无线传感器网络中间件的研究

无线传感器网络(WSNs)能量和资源有限、网络动态性强等特点使得终端用户管理复杂的WSNs并不容易,需要中间件的支持。研究不同的WSNs中间件设计方法,对WSNs中间件进行了分类和比较,提出了今后进一步研究的方向。     

TinySOA: a service-oriented architecture for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks provide the means for gathering vast amounts of data from physical phenomena, and as such they are being used for applications such as precision agriculture, habitat monitoring, and others. However, there is a need to provide higher level abstractions for the development of applications, since accessing the data from wireless sensor networks currently implies dealing with very low-level constructs. We propose TinySOA, a service- oriented architecture that allows programmers to access wireless sensor networks from their applications by using a simple service-oriented API via the language of their choice. We show an implementation of TinySOA and the results of an experiment where programmers developed an application that exemplifies how easy Internet applications can integrate sensor networks.

A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks

The availability of low-cost hardware such as CMOS cameras and microphones has fostered the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), i.e., networks of wirelessly interconnected devices that are able to ubiquitously retrieve multimedia content such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data from the environment. In this paper, the state of the art in algorithms, protocols, and hardware for wireless multimedia sensor networks is surveyed, and open research issues are discussed in detail. Architectures for WMSNs are explored, along with their advantages and drawbacks. Currently off-the-shelf hardware as well as available research prototypes for WMSNs are listed and classified. Existing solutions and open research issues at the application, transport, network, link, and physical layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated, along with possible cross-layer synergies and optimizations.     

A middleware architecture for disseminating delay-constrained information in wireless sensor networks

Data dissemination is a process where information is transmitted towards different destinations. In order to prevent accidents, coordinate rescue operations and warn people about critical events, this process imposes end-to-end delay constraints. Accordingly, the delay from each source to each destination should be monitored. For this purpose, a middleware is required between the network and the applications, offering the tracking capabilities of disseminated information. In this paper, we propose a middleware architecture for disseminating delay-constrained information in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In order to evaluate the feasibility of such architecture, a proof of concept of a real scenario is implemented. For performance evaluation, the end-to-end delay and the percentage of success related to the disseminated information are analyzed. Such analysis reveals that the middleware offers a percentage of success close to 98%, which is highly superior to the success of individual resources, such as Short Message Services (SMS), emailing and twitter.     

BiSNET: A biologically-inspired middleware architecture for self-managing wireless sensor networks

This paper describes BiSNET (Biologically-inspired architecture for Sensor NETworks), a middleware architecture that addresses several key issues in multi-modal wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) such as autonomy, scalability, adaptability, self-healing and simplicity. Based on the observation that various biological systems have developed mechanisms to overcome these issues, BiSNET follows certain biological principles such as decentralization, food gathering/storage and natural selection to design MWSN applications. In BiSNET, each application consists of multiple software agents, which operate on the BiSNET middleware platform in individual sensor nodes, and each agent exploits certain biologically-inspired mechanisms such as energy exchange, pheromone emission, replication, migration and death. This is analogous to a bee colony (application) consisting of multiple bees (agents). This paper describes the biologically-inspired mechanisms in BiSNET, and evaluates their impacts on the autonomy, scalability, adaptability, self-healing and simplicity of MWSNs. Simulation results show that BiSNET allows sensor nodes (agents and platforms) to be scalable with respect to network size, autonomously adapt their sleep periods for power efficiency and responsiveness of data collection, adaptively aggregate data from different types of sensor nodes, and collectively self-heal (i.e., detect and eliminate) false positive sensor data. The BiSNET platform is implemented simple in its design and lightweight in its memory footprint.     

A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks

The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in applications such as disaster management, combat field reconnaissance, border protection and security surveillance. Sensors in these applications are expected to be remotely deployed in large numbers and to operate autonomously in unattended environments. To support scalability, nodes are often grouped into disjoint and mostly non-overlapping clusters. In this paper, we present a taxonomy and general classification of published clustering schemes. We survey different clustering algorithms for WSNs; highlighting their objectives, features, complexity, etc. We also compare of these clustering algorithms based on metrics such as convergence rate, cluster stability, cluster overlapping, location-awareness and support for node mobility.     

