Scouring erosion resistance of metallic materials used in slurry pump service

Low impact angle erosion resistance is a critical requirement of materials used in pumps, piping, valves, nozzles, cyclones and other components which transport and process most mineral slurries.The Coriolis method offers a suitable technique for assessing behavior under such scouring attack conditions. It is being used increasingly in support of the mining/mineral processing industry, to compare and discriminate between candidate materials and also assist in the development of new products and protection systems. The specific method used in the current study involves high velocity erosion with aqueous slurry containing 10 wt.% of AFS 50-70 silica test sand. This compares reasonably with the main, extremely abrasive solids constituent encountered in mining and processing oil sands deposits in northern Alberta, Canada. These are becoming a rapidly growing and critically important source of oil in North America.Abrasion resistant chrome white iron castings typically covered by the ASTM A532 standard, are used widely in slurry pump components particularly in oil sand operations. However, the development of proprietary cast hypereutectic chromium white irons with microstructures containing primary M₇C₃-type carbides, is providing the capability to significantly improve the wear performance of such parts. In certain applications where corrosion contributes significantly to overall attack, lower carbon and higher chromium-bearing variants are employed.A comparison of the Coriolis erosion behavior of a wide range of commercially available cast wear and corrosion resistant and high toughness alloys used in pump manufacture, has confirmed anticipated performance ranking and the superiority of the latest generation of hypereutectic chrome white irons. The ameliorative influence on scouring erosion behavior of high carbon content, hardness and carbide volume fraction and particularly of fine carbide size has been demonstrated. A correlation is drawn between test data and service performance.     

疏浚管道金属材料冲蚀磨损性能*

疏浚工程中,输送管道内壁面受到泥砂浆的持续冲刷,导致管道冲蚀磨损严重。为选择输合理的输送管道材质,以提高疏浚管道的抗冲蚀性能,降低其维修和更换频率,采用冲蚀试验与理论分析的方法,以常见管材Q235为参照对象,对比5种可用于制作耐磨排泥管道的耐磨金属材料的冲蚀性能,包括Cr15铸铁、Cr26铸铁、Fedur®40合金、中锰钢、信铬钢。根据材料表面扫描电镜(SEM)图像,分析不同冲蚀角度下材料磨损类型。结果表明：冲蚀磨损过程中,各耐磨金属材料同时承受多种磨损作用,合金材料中起支撑作用的软质组分容易因切削、塑性疲劳断裂等因素而被剥离,而较硬的碳化物等组分则在松动后容易被颗粒撞击脱落;除Q235外,其余材料的磨损率均随着冲蚀角度的增加而增大;信铬钢、Fedur®40合金在中、小冲蚀角度下的耐磨性能表现优秀,若价格与加工性能合适,建议选作疏浚管道金属材料。     

Wear resistance of steels under wet-abrasive erosion conditions

The wear resistance of 22 different steels with various heat treatments in a silica sand slurry was studied. Two types of slurry were used, a fresh sharp grain slurry, and a worn dull grain slurry.In the sharp grain slurry the wear resistance increased with the hardness of the steel. In the dull grain slurry the wear resistance was divided into two major groups. For the steels containing little or no chromium the wear resistance decreased slightly with an increase in the hardness of the steel. For steels with a higher chromium content the wear resistance was three times that of the steels with a low chromium content. The latter behaviour was thought to be the result of the abrasives removing only the products of corrosion and not the steel substrate.The role of corrosion was confirmed by testing three steels in the two types of slurry test, with and without a corrosion inhibitor.Hadfield manganese steel has poor wear resistance in both the sharp and the dull grain slurry. It is actually slightly worse in the dull grain slurry.     

Influence of microstructure on erosion resistance of steels

Erosive wear due to solid particle impingement is a very intensive degradation process of surface layers of metallic materials. Erosion resistance is influenced by the working conditions (impact angle, impact velocity of solid particles, size, shape, hardness and amount of impinging particles) and the parameters of the worn material like hardness and microstructure. In our experiments some structural and tool steels were tested by slurry with SiO₂ particles at a flow velocity of 20 m/s. The microstructures of the tested steels were modified in a broad range by changing the conditions of their heat treatment. Increasing pearlite share in the structure of annealed carbon and low-alloyed steels has a positive effect on their erosion resistance. The growing carbon content in the tested hardened steels increases their erosion resistance. Maximum erosion resistance was found in hardened chromium ledeburite steel. Hardened high-speed steel HS 11-0-4 in spite of its high hardness has lower erosion resistance than ledeburitic chomium steels. An increasing amount of retained austenite and decreasing carbide and martensite shares with growing quenching temperature of the tested ledeburitic chromium steels leads to the reduction of their erosion resistance.     

