Dynamic queue level control of TCP/RED systems in AQM routers

One main TCP congestion control objective is, by dynamically adjusting the source window size according to the router queue level, to stabilize the buffer queue length at a given target, thereby achieving predictable queueing delay, reducing packet loss and maximizing link utilization. One difficulty therein is the TCP acknowledging actions will experience a time delay from the router to the source in a TCP system. In this paper, a time-delay control theory is applied to analyze the mechanism of packet-dropping at router and the window-updating in TCP source in TCP congestion control for a TCP/RED dynamic model. We then derive explicit conditions under which the TCP/RED system is asymptotically stable in terms of the instantaneous queue. We discuss the convergence of the buffer queue lengths in the routers. Our results suggest that, if the network parameters satisfy certain conditions, the TCP/RED system is stable and its queue length can converge to any target. We illustrate the theoretical results using ns2 simulations and demonstrate that the network can achieve good performance and converge to the arbitrary target queues.     

高速TCP/AQM中的RED算法分析

通过建立适用于高速TCP和AQM反馈控制系统的流体流模型,分析高速TCP/AQM闭环系统的稳定性。采用频域稳定裕度,得到高速TCP/AQM中RED算法的稳定参数区域。基于MATLAB/SIMULINK的仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Stability analysis of some classes of TCP/AQM networks

The local stability analysis of some classes of non-linear time-delay systems, encountered as fluid flow models for Transmission Control Protocol/Active Queue Management (TCP/AQM) networks, is addressed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of the linearized models are obtained. Non-linear stability conditions are derived using a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional approach. An illustrative example completes the paper.     

改进的TCP/RED模型的稳定性分析

TCP自同步特性可提高网络稳定性,TCP/RED拥塞控制模型忽略了TCP自同步特性。针对该问题,提出包含TCP自同步特性更接近实际网络的改进TCP/RED拥塞控制模型。应用Nyquist稳定性判据给出当改进模型在复平面上属于某一不包含-1+j0点的下半平面时的稳定性条件,得到比TCP/RED模型更宽松的RED参数设置范围。NS2仿真验证了该稳定性条件的有效性。     

Design and analysis of an ONOFF variable structure controller for AQM routers supporting TCP flows

Active queue management （AQM） can maintain smaller queuing delay and higher throughput by purposefully dropping packets at intermediate nodes. Most of the existing AQM schemes follow the probability dropping mechanism originating from random early detection （RED）. This paper develops a novel packet dropping mechanism for AQM through designing an ONOFF controller applying the variable structure control theory. Because the binary ONOFF controller can considerably simplify the manipulation on the AQM router, it is helpful for implementing the high performance router. The design principles of ONOFF controller are discussed in detail. The guidelines towards parameter settings are presented. The performance is extensively evaluated and compared with other well-known controllers through simulations and theoretical analysis. The results demonstrate that the ONOFF controller is responsive and robust against external disturbances, and is insensitive to variances of the system parameters. Therefore, it is very suitable for the time- varying network system, and at the same time, it can also keep the instantaneous queue length at a desired level with rather small oscillations, which is conducive to achieving the technical objectives of AQM.     

基于新的图形化方法分析TCP/AQM系统的稳定性

为了正确地设置控制器参数, 针对主动队列管理(AQM)系统提出了一种图形化的稳定性分析方法. 将TCP/AQM系统的模型转化为带有时滞的二阶系统形式, 从而用特征伪多项式来刻画其闭环系统的稳定性. 在复平面上, 借助被控对象的逆奈奎斯特曲线和控制器的负频率特征直线, 给出了判定闭环系统稳定性的充要准则. 研究了使得AQM系统稳定的PID控制器的比例增益边界与网络参数之间的关系.通过Matlab和Network Simulator分别进行了仿真, 实验结果验证了该方法的有效性. 不同的PID控制器稳定区域对比, 进一步表明该方法的保守性较小. 该方法的优点在于计算复杂度较低, 而且在复平面上显示直观.     

