An Experimental Study of Ascent and Descent Movement of People on Long Stair with High Occupant Density

This paper presents an experimental study of the movements of both ascent and descent in a high occupant density 20-level building in order to exploit the characteristics of occupant movement on long stairwells. The movement processes of the participants are recorded in order to estimate both overall and local movement speeds, as well as flow rate and occupant density in the stairwell. When a merging flow is presented, the average movement time from one floor to the next is 35.8 s?±?15.6 s, and 37.3 s?±?10.6 s for ascent and descent movement, respectively. When a merging flow is not presented, the average movement time per floor is 15.1 s?±?0.8 s and 11.9 s?±?0.8 s for the ascent and descent movement. Under congested conditions, the average speeds on long stairwells maintains a relatively constant value of approximately 0.50 m/s?±?0.17 m/s, and 0.61 m/s?±?0.14 m/s for respective ascent and descent movement, while the traveling distance has no obvious impact on speed. Furthermore, the relationship between velocity and density in our observations is in line with linear functions and equations are accordingly proposed.     

Individual Stair Ascent and Descent Walk Speeds Measured in a Korean High-Rise Building

The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze individual unimpeded stair ascent and descent walk speeds for the Korean population. To collect these data, a full-scale experiment was conducted in a 50-storey residential building in Korea involving 30 male and 30 female participants with an average age of 23.4 years. Each participant was required to ascend 50 floors and after a suitable rest period was then required to descend 50 floors using the stairs. Arrival times on each floor were recorded using video cameras, allowing floor by floor walk speeds to be determined and to assess whether fatigue affected the descent/ascent. The average descent speed for the male and female population was 0.83 m/s and 0.74 m/s, respectively, while the average ascent speed was 0.66 m/s and 0.48 m/s. However, there was no significant relationship between body mass index and stair walk speed or unimpeded horizontal walk speed and stair walk speed. During the descent, 50% of the population displayed a decrease in the walk speed over the final half of the descent with a maximum decrease of some 19%. However, some 50% of the population increased their travel speed during the final half of the descent. During the ascent, all participants decreased their speed over the first 20 floors by an average of approximately 60%. Implications of these findings for evacuation modeling/simulation are discussed.     

Experimental Influence of Pedestrian Load on Individual and Group Evacuation Speed in Staircases

To obtain a relationship between evacuation speed and the load on pedestrians in fire cases, a series of individual and group evacuation experiments were conducted in load conditions of 0 kg, 5 kg, and 10 kg. In individual evacuation, the upward evacuation speed decreased as the floor increased while the downward evacuation speed changed very little with the floor. In group evacuation, the average group evacuation speed decreased as the pedestrian load increased. The group upward average evacuation speed was decreased by 25.7% as the load increased from 0 kg to 10 kg; the corresponding group downward average evacuation speed was decreased by 28.4% as the load increased from 0 kg to 10 kg.     

楼梯设计方法初探

在当代建筑中,楼梯已经转变为一个活跃的极具表现力的积极要素.然而,仍有相当数量建筑作品中的楼梯不合时宜,本文试图总结出楼梯的设计方法,以提高其在建筑创作实践中的可操作性和创造性. ……     

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fire Protection Lobby on Stair Pressurization System in a High-Rise Building

In this study, the stair pressurization system in a 40-storey high office building in Istanbul is investigated through field tests, in order to understand the effect of the presence of a non-pressurized vestibule (fire protection lobby, FPL) before entering the stair at each floor. The building without FPL is simulated by keeping only one of the two doors (of the stair and FPL) open at each floor. This method gave an opportunity to fix other parameters affecting the stair pressurization system and check solely the effect of FPL. Two different cases are taken into account, where the first one (all doors closed) analyses the condition that all stair doors are kept closed and the second one (critical doors are open) is conducted when the stairwell is opened to the floor on a given level (fire floor) and the stair termination door at the discharge floor is kept open. For both cases, the availability of the FPL is investigated by using the aforementioned arrangement. Under the conditions with approximately the same pressurized air flow rate at all doors closed condition, it is found that the availability of FPL increases the pressure difference between the stairwell and the corridor by a factor of approximately 2.2. This is also justified by using empirical formulations available in literature, where this ratio is calculated as 2.0. The results of this study showed that the FPL arrangement improves the effectiveness of pressurization system in a very high-rise building, despite some tolerable drawbacks.     