Effect of structural features on erosion resistance of cast irons

Erosion resistance of four types of cast iron of different microstructures and graphite morphologies (viz., grey cast iron, compacted graphite iron, spheroidal graphite iron and austempered ductile iron) was evaluated in three different erosive media. Results indicate that austempered ductile iron has the highest erosion resistance in all three media, followed by spheroidal graphite iron, compacted graphite iron and grey cast iron, in that order. Graphite morphology has a significant effect on the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-water and iron oxide-oil slurry. However, the matrix microstructure determines the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-oil slurry. The parameter H/E (which is the ratio of the Brinell hardness number to Young's modulus of the material) has been found to be a good indicator of erosive wear in quartz-oil slurry.     

2Cr13不锈钢表面电火花强化及磨损和冲蚀行为研究

采用电火花表面沉积(ESD)技术,选用YG-8硬质合金和石墨两种电极,对2Cr13不锈钢进行表面强化处理。研究了强化层深度的影响因素,采用辉光放电谱仪(GDS)测试强化层元素分布,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析组织结构,用球盘磨损试验机评价耐磨性能,用喷砂型冲蚀装置评价冲蚀性能。结果表明:强化层与基体为冶金结合,其深度随电源电压增加而增大,Ar气保护能有效地降低强化层中N、O含量。石墨电极强化层存在大量的Fe3C、奥氏体和少量石墨;硬质合金电极强化层存在大量的W2C、Co6W6C和WC1-x。经YG-8和C电极强化后,2Cr13不锈钢表面的硬度大幅度提高,摩擦系数明显降低,粘着磨损得到有效的控制,耐磨性能得到显著的改善。在10°小冲蚀角条件下,强化层明显提高了基体的抗石英砂冲蚀性能,而90°垂直冲蚀时,强化层的抗冲蚀性能却不及基体,原因是强化层韧性不及基材。     

Mechanical properties and features of erosion of cermets

The erosive wear resistance of cermets with different composition, structure and properties has been investigated. It has been shown that cermets erosive wear resistance cannot be estimated only by hardness, characterised by resistance to penetration. The differences in wear resistance between cermet materials with equal hardness level can be attributed to differences in their resistance to fracture. The present paper discusses some features of the material removal process during the particle–wall collision. Solid particle erosion tests on eight materials have been performed using silicon carbide and silica abrasive particles within a range of erodent size of 0.1–0.3 mm, impact angles from 30 to 90° and particle velocity from 30 to 80 m s⁻¹. In order to clarify the details of the impact, the process of interaction of solid particles with cermet targets was studied using a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) measuring technique. Systematic studies of the influence of the impact variables on the collision process have been carried out.     

Abrasive erosive wear of powder steels and cermets

Composite materials produced by powder metallurgy provide solutions to many engineering applications that require materials with high abrasive wear resistance. The actual wear behaviour of a material is associated with many external factors (abrasive particle size, velocity and angularity) and intrinsic material properties of wear (hardness, toughness, Young modulus, etc.). Hardness and toughness properties of wear resistant materials are highly dependent on the content of the reinforcing phase, its size and on the mechanical properties of the constituent phase. This study is focused on the analysis of the (AEW) abrasive erosive wear (solid particle erosion) using different wear devices and abrasives. Powder materials (steels, cermets and hardmetals) were studied. Wear resistance of materials and wear mechanisms were studied and compared with those of commercial steels. Based on the results of wear studies, surface degradation mechanisms are proposed. The following parameters characterizing the materials were found necessary in materials creation and selection: hardness (preferably in scale comparable with impact), type of structure (preferably hardmetal type) and wear parameters characterizing material removal at plastic deformation.     

砂浆冲蚀磨损特性研究

用自制的砂浆冲磨损试验机在水－石英砂浆冲蚀条件下，对纯铝、27SiMn钢和高铬铸铁等金属材料的磨损行为进行了试验，研究了不同材料的砂浆冲蚀磨损率与冲蚀速度及冲蚀角度的关系，分析了砂浆冲蚀磨损的特性和机理，提出了一种砂浆冲蚀磨损的刺入机制。     

Particle erosion of cemented carbides with low Co content

Cemented carbides are well known for their high erosion resistance and are therefore used in many demanding applications involving erosion, such as grit blasting nozzles. A number of investigations on the erosive wear resistance of conventional cemented carbides have been published. The present paper is aimed at investigating the erosion resistance of a series of modern cemented carbides containing no or very small amounts of Co, so-called binderless carbides, and relating their performance to conventional sorts.

