重载工况下车轮熔覆对轮轨磨损与损伤性能影响

利用CO2多模激光器在车轮试样表面获得Co基合金熔覆层,通过MMS-2A微机控制摩擦磨损试验机对比研究了不同轴重下轮轨试样的磨损性能与损伤机理。结果表明,车轮试样激光熔覆处理后熔覆层组织明显细化,表面硬度明显提高,约为基体的1.5倍。轮轨试样摩擦系数与磨损率随轴重增加而增大,车轮磨损率仅为钢轨的1/5~1/8;随时间增加,轮轨试样磨损量呈线性增长趋势;随轴重增加,轮轨试样表面损伤越严重,相同条件下,车轮试样损伤比钢轨轻微,轴重较小时,车轮熔覆层磨损主要为粘着磨损和氧化磨损,钢轨主要为疲劳磨损与氧化磨损。随轴重增加,轮轨试样主要为严重疲劳损伤,氧化磨损较为轻微。     

滑滚比对Cu/Cu对滚配副载流摩擦性能的影响

滑滚比是影响滚动接触的重要因素，本工作在不同滑滚比条件下研究了纯铜滚动载流摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：随着滑滚比的增加，平稳后对滚配副的载流摩擦系数增大，接触电阻先降低后趋于稳定，表面磨痕宽度增加。作为对比，同等滑滚比下无电流时对滚配副的摩擦系数变化规律不变但数值更低。随着滑滚比的增加，载流摩擦副表面疲劳程度加剧，次表层塑性变形更明显，表面氧化程度随着材料疲劳剥落而降低。有、无电流的对比结果显示，电流促进表面疲劳和次表层塑性变形，可能与电阻热导致的材料弱化有关。总之，滑滚能够提升导电能力但会引起疲劳损伤，电流的介入也加剧了同等滑滚比下的材料损伤。如何控制滑滚比是未来滚动导电旋转关节设计的关键难题。     

乳化液点接触润滑性能研究

利用光弹流试验台,从摩擦磨损的角度研究了不同滑滚比工况下不同浓度乳化液弹流润滑性能.实验结果表明:含水浓度低的乳化液(<=10％)与基础油产生的摩擦力基本相同,而高浓度乳化液产生的摩擦力明显增加.同时采用乳化液做润滑剂时,滑滚比工况下钢球表面会发生磨损,且磨损程度随着滑滚比和水浓度的增加而增大.     

轴重对轮轨材料滚动磨损与损伤行为影响

利用WR-1轮轨滚动磨损实验机研究不同轴重下轮轨材料滚动磨损与损伤性能。结果表明:轮轨试样磨损率均随轴重增加呈现线性增加趋势,且钢轨试样磨损率大于车轮试样磨损率。轮轨试样硬化率均随时间呈现先增加后趋于稳定的变化趋势,轮轨试样塑变层厚度和硬化率均随轴重增加而增大,且车轮试样硬化率大于钢轨。车轮试样和钢轨试样表面损伤形貌不同,车轮试样表面表现为垂直于滚动方向的疲劳裂纹,钢轨试样表面表现为裂纹和块状剥落,轮轨试样表面损伤均随轴重增加而更加严重;车轮试样表面裂纹疲劳断裂和钢轨试样表面块状剥落形成磨屑,成分主要为Fe2O3和马氏体,随轴重增加,磨屑尺寸呈现增大趋势,但成分与含量无明显变化。     

Cr4Mo4V轴承钢在不同温度下的摩擦磨损行为研究

为探究不同温度条件下Cr4Mo4V高温轴承钢的摩擦磨损行为,采用HT?1000高温摩擦磨损试验机进行干摩擦试验,利用3D轮廓扫描仪、二次电子像(SEI)、背散射电子像(BEI)对磨损表面进行组织表征。结果表明:Cr4Mo4V在高温(150,300,450℃)条件下的磨损性能显著优于室温条件下的磨损性能。在室温下,Cr4Mo4V材料的磨损形式主要为黏着磨损;在高温条件下,Cr4Mo4V磨损区域氧化程度随温度的升高而增加,使摩擦系数和磨损率明显降低。碳化物伴随剥落的氧化物脱落,并聚集在磨损表面加剧磨损,其磨损形式以氧化磨损为主,也伴随着少量磨粒磨损。     

镁合金AZ31的磨损性能研究

研究了滑动干摩擦条件下载荷和时间对镁合金AZ31磨损性能的影响.采用扫描电镜观察分析了磨损表面,讨论了不同载荷下的主要磨损形式.结果表明:合金的磨损质量损失在不同的载荷下均随磨损时间的增加而呈线性增加,载荷增加使磨损失重增加更显著.分析认为随载荷增加磨损形式经历了由氧化磨损,磨粒磨损到剥落磨损的变化过程.     

