煤层气典型曲线产能预测方法

为简单快速预测煤层气井产能,引入了典型曲线-无因次产量与时间的关系曲线法.通过分析兰氏压力、兰氏体积和渗透率等对典型曲线形态的影响,建立了不同兰氏压力下无因次产量与时间的关系式,提出了煤层气井典型曲线产能预测方法.运用该方法分别对韩城和沁南区块两口煤层气井进行产量预测和储量评价.结果表明:预测产量与前5年的实际产量符合率高于80%,表明该方法可供现场应用.对生产数据进行拟合得出两口井的控制储量分别为2.40×107m3和2.29×107m3,预测未来10年采出程度分别为44.3%和46.3%.     

基于灰色预测模型的煤层气储层产气量动态变化预测研究

以沁水盆地某研究区的排采资料为基础,围绕煤层气储层产气量动态变化预测技术开展研究.煤层气开采过程是一个非常复杂的系统,其产气量受煤层气储层自身特性和排采制度等多种因素的影响,是各种影响因素综合作用的结果,是开采过程中系统内在变化的反映.可以通过研究煤层气产量的历史数据,挖掘产气量随时间变化的内在规律,并对未来的产气量进行预测.基于煤层气储层产气量的历史数据,通过建立灰色预测模型预测煤层气储层产气量的动态变化,并通过实际产气量数据验证,对于产量波动小、峰值明显、稳产时间长的煤层气储层,灰色预测模型在对产气量进入递减阶段的动态变化进行预测时效果较好.     

低渗透煤层气产气通道渗流门限分析

基于毛细管模型和渗流能量方程,考虑煤层气在产气通道渗流过程中解吸吸附的动态平衡,建立了产气通道门限渗流模型,给出煤层气渗流的临界半径和临界长度,并基于门限渗流模型,引入产气通道连通程度对单井产气量进行预测.结果表明:产气通道的临界渗流直径的数量级是微米级(μm),也就是说在煤层中小于微米级裂隙主要是气体扩散的通道,对气体渗流贡献较小;不同直径产气通道解吸气体渗流的长度不同,裂缝宽度小于5mm时,只是煤层气井周围1m范围内的产气区域,当产气通道的直径大于14mm时,在不同临界解吸压力下其控制区域半径在50m以上,增加煤层气产气通道的尺度和连通程度可增加煤层气单井控制的渗流区域,提高煤层气井产气量,为煤层气井区域性排采、井网优化设计提供依据.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气井网排采压降漏斗的控制因素

以平面径向渗流理论及压降叠加原理为基础,依据沁水南部煤层气生产区块15口排采井生产数据,建立了井网排采条件下排水阶段至产气初期煤层气井压降漏斗的计算模型,应用Matlab数学软件实现了煤层气井压降漏斗的可视化模型.在分析了排水阶段至产气初期煤层气井压降漏斗的形状及演化特征的基础上,提出了单井压降漏斗形状的界定方法和压降漏斗叠加程度的评价方法,讨论了压降漏斗形状的控制因素.研究结果表明：排水阶段至产气初期,煤储层渗透率小于8×10-3μm2、地下水位高度高于680m、日排水量低于3m3/d时,产气量一般高于250m3/d,泄流半径与压降漏斗深度的比值一般小于40,泄流半径较小,煤储层压力降幅较大,压降漏斗属于第1种类型;煤储层渗透率大于8×10-3μm2、地下水位高度低于680m、日排水量小于3m3/d时,产气量一般低于250m3/d,泄流半径与压降漏斗深度的比值一般大于40,泄流半径较大,煤储层压力降幅较小,压降漏斗属于第2种类型;叠加区最大半径与井距的比值越大,压降叠加程度越高,叠加区域的面积越大,压降漏斗范围内煤储层压力的下降幅度也越大.排水阶段至产气初期,渗透率越低、地下水流体势越大、排水量越小、压降叠加程度越高,泄流半径与压降漏斗深度的比值就越小,越有利于产气初期煤层气产出.     