无线传感器网络中间件技术研究综述

无线传感器网络在受到广泛应用与关注的同时,由于网络复杂度及网络应用的增加,普遍存在缺乏统一开放接口的问题。针对无线传感器网络结构及特点,介绍无线传感器网络中间件技术概念,在全面分析中间件面临的问题与挑战的基础上,比较几种不同设计方法,并且通过典型实例在几个重要性能参数方面进行了对比。最后在中间件QoS机制模型方面提出了一种改进方法。     

Time synchronization methods for wireless sensor networks: A survey

Wireless sensor networks consist of many nodes that collect real-world data, process them, and transmit the data by radio. Wireless sensor networks represent a new, rapidly developing direction in the field of organization of computer networks of free configuration. Sensor networks are used for monitoring a parameter field, where it is often required to fix time of an event with high accuracy. High accuracy of local clocks is also necessary for operation of network protocols (for energy-saving purposes, the nodes spend most of the time in the sleeping mode and communicate only occasionally). In the paper, base techniques used in the existing time synchronization schemes are analyzed; models of local clock behavior and models of interaction of the network devices are described; classification of the synchronization problems is presented; and a survey of the existing approaches to synchronization of time in sensor networks is given.     

Machine learning algorithms for wireless sensor networks: A survey

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most promising technologies for some real-time applications because of its size, cost-effective and easily deployable nature. Due to some external or internal factors, WSN may change dynamically and therefore it requires depreciating dispensable redesign of the network. The traditional WSN approaches have been explicitly programmed which make the networks hard to respond dynamically. To overcome such scenarios, machine learning (ML) techniques can be applied to react accordingly. ML is the process of self-learning from the experiences and acts without human intervention or re-program. The survey of the ML techniques for WSNs is presented in [1], covering period of 2002–2013. In this survey, we present various ML-based algorithms for WSNs with their advantages, drawbacks, and parameters effecting the network lifetime, covering the period from 2014–March 2018. In addition, we also discuss ML algorithms for synchronization, congestion control, mobile sink scheduling and energy harvesting. Finally, we present a statistical analysis of the survey, the reasons for selection of a particular ML techniques to address an issue in WSNs followed by some discussion on the open issues.     

Real-time data management on wireless sensor networks: A survey

In the recent past, search in sensor systems focused on node hardware constraints and very limited energy resources. But nowadays, that new applications need data processing with temporal constraints in their tasks; then one of the new challenges faced by wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is handling real-time storage and querying the data they process. Two main approaches to storage and querying data are generally considered warehousing and distributed. The warehousing approach stores data in a central database and then queries may be performed to it. In a distributed approach, sensor devices are considered as local databases and data are managed locally. The data collected by sensors must represent the current state of the environment; for this reason they are subject to logic and time constraints. Then, this paper identifies the main specifications of real-time data management and presents the available real-time data management solutions for WSNs, in order to discuss them and identify some open issues and provide guidelines for further contributions.     

A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are finding different applications for offshore exploration and ocean monitoring. In most of these applications, the network consists of significant number of sensor nodes deployed at different depths throughout the area of interest. The sensor nodes located at the sea bed cannot communicate directly with the nodes near the surface level; they require multi-hop communication assisted by appropriate routing scheme. However, this appropriateness depends not only on network resources and application requirements but also on environmental constraints. All these factors provide a platform where a resource-aware routing strategy plays a vital role to fulfill the different application requirements with dynamic environmental conditions. Realizing the fact, significant attention has been given to construct a reliable scheme, and many routing protocols have been proposed in order to provide an efficient route discovery between the sources and the sink. In this paper, we present a review and comparison of different algorithms, proposed recently in order to fulfill this requirement. The main purpose of this study is to address the issues like data forwarding, deployment and localization in UWSNs under different conditions. Later on, all of these are classified into different groups according to their characteristics and functionalities.     

压缩感知在无线传感网络的应用综述

随着信息技术的发展,近些年压缩感知技术格外引人瞩目,在图像视频编码、雷达及微波辐射成像、气象卫星、图像加密、物联网等领域展现出强大的功能与发展前景。首先介绍了压缩感知在无线传感网络领域的发展及研究现状,然后从压缩感知仿真实验和实例、压缩感知的测量方案、压缩感知的解压缩方案、压缩感知在无线传感网络的具体应用四个方面阐明了压缩感知在无线传感网络领域的优势,最后对压缩感知的前景进行了展望。     

