制冷系统的分析比较

通过对NH3/CO2、R290/CO2和R404A/CO2三种复叠式制冷系统的COP、最优低温循环冷凝温度和最佳质量流量比等进行理论分析及性能比较,得出在一定的蒸发温度、冷凝温度和冷凝蒸发器传热温差下,三种复叠式制冷系统的COP都随着低温循环冷凝温度的升高呈现出先增大后减少的趋势,其中NH3/CO2复叠式制冷系统的COP最大;三种复叠式制冷系统的最佳低温循环冷凝温度和最佳质量流量比都随着蒸发温度的升高而升高,其中R404A/CO2复叠式制冷系统的最佳低温循环冷凝温度最高,NH3/CO2复叠式制冷系统的最佳质量流量比最大。     

纯低温余热发电的动力利用分析

对低温余热资源量的统计与评价,除了用热力学第一定律分析其所含的资源量以外,还必须用热力学第二定律（（火用）分析法）对低温余热资源的作功能力及其动力利用的理论限度进行分析。根据余热资源的总量以及载热介质的比（火用）,可以科学地判断低温余热的作功能力及其动力利用的理论限度,从而合理地配置装机容量。     

纯低温余热发电系统中余热锅炉的热力学分析

以能量平衡模型和能量平衡方程为依据,对某水泥厂纯低温余热发电系统中的余热锅炉进行了热力学分析,同时分析了各种参数变化对余热锅炉(火用)效率的影响.结果表明:余热锅炉的主要外部损失为排烟(火用)损失,占锅炉总(火用)损失的45.72%;主要内部损失为传热(火用)损失,占锅炉总(火用)损失的11.28%.确定了余热锅炉耗能的薄弱环节,并提出了降低余热锅炉(火用)损和提高余热锅炉(火用)效率的途径和改进措施,为水泥厂进一步展开节能工作提供科学依据.     

论低温余热节能发电

以哈尔滨炼油厂的低温热水系统为实例,通过计算结果,得出热水节能发电的结论。     

Thermodynamic analysis of waste heat power generation system

In the present work, a waste heat power generation system is analyzed based on the criteria with and without considering the heat/exergy loss to the environment. For the criteria without considering the heat/exergy loss to the environment, the first- and second-law efficiencies display different tendencies with the variations of some system parameters. When the heat/exergy loss to the environment is taken into consideration, the first and second law efficiencies display the same tendency. Thus, choosing the appropriate expressions for the performance criteria is crucial for the optimization design of the waste heat power generation system. It is found that there are two approaches to improving the system performance: one is to improve the heat/exergy input; the other is to enhance the heat-work conversion ability of the system. The former would deteriorate the environment if the heat-work conversion ability of the system remains unchanged; the latter could reduce the environmental impact but it’s restricted by the heat/exergy input. Therefore, the optimal operation condition should be achieved at the trade-off between the heat/exergy input and the heat-work conversion ability of the system.     

Thermodynamic performance of R502 alternative refrigerant mixtures for low temperature and transport applications

In this study, two pure hydrocarbon refrigerants, R1270 (propylene) and R290 (propane), and three binary mixtures composed of R1270, R290 and R152a were tested in a refrigerating bench tester with a scroll compressor in an attempt to substitute R502, which is used in most low temperature and transport refrigeration applications. The test bench provided 3–3.5 kW capacity, and water and water/glycol mixture were employed as the secondary heat transfer fluids. All tests were conducted under the same external conditions, resulting in the average saturation temperatures of −28 and 45 °C in the evaporator and condenser, respectively. The test results showed that all refrigerants tested had 9.6–18.7% higher capacity and 17.1–27.3% higher COP than R502. The compressor discharge temperature of R1270 was similar to that of R502, while those of all the other refrigerants were 23.7–27.9 °C lower than that of R502. For all alternative refrigerants, the charge was reduced up to 60% as compared to R502. There, of course, was no problem with mineral oil, since the mixtures were mainly composed of hydrocarbons. Since some of them are mixtures, one can change their compositions a little to suit various needs in many applications without significant deterioration of the performance. Overall, these alternative refrigerants offer better system performance and reliability than R502 and can be used as long term substitutes for R502 due to their excellent environmental properties.     