环境和法向载荷对(TiVCrAlMo)N高熵合金薄膜摩擦学性能的影响

本工作研究了(TiVCrAlMo)N高熵合金薄膜在干摩擦、16烷、去离子水及三种粘度润滑油(0W-20、10W-30及5W-40)下的摩擦学行为,并探究了不同载荷(1 N、2 N和3 N)对其摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明：1 N和2 N下,高熵合金薄膜在16烷和润滑油中的摩擦系数远低于在干摩擦和去离子水中的摩擦系数,但在3 N下,高熵合金薄膜在去离子水中的摩擦系数出现大幅下降。在油润滑下,高熵合金薄膜在低粘度润滑油(0W-20)中的磨损率随载荷的增加而增大,而在中粘度润滑油(10W-30)中的磨损率随载荷的增加而减小,但在高粘度润滑油(5W-40)中的磨损率与载荷之间无明显的线性关系。高熵合金薄膜在干摩擦中的磨损机制是磨粒磨损和分层磨损,但随载荷的增加还伴有氧化磨损;在16烷中的磨损机制是疲劳磨损和氧化磨损,但在1 N下仅为轻微磨粒磨损;在去离子水中的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。高熵合金薄膜在低粘度润滑油(0W-20)中1 N下的磨损机制是轻微磨粒磨损,但随载荷的增加转为疲劳磨损;相反的是,在中粘度润滑油(10W-30)中的磨损机制是疲劳磨损,但随载荷的增加转为轻微磨粒磨损;此外,高熵...     

不锈钢材料高温冲蚀磨损性能与机理

为弄清磨粒对工业设备常用材料304不锈钢的冲蚀磨损情况,采用自行设计的气流喷砂式高温磨损试验机,对其进行不同温度下的冲蚀磨损。分析了温度、冲蚀角度、磨粒粒径以及磨粒速度对其冲蚀磨损率的影响,并分析了其冲蚀磨损机理。结果表明:温度对冲蚀磨损率有显著影响,304不锈钢表面氧化膜在400℃时抑制了磨粒的冲蚀,高温下金属塑性升高降低了高角度下磨料的冲击破碎作用,但低角度下抗微切削能力下降;冲蚀磨损率随磨粒粒径的减小先增大后减小再增大,随磨粒速度增大而增大;磨粒对试样表面的低角度微切削和高角度冲击破碎作用是材料冲蚀磨损的主要机理,304不锈钢表面的冲蚀磨损主要来源于微切削作用。     

载荷对重型车辆发动机活塞环-缸套摩擦学性能的影响

利用SRV实验机模拟重型车辆发动机活塞环-缸套摩擦副的工作状态,测试了静载荷和动载荷条件下摩擦副的摩擦学性能。采用扫描电镜、能谱仪分析了磨痕形貌和化学成分,研究了摩擦副的磨损机制。结果表明:随静载荷的增加,摩擦副的摩擦因数减小,总失重量增加。摩擦副的磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主,在400N条件下活塞环的磨损机理为综合的磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。在低强度和中等强度动载荷条件下,摩擦副的摩擦因数随载荷的变化而呈循环变化,磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主。在高强度动载荷条件下,摩擦副的摩擦因数保持稳定,活塞环的磨损机理是综合的磨粒磨损、黏着磨损、疲劳磨损,缸套的磨损机理是综合的磨粒磨损、黏着磨损。摩擦副的总失重量随动载荷强度的增大而增加。     

铜基粉末冶金列车闸瓦材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

在MM-1000型摩擦试验机上测试了铜基粉末冶金列车闸瓦材料在不同制动条件下的摩擦磨损性能.试验证明:该材料具有较高的摩擦系数0.43～O.46,但超过一定制动速度时摩擦系数迅速下降,材料磨损量在制动速度为3000r/min时最小,低速和高速制动时磨损量相对较大;制动速度一定时,随制动压力增大,材料的摩擦系数减小,压力增大到一定值时摩擦系数趋于稳定,制动压力对材料磨损量的影响较小;该材料低速制动下的磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损,高速制动时主要为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...