TCPV egas／AQM系统稳定性分析与算法设计

本文建立支持TCP Vegas的AQM控制器设计的非线性时滞微分模型。通过对该模型线性化,可以得到以丢包率和瓶颈路由器队列长度为输入输出的TCP Vegas／AQM系统的小信号模型。我们采用劳斯判据,设计了满足闭环系统稳定性的PI型AQM控制器。仿真结果显示了所提方法的有效性。     

比例-积分TCP/AQM网络稳定性分析的参数空间方法

This work focuses on deriving the necessary and sufficient stability condition of transmission control protocol (TCP) network with a proportional-integral (PI) active queue management (AQM) scheme via a parameter space approach. First, a fluid-flow TCP's nonlinear model is converted into a linear time-delay system of neutral type. Second, the stability of the closed-loop system is characterized in terms of the network's and the controller's parameters. By simulation studies we investigate the boundary's relations of these two kinds of parameters in the parameter space and illustrate how PI controller's parameters affect the stability. Finally, different stability conditions are compared to show the less conservatism of our necessary- and sufficient-condition-based method, and simulation experiments by both Matlab and NS-2 are conducted to prove our claim.     

An H∞ approach to congestion control design for AQM routers supporting TCP flows in wireless access networks

In this paper, we aim at developing an H_∞ approach, from control-theoretic viewpoint, to the design of an active queue management (AQM) based congestion control algorithm for wireless networks supporting the Internet Protocol. We study networks in which the backbone is a traditional wired network supporting Internet TCP, while end user access is via wireless. First, a dynamic model for the congestion control problem of wireless networks is built up, which enables the application of modern control theory on time-delay systems to this problem. Second, an H_∞ design approach for general time-delay systems is presented. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to the congestion control algorithm design of wireless networks, yielding an effective and systematic way for the design problem. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the design procedure and the effectiveness of the proposed method. Our design method is described by linear matrix inequalities (LMI), which can be solved very efficiently by LMI toolbox in Matlab.     

Delay Dependent Antiwindup for AQM in TCP/IP Routers

A dynamic antiwindup compensator for input saturating linear systems with input and state delays is applied to active queue management of a congested TCP/IP router subjected to TCP and UDP flows. Its synthesis is based on the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional, the Finsler lemma, linear matrix ineqality conditions and minimization of the of the disturbance to the system output.     

Analysis and design of controllers for AQM routers supporting TCPflows

In active queue management (AQM), core routers signal transmission control protocol (TCP) sources with the objective of managing queue utilization and delay. It is essentially a feedback control problem. Based on a recently developed dynamic model of TCP congestion-avoidance mode, this paper does three things: 1) it relates key network parameters such as the number of TCP sessions, link capacity and round-trip time to the underlying feedback control problem; 2) it analyzes the present de facto AQM standard: random early detection (RED) and determines that REDs queue-averaging is not beneficial; and 3) it recommends alternative AQM schemes which amount to classical proportional and proportional-integral control. We illustrate our results using ns simulations and demonstrate the practical impact of proportional-integral control on managing queue utilization and delay     

一种新的TCP/AQM模型的高带宽拥塞控制算法

TCPs/AQMs算法在多种环境下的组合研究已十分广泛,但主要采用TCP Reno与各种AQMs算法在低带宽下的组合。利用显示反馈的思想,提出一种以H-TCP/BLUE为基础模型的高带宽拥塞控制算法,称为H-TCP*/BLUE*。仿真结果表明,新的组合算法比基础算法提高了带宽利用率、RTT公平性和友好性。     

TCP/AQM系统大时间尺度模型

网络传输连接的往返时延(round-trip times,RTT)大小各不相同,因此TCP/AQM系统本质为一多时滞回路耦合系统.由于RTT分布范围远大于控制量调节周期,这给准确评估控制效果带来很大困难.已有基于控制理论的主动队列管理(active queue management,AQM)算法多以流体流模型为基础进行设计,没有充分考虑RTT和采样周期对系统性能的影响.对于TCP/AQM系统,合理的评价方法是对调节过程进行评价,而非仅评价单个采样周期内的控制量是否合适.本文结合数据驱动控制思想和系统自身特征,统一从路由视角对TCP与AQM之间的交互进行抽象,通过时间扩展从更大的时间尺度去评价控制量调节过程,然后基于此模型设计自适应AQM算法–—大时间尺度AQM算法(large time scale AQM,LTSAQM).仿真结果表明,该算法收敛速度快,排队时延抖动小,特别是在长时滞网络环境下,性能明显改善.     