等温吸附曲线方法在煤层气可采资源量估算中的应用

在缺乏煤层气井生产资料的情况下，为了合理利用我国煤田地质勘探中煤层气解吸法所测的煤层气含量，使其计算的煤层气资源量与可采资源量更为接近，根据煤层气解吸特征，煤储层等温吸附特征，通过计算解吸系数，求取煤层气的解吸率．利用等温吸附曲线与煤层气临界解吸压力的关系，估算出煤层气临界解吸压力，并结合煤层气井的枯竭压力，估算出煤层气采收率，进而获得煤层气可采资源量．结果表明，残余气在煤层气开采时基本上是不可能获得的，另外由于生产技术的原因，参考国外煤层气实际生产情况，井深结构所能达到的最低储层压力之下的煤层气也基本上不能被采出．因此通过解吸系数法校正、等温吸附曲线法校正后，计算的煤层气资源量更能反映煤层气的可采潜力．     

煤层气井排采初期合理排采强度的确定方法

为了提高煤层气井产气稳定期和采收率,用微分几何学理论结合达西定律计算了沁南地区煤层气井初始排采强度.根据沁水盆地东南部单排3#煤层的排采井实测数据,用最小二乘法建立了实际初始产气压力与临界解吸压力关系,确定动液面下降高度;用微分几何理论结合达西定律计算了初始产气时的平均压力、影响体积,用于确定初始产气时的最佳影响半径;根据最佳影响半径与排采时间的联系,结合动液面下降高度计算出排采初期的排采强度.计算结果与现场实践吻合较好,初期合理排采强度的确定,既可防止储层激励,又可防止不必要的能源消耗,具有较好推广应用前景.     

煤粉对煤层气井产气通道的影响分析

基于Kozeny的毛细管岩石模型,建立煤粉影响后产气通道渗透率的模型;分析煤粉对产气通道渗透率和导流能力的影响,在以往渗流观点基础上,研究煤层气沿产气通道渗流模式,依据该渗流模式运用分段方法建立煤储层整体压降模型,探讨煤粉对煤层气井产气潜能的影响.结果表明:煤粉影响后近井地带产气通道的渗透率与煤粉颗粒粒径大小和填充率有关,远井地带产气通道的渗透率与煤粉的堵塞程度有关.随着煤颗粒粒径的增大,堵塞程度的增加,产气通道的渗透率减少.在填充煤粉颗粒粒径由0.01mm增大到0.3mm后,产气通道的渗透率由569.96μm2减少到30.91μm2;在粒径比不变的情况下,当填充率小于1时,填充率对产气通道的渗透率影响较小,当填充率大于1时对产气通道的渗透率影响较大;随着沉积厚度的增加,裂缝的等效裂宽越小,压裂裂缝的导流能力减少,导流能力随沉积厚度的变化呈线性递减关系.煤粉在产气通道内的填充沉积不仅使煤储层整体压降程度变小,而且使煤层气的有效解吸面积变小,进而影响煤层气的产能.     

用常规黑油模型模拟煤层气开采过程

流体在煤层中的传输机理由两部分组成,气体在煤内表面解吸,并通过基岩和微孔隙扩散进入裂缝网络中。若岩块表面甲烷气体的释放速度比气,水相在煤层割理中的流动速度快得多,那么在模拟煤层气开采过程时,解吸动能可以不考虑,根据这个假设可认为：在给定压力下煤层吸附的甲烷气体量类似于相应压力下溶解在原油中的气体量,煤层中的朗格缪尔等温曲线可视为常规黑油油藏中的溶解气油比曲线。若将煤层表面的吸附气作为不流动油中溶解气来处理,那么可用常规黑油模型描述煤层气,而不需要对模型源码做会何修改,基于上述思路,用黑油模型模拟煤层气开采过程,并与用煤层气模拟软件（COMETPC）的计算结果进行了比较,趋势非常接近。     