配筋混凝土干燥收缩变形的试验研究

从宏观的应用角度出发,结合工程对配筋混凝土的干缩变形进行了深入的试验和理论分析.对40个配筋混凝土构件的约束干燥收缩变形从数据采集到试验结果进行了为期360天龄期的分析研究,在混凝土自由干燥收缩估算公式的基础上,考虑了钢筋及混凝土徐变综合的影响,提出了配筋混凝土干燥收缩应变多系数估算公式,公式的计算结果与186组试验数据符合良好.公式的提出是对以往收缩公式的改进和发展,并具有较好的工程适用性,为今后修订《混凝土结构设计规范》（GB50010-2002）中有关耐久性的条目提供了重要的试验数据和背景材料.     

高风速下线板式静电集尘器提效试验研究

为解决室内线板式静电集尘器在高风速条件下效率偏低的问题,设计制作了双区分体式静电集尘器样机,并通过测试该样机在不同条件下的PM2.5一次性过滤效率,考察了影响线板式静电集尘器高风速下性能的关键因素。结果表明,增加电离区"有效电流",减小集尘区极片间距,增加集尘区厚度是提高线板式静电集尘器高风速下性能的有效手段。依据试验结果对现有集尘器产品的电离区与集尘区进行优化改进并测试其在不同风速下的PM2.5一次性过滤效率表现。优化后的集尘器整体效率提升明显。     

对部分填充钢筋混凝土框架的试验研究

通过在合适的地方填充钢筋混凝土是一种很常用的加固方法。有时考虑到建筑上的需要,在加固中会将窗户或者门的开口留出来。但是目前我们对在水平循环荷载作用下的部分填充钢筋混凝土结构的行为还不十分了解。本研究旨在探究水平循环荷载下,通过部分填充而加固的柔性钢筋混凝土结构的性能。试验对象为9个三分之一比例的单层单开间模型,对其施加反复荷载。填充墙的纵横比(lw/hw,长度/高度)和安放的位置是试验中需要考虑的两个参数。试验结果指出,与无填充墙的结构相比,部分填充的RC结构显示出了明显更高的最终强度和更高的初始刚度。当填充墙的纵横比增大,结构的抗侧强度和刚度也有显著增加。此外,从试验中还可以看到,结构和填充墙之间的连接同样会影响填充结构的性能,那些同时连接到柱子和梁的部分填充墙模型显示出了最优的性能。     

水下不分散混凝土外加剂应用试验研究

本文针对南平闽江大桥水下不分散混凝土力学性能进行了试验研究,对配合比进行了设计调整,检测TW—NA外加剂对水下浇注混凝土的抗分散性、流动性、自密实度及力学性能的影响,研究应用结果表明,TW—NA水下不分散混凝土外加剂的作用效果明显,制备的水下不分散混凝土的各项指标稳定。     

双向叠合板拼缝传力性能的试验研究

对叠合板板侧各种拼接缝的构造及传力性能进行了试验研究,建议了合理的整体式拼缝构造形式及计算方法。本文结论适用于大跨度叠合楼板的结构设计,可减小挠度变形,提高承载力及裂缝控制能力,具有实际应用前景。     

独立学院大学英语分级教学实验研究

以克拉申的输入假说和情感过滤因素为理论依据,在武汉理工大学华夏学院进行了分级教学实验。经过3个学期的分级教学后,这些学生参加了全国大学英语四级考试。通过对比实验组和控制组学生英语四级考试成绩,发现两组之间存在显著性差异,表明大学英语分级教学比非分级教学更为有效。     

基于递归神经网络的转速估计器仿真研究

针对硬件传感器安装、调试、维护复杂等缺点,采用了一种基于递归神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)的转速估计器,取代传统传感器完成转速检测任务.递归神经网络采用带遗忘因子的最小二乘(RLS)估计算法,该方法利用RNN强的非线性动态特性,可以在线训练权重,从而可以快速跟踪参数变化、负载变动等情况.最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证了此方法的有效性.     