A series of binderless carbides with varying grain size (0.6, 2 and 5 μm) and binder content (0.25 and 1 wt.%) has been tested. The materials were eroded by SiC particles of three sizes (80, 200 and 600 μm) from four angles (90, 70, 50 and 30°) with a velocity of 70 m/s. Three conventional WC-Co grades of corresponding grain sizes were also tested, under identical test conditions.

The materials are ranked with respect to their erosion rate and scanning electron microscopy is used to analyse the worn surfaces. The influence of carbide grain size and binder amount on the wear behaviour is discussed.     

Development of a new type micro slurry‐jet erosion (MSE) tester for evaluation of wear properties of hard thin coatings

Versatile and reliable techniques for evaluation of hard thin coatings are necessary for the development and tribological assessment of new coatings. We have proposed a new type of micro slurry‐jet erosion (MSE) test, i.e. a solid particle impact erosion test for swift evaluation of wear properties of hard thin coatings. We are using a new type of MSE test apparatus (pot type tester) that makes it possible to obtain the wear loss per unit mass of erodent, which in this test was alumina particles with an average size of 1.2 µm. Its performance was evaluated by using a Si wafer plate under various test condition. In addition, the MSE tester was demonstrated by evaluating the wear resistance of TiN on high‐speed steel substrate. The new MSE test generates highly reproducible results and is very sensitive to the quality of the coatings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Some Views on the Mapping of Erosion of Coated Composites In Tidal Turbine Simulated Conditions

This article presents a study of the erosion resistance of coated and uncoated polymer matrix composites for tidal turbine conditions. It focuses on the development of comparative erosive wear mode and mechanism maps for such materials. In our earlier work, testing of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composites for tribological applications in marine simulated conditions, several erosion-related issues were highlighted. The combined effects of the NaCl solution and sand dramatically enhanced the erosive wear of the uncoated specimens. In order to address those issues, an erosion-resistant polymeric coating was applied to the composite and tested in marine simulated conditions with an extended range of sand particle size. The test results of the uncoated and coated composite have been compared in this research by erosive wear mode and mechanism maps techniques. These maps reveal that the coating has enhanced the erosion resistance. These findings provide significant progress toward materials selection approaches to manufacture of tidal turbine blades.     

冲击形式产生的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验研究

舰船等海洋运输装备在海水中行驶时,船体表面受到含沙海水的冲蚀磨损,舰船行驶速度变化引起的空蚀磨损,以及海水的腐蚀磨损,因此舰船表面材料的破坏形式是冲击式的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损。为了研究联合磨损的影响因素,研制冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验台,并实验研究沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度以及冲蚀速度对45钢试件的联合磨损影响规律。实验结果表明:冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损程度强于冲蚀和空蚀交互磨损或单纯腐蚀磨损,在较低的沙粒浓度和较低的含盐浓度条件下,金属材料联合磨损质量损失与沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度和冲蚀速度均成正比关系。磨损面形貌分析表明:随着沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度、冲蚀速度的增加,试件表面的冲蚀沟和空蚀孔的磨痕深度和面积增大,而在人造海水中,试件表面不仅存在冲蚀沟和空蚀孔,还产生了腐蚀坑。     

Slurry Erosion Wear Resistance and Impact-Induced Phase Transformation of Titanium Alloys

Erosion wear resistance and impact-induced phase transformation of titanium alloys TA2 (pure Ti), TC4 (Ti–6Al–4V) and TC11 (Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si) were investigated using a slurry jet tester. The slurry erosion wear resistance of TA2 is comparable to that of 304 stainless steel, especially at the impingement angle 90°. Although TC4 and TC11 have higher hardness, TA2 possesses the best erosion wear resistance except TC11 at 15°. With the increasing erosion time, the eroded surface hardness of TC11 at the impingement angle 90° increases and then decreases, while the volume loss rate drops in the first 15 min, then increases until 30 min, and then slightly decreases again. With XRD characterization and SEM observation, erosion-induced phase transformation from metastable β-phase to α-phase is proved on the surface of titanium alloy TC11. And the thickness of visible phase transformation layer is about 10 μm. Phase transformation influences the erosive wear mechanism of titanium alloys. At the impingement angle of 30°, the material removal of TC4 and TC11 can be described as micro-plowing and lip extruding, while plowing mark is not a typical surface morphology of TA2, indicating a better work-harden ability. So, stabilizing β-phase can be an effective way to improve the erosion wear resistance of titanium alloys.     