黔西地区高煤阶煤岩吸附特征及控制因素研究

煤岩的吸附能力决定了煤层气的储量丰度,也影响着煤层气井的产量,是煤层气评价最基本的重要参数。依据大量煤岩样品的实验结果和理论分析,研究了高煤阶煤岩的吸附能力、特征以及影响因素。黔西高煤阶煤岩的兰氏体积和兰氏压力偏低,层间差异大,低压阶段吸附量所占比例高。通过单因子分析法分析各参数对吸附能力的影响;通过灰色关联法分析,确定了各因素对煤岩吸附能力的影响程度。各因素影响关系的确定为煤层气评价参数的选择提供了理论依据。     

深部煤层气井排采特征及产能控制因素分析

根据鄂尔多斯盆地某区块深部煤层气井生产资料,分析深部煤层气井在排采初期的气水产出特征;研究影响深部煤层气井产能的地质和工程主要因素,基于产能主控因素提出研究区深部煤层气开发建议.结果表明:深部煤层气井在排采初期产能偏低,影响产气效果的地质因素主要包括构造部位、煤层埋深、含气量及水动力条件,工程因素主要包括压裂参数、开采层数和抽采制度;开发时应注意控制压裂液排量高于7.75m3/min,保持30~40m3的加砂量,并根据产气变化及时调节泵冲次,调节幅度以小于0.05次/min为宜;工程前期设计和后期操作要与地质情况紧密结合,充分发挥两者对产能控制的最大优势.     

Method for predicting economic peak yield for a single well of coalbed methane

The development of coalbed methane (CBM) in China poses great difficulties because of high investments, low production and high risks. So a study of the economic effect of a single well at its preliminary stage is helpful for commercial exploitation of CBM. Affected by wellbore flow pressure, initial reservoir pressure, relative permeability, Langmuir pressure and other factors,the trend of declining production of a single CBM well agrees, by and large, with a hyperbolic pattern of decline. Based on Arps'sequation, nearly 200 wells production with different peak yields and initial rates of were simulated. Given the present cost of drilling, gas production and engineering on the ground, the gross investment for the development of a single coalbed methane well was estimated for the Fanzhuang block in central China. Considering the current industrial policies for CBM, we established an economic assessment model and analyzed economic peaks. The results show the economic benefits with or without government subsidies at different peak yields of a single CBM well. The results of the evaluation can be directly applied in the Fanzhuang block. The evaluation method, formulated in our study, can be used to other areas with similar conditions.     

高含水煤样的多元混合气体的吸附分析

对高含水煤样进行了三元混合气体（CH4,CO2,N2均为33．3％）的高压等温吸附试验,得出等温吸附曲线,并分析了三元混合气体在吸附过程中各组分体积分数的变化规律．结果表明,吸附曲线在煤样含水量高于5％时不遵循超出煤样平衡水分范围曲线不再变化的规律,而是吸附量低得多;吸附过程中各组分的体积分数是实时变化的,吸附能力强的气体吸附速率先快后慢,吸附能力弱的气体吸附速率先慢后快;在高压时吸附曲线没有明显变化．为更科学地计算煤层气资源量和可采潜力提供参考．     

非低阶煤煤层气解吸关系研究

煤层气解吸作用的研究可较好地预测产气量和气量持续周期。对当前数个煤层气勘探开发较为活跃地区的煤进行了吸附解吸实验,通过对实验数据拟合分析,得到煤层气降压解吸服从数学模型Vd=adbdp/1+bdp+c。在煤层气井排水降压产气过程中,采用此模型对煤层气的解吸量进行计算,揭示了降压解吸滞后是由于剩余含气量c的存在,解吸量ad与最大含气量amax线性相关,最大解吸率为c/amax,生产上要提高解吸量只能通过改变吸附系统吸附热与解吸速率。通过2口直井与2口水平井的排采实践对本文研究结论进行了验证。     