自然工质低温复叠式制冷循环的热力学分析与比较

介绍了用于低温环境下采用自然工质CO2、NH3和R2903的复叠式制冷循环，介绍和分析了CO2、R290和NH3的物性特征，并且进行了复叠式制冷循环的热力学理论分析，通过计算得出了不同蒸发温度下的最佳低温循环的冷凝温度和最流量比。通过CO2－NH3，CO2－R290和NH3－NH3复叠式循环的比较，可以看出CO2－NH3、CO2－R290的复叠式制冷循环在低温制冷条件下有明显优势。     

Modified refrigerant compressor as a reciprocating engine for solar thermal power generation

The prime mover of a small solar thermal power generation system can be either a turbine or a reciprocating engine. In this paper a case is made for the use of a reciprocating engine instead of a turbine. A new design of valves is described which results in an extremely simple reciprocating engine. It is argued that the efficiency of such an engine would be at least as good as that of a comparable turbine. A one-ton refrigerant compressor was modified to incorporate the valves proposed in order to run it as an engine. The engine was run on compressed air and the pressure-time diagram of this engine has been analysed to evaluate the performance of the new valves. The present engine is compared with a similar engine developed by the Thermo Electron Corporation, U.S.A.     

Thermodynamic analysis of high-temperature regenerative organic Rankine cycles using siloxanes as working fluids

A recent novel adjustment of the Span-Wagner equation of state for siloxanes, used as working fluids in high-temperature organic Rankine cycles, is applied in a mathematical model to solve cycles under several working conditions. The proposed scheme includes a thermo-oil intermediate heat circuit between the heat source and the organic Rankine cycle. Linear and cyclic siloxanes are assayed in saturated, superheated and supercritical cycles. The cycle includes an internal heat exchanger (regenerative cycle), although a non-regenerative scheme is also solved. In the first part of the study, a current of combustion gases cooled to close to their dew point temperature is taken as the reference heat source. In the second part, the outlet temperature of the heat source is varied over a wide range, determining appropriate fluids and schemes for each thermal level. Simple linear (MM, MDM) siloxanes in saturated regenerative schemes show good efficiencies and ensure thermal stability of the working fluid.     

Performance of low temperature solar rankine power generation system

The overall performance of a solar thermal electrical power generation system is governed by the performance of the energy collection system and the power conversion unit. Any system operating under given meteorological and solar radiation conditions has a unique energy collection temperature for which the electrical output of the system will be a maximum. An engineering analysis of the system was carried out to obtain general correlations which can be used for determining such an optimum temperature. Factual experience on the design and operation of a Rankine system, using flat plate collectors and the climatological data, was used to obtain numerical estimates for the net energy conversion capability of such systems operating in Kuwait.     

Absorption power cycles for low‐temperature heat sources using aqueous salt solutions as working fluids

There are many low‐temperature heat sources; however, current technologies for their utilization have a relatively low efficiency and high cost. The leading technology in the low‐temperature domain for heat‐to‐work conversion is the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Absorption power cycles (APCs) are a second option. Nearly all currently known APCs, most importantly the Kalina cycle, use a water‐ammonia mixture as their working fluids. This paper offers a theoretical exploration of the possibility of utilizing aqueous solutions of three salts (lithium bromide, lithium chloride and calcium chloride), known mainly from absorption cooling, as working fluids for APCs. The cycles are compared with a typical steam Rankine cycle, a water‐ammonia APC, and (subcritical) ORCs with a range of working fluids explored. The analysis includes a parasitic load for heat rejection by a cooling tower or air‐cooled condenser. The absorption cycles exhibit better performance than all Rankine‐based cycles analysed in temperatures below 120°C. For the LiBr‐based APC, a detailed thermal design of the cycle is provided for 100°C water as a heat source and a sensitivity analysis is performed of the parameters controlling the main cycle. Mechanical design considerations should not pose a problem for small power units, especially in the case of expansion machines, which are often problematic in ORCs. The salt‐based APCs also carry environmental benefits, as the salts utilized in the working fluids are non‐toxic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comprehensive techno‐economic analysis method for power generation systems with CO2 capture