Design of a slurry erosion test rig

The design of a jet impingement slurry erosion test rig, built for laboratory use, is presented. This apparatus gives good control over many of the important test parameters, such as impact velocity, solid particle concentration and impact angle. An ejector nozzle is employed to entrain sand particles from a sand bed into a stream of water to form a slurry; after impingement, the abrasive particles and the water phase are separated and recycled. This makes the rig simple, economical and easy to operate and its pump and pipeline remain free from erosive wear. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the operation and performance of the rig.     

Some Coriolis slurry erosion test developments

The Coriolis test has developed into a useful way of evaluating the slurry erosion behaviour of materials. Wear mapping has revealed some sensitivity to test conditions so both the tester and test procedures continue to evolve. Experiments with very dilute model slurries comprising a ‘pinch’ of glass beads, or a single glass bead, gave information on bead contact depth and normal component of impingement velocities which confirmed previous theoretical predictions that erodent particles interact with the specimen in a series of low angle impacts. The superior discriminating ability of the Coriolis slurry erosion test is due to the lower interaction intensity of erodent particles with target surfaces compared to that in slurry jet testing.     

Erosive wear of selected metals in coal washing environments

A slurry erosive wear apparatus developed by the authors has been used to test the erosive wear behaviour of selected metals in coal washing environments. The erosive wear test machine was employed to determine the effects of (1) carbon content in carbon steels, (2) chromium content in alloy steels, and (3) corrosion of aqueous solutions on the erosive wear behaviour of metals. The test results revealed that the carbon content in annealed carbon steels slightly affects the erosive wear resistance of metals, while the increase in chromium content of alloy steels apparently improves the erosive wear resistance of metals and, when a corrosion inhibitor is added to slurries, the erosive wear rates of metals reduces significantly. Two types of micro-mechanism were deduced from the observation of eroded surfaces by SEM: (1) local exfoliation, and (2) micro-cutting. The corrosion inhibitor can alter the micro-mechanism from local exfoliation to micro-cutting. The analyses show that the erosive wear of selected metals in slurries results from the synergistic effects of wear by solid particles plus fluid corrosion.     

空间Z形管路液-固两相流冲蚀特性分析

空间Z形管路是油气开采过程典型的结构形式,在工程作业中受到高压高速液-固两相流的作用,容易导致管路系统产生冲蚀磨损失效。基于液-固两相流冲蚀磨损理论,选取合适的冲蚀磨损理论模型,讨论了流速、颗粒直径、质量流量、黏度以及重力等不同流体参数对管路系统弯头处的冲蚀磨损情况。结果表明:管路弯头处的冲蚀区域受内流场的影响存在明显差异,出口端弯头处的最大冲蚀率大于进口端弯管端。流速、颗粒直径、质量流量与整体管路最大冲蚀率呈正相关关系,黏度与整体管路最大冲蚀率呈负相关关系。分析了不同工况下空间Z形管路的冲蚀特性,获得了流体参数对管路冲蚀的影响规律,为工程实际复杂管路系统冲蚀磨损寿命预测提供技术参考。     

40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能研究

在自制的转盘式冲蚀磨损试验台上以45^#钢为对比材料,对40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能进行了试验研究,结果显示40Cr的冲蚀磨损规律与45^#钢基本相似,而耐冲蚀磨损性能比45^#钢稍强。在电子显微镜（SEM）下对40Cr和45^#钢冲蚀磨损表面形貌进行观察,分析表明：40Cr和45^#钢的冲蚀磨损机制都是硬质砂粒对材料表面的微切削作用。     

GCr15及G20CrNi2Mo轴承钢高温润滑条件下摩擦磨损性能

为了探究轴承钢在高温润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、洛氏硬度计等对GCr15高碳轴承钢和G20CrNi2Mo渗碳轴承钢组织、物相及硬度进行了表征,利用QG-700型气氛高温摩擦磨损试验机研究轴承钢材料不同条件下的高温润滑摩擦磨损性能,并分析其磨损机制.结果表明:2种轴承钢...