上海地区热压通风间层通风性能的实测研究

与建筑良好结合的太阳能热压通风构造可以达到夏季防热、冬季供暖的效果,是一种十分节能的被动式技术。通风量是评价该系统运行效果的重要参数之一。目前,采用的通风量预测方法多基于理论分析与实验室研究的结果,缺乏自然条件下该系统实际通风效果的分析。通过在上海嘉定某试验房中建设热压通风间层,调整试验房的旋转机构与可调通风口,分析了当地太阳辐射、通风口尺寸、风速风向对该通风层通风性能的影响。结果表明典型工况下的实测通风量始终大于预测通风量,且偏差较大。其原因主要来自室外风场、集热墙温度的不均匀性等方面。     

Experimental and Numerical Study on Complex Multi-planar Welded Tubular Joints in Umbrella-Type Space Trusses with Long Overhangs

A test rig with multi-functional purposes was specifically designed and manufactured to study the behavior of multi-planar welded tubular joints subjected to multi-planar concurrent axial loading. An experimental investigation was conducted on full-scale welded tubular joints with each consisting of one chord and eight braces under monotonic loading conditions. Two pairs or four representative specimens (two specimens for each joint type) were tested, in which each pair was reinforced with two kinds of different internal stiffeners at the intersections between the chords using welded rectangular hollow steel sections (RHSSs) and the braces using rolled circular hollow steel sections (CHSSs) and welded RHSSs. The effects of different internal stiffeners at the chord–brace intersection on the load capacity of joints under concurrent multi-planar axial compression/tension are discussed. The test results of joint strengths, failure modes, and load–stress curves are presented. Finite element analyses were performed to verify the experimental results. The study results show that the two different joint types with the internal stiffeners at the chord–brace intersection under axial compression/tension significantly increase the corresponding ultimate strength to far exceed the usual design strength. The load carrying capacity of welded tubular joints decreases with a higher degree of the manufacturing imperfection in individual braces at the tubular joints. Furthermore, the interaction effect of the concurrent axial loading applied at the welded tubular joint on member stress is apparent.     

An Experimental Study of Smoke Movement in Multi-Storey Buildings

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of smoke movement in a 10-storey building. Eight full-scale experiments including four real fuel fires and four propane fires were conducted in the National Research Council Canada (NRCC)’s 10-storey experimental tower to generate smoke movement data that can be used for the validation of computer models. The heat release rate (HRR) of fire cannot be measured in this tower, so to estimate the HRR of fuel-package fires in this study, an approach using propane as a fuel was developed to reproduce the temperature distribution of various fuel-package tests.     

超长悬挑支撑架的应用研究

结合某工程,对大跨度型钢悬挑梁的计算进行了分析,特别是钢丝绳对悬挑梁作用力的简化.大跨度型钢悬挑支撑架主要有3种:斜拉式、斜撑式和撑拉结合式.所介绍工程是混凝土现浇悬挑屋盖,荷载较大,工期紧,考虑到工期和经济性,该工程采用的是斜拉式型钢悬挑支撑架,3道钢丝绳斜拉,2道受力,1道保险.重点解决了钢丝绳的作用力简化为弹性支座的问题,以及弹性支座刚度的计算.     

ZJ-1型水下不分散混凝土外加剂的试验研究

介绍由本院开发之ZJ-1型水下不分散混凝土外加剂的试验研究结果,试验表明,该水下混凝土具有高强、高坍落度和高粘性等特点。     

Effect of Fuel Bed Width on Upslope Fire Spread: An Experimental Study

Fire Technology - In this work, a series of experiments across a porous fuel bed of pine excelsior with two sidewalls were conducted under different slope and fuel bed width conditions. It was...     

大直径预应力管桩的抗弯性能试验研究

随着我国港口码头、桥梁建设的迅猛发展,大直径管桩在基础工程中得到广泛应用。对大直径预应力混凝土管桩(Φ1400)进行抗弯试验,对其是否满足设计要求进行了研究。     

An Experimental and Modeling Study on Vibro-Acoustic Response of Double-Walled Steel Cylindrical Shells

Based on precise transfer matrix method (PTMM), the analytical model of the double-walled steel cylindrical shell was setup by taking into account of the a