A survey of game-theoretic approaches in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprising of tiny, power-constrained nodes are gaining popularity due to their potential for use in a wide variety of environments like monitoring of environmental attributes, intrusion detection, and various military and civilian applications. While the sensing objectives of these environments are unique and application-dependent, a common performance criteria for wireless sensor networks is prolonging network lifetime while satisfying coverage and connectivity in the deployment region. Security is another important performance parameter in wireless sensor networks, where adverse and remote environments pose various kinds of threats to reliable network operation. In this paper, we look at the problems of security and energy efficiency and different formulations of these problems based on the approach of game theory. The potential applicability of WSNs to intruder detection environments also lends itself to game-theoretic formulation of these environments, where pursuit-evasion games provide a relevant framework to model detection, tracking and surveillance applications.The suitability of using game theory to study security and energy efficiency problems and pursuit-evasion scenarios using WSNs stems from the nature of strategic interactions between nodes. Approaches from game theory can be used to optimize node-level as well as network-wide performance by exploiting the distributed decision-making capabilities of WSNs. The use of game theory has proliferated, with a wide range of applications in wireless sensor networking. In the wake of this proliferation, we survey the use of game-theoretic approaches to formulate problems related to security and energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.     

A survey on coverage and connectivity issues in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed of a group of small power-constrained nodes with functions of sensing and communication, which can be scattered over a vast region for the purpose of detecting or monitoring some special events. The first challenge encountered in WSNs is how to cover a monitoring region perfectly. Coverage and connectivity are two of the most fundamental issues in WSNs, which have a great impact on the performance of WSNs. Optimized deployment strategy, sleep scheduling mechanism, and coverage radius cannot only reduce cost, but also extend the network lifetime. In this paper, we classify the coverage problem from different angles, describe the evaluation metrics of coverage control algorithms, analyze the relationship between coverage and connectivity, compare typical simulation tools, and discuss research challenges and existing problems in this area.     

一种无线传感器网络链式传输分簇路由协议

由于周围环境对无线传感器网络(WSNs)的影响,在布设到特殊环境下时会产生信号的衰减与损耗,导致通信不畅。针对此问题,提出一种以LEACH路由协议为基础适应特殊环境(长直空间)的新型路由算法。本算法采用链式传输,即从内部逐一将信号传输给距空间最外端且距基站位置较近的簇头,克服了内部节点死亡过快的问题。同时簇内采用链式传输并且改进簇头阈值与成簇半径,减小了能量消耗,提高了稳定性,克服了LEACH算法的不足。     

A survey of key management schemes in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks have many applications, vary in size, and are deployed in a wide variety of areas. They are often deployed in potentially adverse or even hostile environment so that there are concerns on security issues in these networks. Sensor nodes used to form these networks are resource-constrained, which make security applications a challenging problem. Efficient key distribution and management mechanisms are needed besides lightweight ciphers. Many key establishment techniques have been designed to address the tradeoff between limited memory and security, but which scheme is the most effective is still debatable. In this paper, we provide a survey of key management schemes in wireless sensor networks. We notice that no key distribution technique is ideal to all the scenarios where sensor networks are used; therefore the techniques employed must depend upon the requirements of target applications and resources of each individual sensor network.     

Practical data compression in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Power consumption is a critical problem affecting the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. A number of techniques have been proposed to solve this issue, such as energy-efficient medium access control or routing protocols. Among those proposed techniques, the data compression scheme is one that can be used to reduce transmitted data over wireless channels. This technique leads to a reduction in the required inter-node communication, which is the main power consumer in wireless sensor networks. In this article, a comprehensive review of existing data compression approaches in wireless sensor networks is provided. First, suitable sets of criteria are defined to classify existing techniques as well as to determine what practical data compression in wireless sensor networks should be. Next, the details of each classified compression category are described. Finally, their performance, open issues, limitations and suitable applications are analyzed and compared based on the criteria of practical data compression in wireless sensor networks.     

Dynamic key management in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a vast field of applications, including environment monitoring, battlefield surveillance and target tracking systems. As WSNs are usually deployed in remote or even hostile environments and sensor nodes are prone to node compromise attacks, the adoption of dynamic key management is extremely important. However, the resource-constrained nature of sensor nodes hinders the use of dynamic key management solutions designed for wired and ad hoc networks. Hence, many dynamic key management schemes have been proposed for WSNs recently. This paper investigates the special requirements of dynamic key management in sensor network environments, and introduces several basic evaluation metrics. In this work, the state of the art dynamic key management schemes are classified into different groups and summarized based on the evaluation metrics. Finally, several possible future research directions for dynamic key management are provided.     

应用压缩感知的无线传感器网络数据处理综述

研究了压缩感知在无线传感器网络数据处理方面的应用。介绍了压缩感知技术和无线传感器网络的发展及研究现状,并从数据融合、信号采集、信号路由传输以及信号重构4个方面,对近年来基于压缩感知的无线传感器网络数据处理研究进行了详尽的分析,提出数据安全的重要性。总结并展望了压缩感知技术未来的研究方向。