Mechanism of CO2 enhanced CBM recovery in China: a review

Permeability of coal reservoirs in China is in general low. Injection of CO2 into coal seams is one of the potential ap-proaches for enhancing coalbed methane (CBM) production. The feasibility of this technology has been investigated in China since the 1990s. Advances in mechanism of CO2 enhanced CBM recovery (CO2-ECBM) in China are reviewed in light of certain aspects,such as the competitive multi-component gas adsorption, sorption-induced coal swelling/shrinkage and its potential effect on CBM production and numerical simulation for CO2-ECBM recovery. Newer investigations for improving the technology are discussed. It is suggested that a comprehensive feasibility demonstration in terms of geology, technology, economics and environment-carrying capacity is necessary for a successful application of the technology for CBM recovery in China. The demonstration should be car-ried out after more investigations into such facets as the control of coal components and structure to a competitive multi-component-gas adsorption, the behavior and essence of super-critical adsorption by coal of gas, environmental and safe feasi-bility of coal mining after CO2 injection and more extensive pilot tests for CO2-ECBM recovery.     

煤层气储层保护钻完井工艺技术探讨

分析钻完井过程中煤层气储层的损害机理,从井身结构设计、钻井方式选择、钻井参数优化、起下钻计算等方面,提出保护煤层气储层的钻井工艺技术,并对煤层气井固完井工艺技术进行了探讨,对于保护煤层气储层,提高煤层气开发效率具有一定的指导意义。     

New progress and future prospects of CBM exploration and development in China

Efforts to speed up China’s coal bed methane (CBM) exploration developments related to production safety, optimization of energy structures, prevention of energy waste and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are all of great significance. In order to strengthen CBM exploration and development in China and to encourage increased growth in the CBM industry, we firstly give a general overview of the recent technological innovations and other developments in CBM exploration in the U.S., Canada and other countries. Using this background information as the starting point, we further present observations and analyses of CBM exploration and development, preferential policies, technical support and implications of R&D for CBM development in China. The results show that the problems related to CBM exploration technology development and lack of a complete set of management policies are still the major issues slowing down the growth of domestic CBM industry. Development of resource exploration and technology, R&D and establishment of favorable government policy to support the industry and the creation of a relevant information platform, etc. are finally recommended.     

煤层气压裂技术研究

煤层气与常规天然气有较大差异,采用压裂施工可达到煤层气开发的理想效果。根据煤层气的特性,在施工中应注意压裂液、煤粉、压实性等因素所造成的伤害。     

刘家勘探区煤储层特征及煤层气开发条件研究

研究了刘家勘探区煤储层特征及煤层气开发条件，认为研究区煤储层的煤级，孔隙性和渗透性相对较低，但地质构造简单，煤层气资源丰度高，煤储层厚度，含气量，含气饱和度，甲烷浓度，临储压力比，临界解吸压力等都较高，压力梯度基本正常，可采性以及煤层气开发和利用前景条件较好。并已被煤层气井排采试验结果所初步证实，同时，中也就区内今后的煤层气开发工作提出了某些建议。     

Productivity of coalbed methane wells in southern of Qinshui Basin

Based on regional CBM geological characteristics and drainage data of three typical Coalbed Methane(CBM)wells in the southern Qinshui Basin,history matching,productivity prediction and factor analysis of gas production control are conducted by using COMET3 reservoir modeling software.The results show that in the next 20 years,the cumulative and average daily gas production of the QN01 well are expected to be 800×104 m3 and 1141.1 m3/d,for the QN02 well 878×104 m3 and 1202.7 m3/d and97.5×104 m3 and 133.55 m3/d for the QN03 well.Gas content and reservoir pressure are the key factors controlling gas production in the area; coal thickness,permeability and porosity are less important; the Langmuir volume,Langmuir pressure and adsorption time have relatively small effect.In the process of CBM recovery,the material source and driving force are the key features affecting gas productivity,while the permeation process is relatively important and the desorption process has some impact on gas recovery.