CDM-based design and performance evaluation of a robust AQM method for dynamic TCP/AQM networks

A new robust AQM strategy for dynamically varying TCP/AQM networks is proposed and its performance is investigated through computer simulations in MATLAB and ns-2 environments. The developed AQM is designed based on coefficient diagram method (CDM), which is a new indirect pole placement method that considers the speed, stability and robustness of the closed loop system in terms of time domain specifications. Simulation results indicate that the new method (CDM-AQM) performs very well for network variations both in topology and traffic. Besides, a new adaptive controller based on CDM as an AQM method is introduced. In the developed adaptive AQM (ACDM), the output feedback pole placement is implemented in an indirect model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme, in which the closed loop characteristic polynomial is determined by CDM and the system parameters are estimated using a modified recursive gradient method. This method preserves the existing features of CDM controller in the control of networks with unknown or time-varying parameters. Simulation results illustrate high capability of the controller in coping with the network variations.     

Adaptive finite-time congestion controller design of TCP/AQM systems based on neural network and funnel control

This work investigates an adaptive finite-time congestion control problem of transmission control protocol/active queue management. By means of the funnel control, neural networks and sliding mode control, a new AQM algorithm is proposed to ensure that the tracking error \(e_{1}\left( t\right) \) converges to the prescribed boundary in finite time and the transient and steady-state performances of \(e_{1}\left( t\right) \) can be satisfied. The stability analysis is given to prove that all the signals of the closed-loop system are finite-time bounded. Finally, a comparison example is considered to demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the presented scheme.

     

Computing non-fragile PI controllers for delay models of TCP/AQM networks

This article focuses on the stabilisation problem of fluid-flow delay models of transmission control protocol/active queue management (TCP/AQM) networks by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller as AQM strategy. More precisely, the complete set of PI controllers that exponentially stabilises the corresponding linear time-delay system is derived. Using the particular geometric properties of this set of the controller parameters, the issues of robustness to uncertainty in the network parameters and to perturbation in the controller coefficients are addressed. Then, a methodology to compute a non-fragile PI AQM controller is provided. Finally, exponential estimates for the closed-loop system solutions, allowing to evaluate the performance of the corresponding PI-controlled closed-loop system, are proposed by using a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional approach. An illustrative example completes the presentation.     

Stability and TCP-friendliness of AIMD/RED systems with feedback delays

In this paper, we systematically study the stability of a class of generalized Additive Increase and Multiplicative Decrease/Random Early Detection (AIMD/RED) system. Sufficient conditions are obtained for asymptotic stability of both homogeneous-flow system and heterogeneous-flow system with or without feedback delay by using indirect Lyapunov and Lyapunov–Razumikhin method. Our study reveals the relationship between the AIMD parameters and the average window size of competing AIMD flows. Consequently, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-friendly condition is derived. Numerical results with Matlab and simulation results with NS-2 are given to validate the theorems and analytical results. The analysis and the stability conditions derived can be used as a guideline to set up the AIMD/RED system parameters in order to maintain network stability and integrity, and to enhance system performance.     

Adaptive generalized minimum variance congestion controller for dynamic TCP/AQM networks

Generic generalized minimum variance-based (GMV) controllers have been adopted as efficient control mechanisms especially in presence of measurement noise. However, such controllers exhibit degraded performance with change in process dynamics. To overcome this problem, a novel congestion controller based on active queue management (AQM) strategy for dynamically varying TCP/AQM networks known as adaptive generalized minimum variance (AGMV) is proposed. AGMV is the combination of the real-time parameter estimation and GMV. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with its adaptive minimum variance (AMV) counterpart under two distinct scenarios: TCP network with unknown parameters and TCP network with time varying parameters. Simulation results indicate that, in either case, AGMV is able to keep the queue length around the desired point. In addition, the superior performance of the proposed controller has been shown with regard to the PI controller, which is well-known in the AQM domain.     

Congestion tracking control for wireless TCP/AQM network via immersion and invariance

This paper deals with an immersion and invariance (I&I) control design for wireless Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) network to solve Active Queue Management (AQM) problems. With the help of this strategy, the developed control law can be used to cope with congestion tracking problems for a nonlinear wireless network model. Besides, the nonlinear congestion control law is proposed to assure that the queue length is able to track the desired queue length despite having sudden changes. The developed control design is validated in the MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the developed control is verified through a simulation and compared with integral backstepping design, backstepping design, sliding mode design, and synergetic control design. The simulation results demonstrated that the presented strategy is not only able to solve the desired congestion tracking control problem but also provide improved transient performances.