A new comprehensive techno‐economic analysis method for power generation systems with CO₂ capture is proposed in this paper. The correlative relationship between the efficiency penalty, investment increment, and CO₂ avoidance cost is established. Through theoretical derivation, typical system analysis, and variation trends investigation, the mutual influence between technical and economic factors and their impacts on the CO₂ avoidance cost are studied. At the same time, the important role that system integration plays in CO₂ avoidance is investigated based on the analysis of a novel partial gasification CO₂ recovery system. The results reveal that for the power generation systems with CO₂ capture, the efficiency penalty not only affects the costs on fuel, but the incremental investment cost for CO₂ capture (U.S.$ kW⁻¹) as well. Consequently, it will have a decisive impact on the CO₂ avoidance cost. Therefore, the added attention should be paid to improve the technical performance in order to reduce the efficiency penalty in energy system with CO₂ capture and storage. Additionally, the system integration may not only decrease the efficiency penalty, but also simplify the system structure and keep the investment increment at a low level, and thereby it reduces the CO₂ avoidance cost significantly. For example, for the novel partial gasification CO₂ recovery system, owing to system integration, its efficiency can reach 42.2%, with 70% of CO₂ capture, and its investment cost is only 87$ kW⁻¹ higher than that of the reference IGCC system, thereby the CO₂ avoidance cost is only 6.23$ t⁻¹ CO₂. The obtained results provide a comprehensive technical–economical analysis method for energy systems with CO₂ capture useful for reducing the avoidance costs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermo-economic analysis of a direct supercritical CO2 electric power generation system using geothermal heat

A comprehensive thermo-economic model combining a geothermal heat mining system and a direct supercritical CO₂ turbine expansion electric power generation system was proposed in this paper. Assisted by this integrated model, thermo-economic and optimization analyses for the key design parameters of the whole system including the geothermal well pattern and operational conditions were performed to obtain a minimal levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Specifically, in geothermal heat extraction simulation, an integrated wellbore-reservoir system model (T2Well/ECO2N) was used to generate a database for creating a fast, predictive, and compatible geothermal heat mining model by employing a response surface methodology. A parametric study was conducted to demonstrate the impact of turbine discharge pressure, injection and production well distance, CO₂ injection flowrate, CO₂ injection temperature, and monitored production well bottom pressure on LCOE, system thermal efficiency, and capital cost. It was found that for a 100 MW_e power plant, a minimal LCOE of $0.177/kWh was achieved for a 20-year steady operation without considering CO₂ sequestration credit. In addition, when CO₂ sequestration credit is $1.00/t, an LCOE breakeven point compared to a conventional geothermal power plant is achieved and a breakpoint for generating electric power generation at no cost was achieved for a sequestration credit of $2.05/t.     

Thermodynamic study of multistage absorption cycles using low‐temperature heat

The use of low‐temperature heat (between 50 and 90°C) is studied to drive absorption systems in two different applications: refrigeration and heat pump cycles. Double‐ and triple‐stage absorption systems are modelled and simulated, allowing a comparison between the absorbent–refrigerant solutions H₂O–NH₃, LiNO₃–NH₃ and NaSCN–NH₃. The results obtained for the double‐stage cycle show that in the refrigeration cycle the LiNO₃–NH₃ solution operates with a COP of 0.32, the H₂O–NH₃ pair with a COP of 0.29 and the NaSCN–NH₃ solution with a COP of 0.27, when it evaporates at ?15°C, condenses and absorbs refrigerant at 40°C and generates vapour at 90°C. The results are presented for double‐ and triple‐stage absorption systems with evaporation temperatures ranging between ?40 and 0°C and condensation temperatures ranging from 15°C to 45°C. The results obtained for the double‐stage heat pump cycle show that the LiNO₃–NH₃ solution reaches a COP of 1.32, the NaSCN–NH₃ pair a COP of 1.30 and the H₂O–NH₃ mixture a COP of 1.24, when it condenses and absorbs refrigerant at 50°C, evaporates at 0°C and generates vapour at 90°C. For the double‐ and triple‐stage cycles, the results are presented for evaporation temperatures ranging between 0 and 15°C. The minimum temperature required in the generators to operate the refrigeration and heat pump cycles are also presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.