TECTONIC CONTROLS ON THE EVOLUTION OF POROSITY IN THE CRETACEOUS MARDIN GROUP CARBONATES, ADIYAMAN OILFIELDS, SE TURKEY

The mid-Cretaceous Mardin Group carbonates constitute the principal reservoir in a number of oilfields near the city of Adiyaman in SE Turkey (the Adiyaman, G. Adiyaman, Cemberlitas, Cukurtas, Bolukyayla and Karakus oilfields). Porosity development in these carbonates was controlled by two phases of brittle deformation. The first of these accompanied the emplacement of the allochthonous Koçali-Karadut Complex in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), which principally influenced the development of porosity in the northern oilfields. Subsequently, movement during the Mio-Pliocene on the transcurrent Adiyaman fault affected porosity development in the south.
The topmost unit of the Mardin Group, the Karababa Formation, consists of argillaceous carbonates, whose permeability and porosity were increased as a result of abundant tectonically-induced microfractures and stylolites. The underlying Derdere Formation includes porous limestones and dolomites, which are the principal reservoir units in the Adiyaman fields.
Porosity versus depth and geothermal gradient versus depth curves indicate that porosity trends are controlled principally by the transcurrent Adiyaman fault and its antithetics. The Koçali-Karadut thrusts have had less influence on the evolution of porosity in the Mardin Group carbonates in the study area.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIC MATTER,SULPHUR AND PHOSPHATE CONTENTS IN UPPER CRETACEOUS MARINE CARBONATES (KARABOGAZ FORMATION,SE TURKEY): IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY OIL GENERATION

In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the organic matter, sulphur and phosphate contents of Upper Cretaceous marine carbonates (Karabogaz Formation) in the Adiyaman Petroleum Province of SE Turkey. The results of organic geochemical analyses of core samples obtained from the Karabogaz Formation suggest that phosphate deposition occurred in settings where the water column was oxic to sub-oxic. However, the preservation of organic matter was favoured in anoxic environments. Moreover, the presence of sulphur (especially sulphur incorporated into kerogen) in organic matter-rich layers led to early oil generation. The results of stepwise py-gc analyses are consistent with a model in which, with increasing maturity, S-S and C-S bonds are the first to be eliminated from the macromolecular kerogen structure. Study of the maturity evolution of S-rich kerogen by laboratory pyrolysis implies that marginally mature and/or mature kerogen in the Karabogaz Formation, which may be classified as classic “Type II” kerogen, was most probably Type II/S at lower maturity stages. This enabled oil generation to occur at relatively shallow burial depths and relatively early stages of maturation. It is reasonable to conclude that Type II/S kerogen, overlooked in previous studies, was abundant in TOC-rich intervals in the Karabogaz Formation. Early generation (and expulsion) from Type II/S kerogen may have sourced the sulphur-rich oils in the Adiyaman area oilfields.     

HYDROCARBON GENERATION HABITAT OF TWO CRETACEOUS CARBONATE SOURCE ROCKS IN SE TURKEY

A detailed petroleum geochemical study has been carried out on two Cretaceous carbonate source rock units, the Karababa Formation A Member and the Karabogaz Formation, in the Adiyaman area of SE Turkey. The purpose was to compare the hydrocarbon generation habitat of these two units which appear to be almost identical in terms of their bulk source rock characteristics. Thus, the TOC contents of the Karababa Formation A Member and the Karabogaz Formation are 0.24–3.79% and 0.50–5.86%, respectively. Hydrogen Indices are generally greater than 300 mg HC/ g TOC and both units have similar maturity levels. However, the results of pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analyses showed that the organic matter in the Karababa Formation A Member is richer in sulphur compounds, and the presence of sulphur-rich kerogen resulted in the early generation of hydrocarbons from this unit. Both the dominant activation energy and the frequency factor turned out to be lower for the Karababa Formation A Member. Consequently, oil generation in the Karababa Formation A Member proceeds more rapidly for a given temperature history than it does in the Karabogaz Formation. Moreover, the results of multi-step Py-GC analyses indicated that the composition of hydrocarbons generated in these two carbonate source rocks will be different, particularly during the early stages of maturation. Early-generated oil from the Karababa Formation A Member has the composition of a mature oil, whereas oil from the Karabogaz Formation reaches the same composition at a higher maturity.     

Geostatistical Simulation Study of Porosity and Hydrocarbon Saturation Values in the Vicinity of Adiyaman, Turkey

The Cretaceous Mardin Group sequence in the Adiyaman region displays a “continental platform type” petroleum system. The main lithologies within the sequence are shales, mudstones, and carbonates. Most dolomitic and bioclastic wackestones of the Karababa-C member and dolomites of the Derdere Formation have hydrocarbon reservoir characteristics, whereas shales and some carbonates of the Derdere and Karababa-A member have mature hydrocarbon source-rock properties. To determine the porosity and hydrocarbon saturation value vs. depth and areal extends, geostatistical simulation for the three dimensional evaluation of the study area were constructed and the variogram functions were calculated and then three dimensional variograms which were obtained from the porosity and hydrocarbon saturation values were modelled spherically. According to the simulation results, the porosity values in the Karababa-C member decrease with increasing depth. The amount of hydrocarbon saturation tends to decrease with increasing depth, as well and the decrease ratio is 7.2%. The suitability of the model parameters were validated with back-kriging technique.     

Geostatistical Simulation Study of Porosity and Hydrocarbon Saturation Values in the Vicinity of Adiyaman,Turkey

Abstract

The Cretaceous Mardin Group sequence in the Adiyaman region displays a “continental platform type” petroleum system. The main lithologies within the sequence are shales, mudstones, and carbonates. Most dolomitic and bioclastic wackestones of the Karababa-C member and dolomites of the Derdere Formation have hydrocarbon reservoir characteristics, whereas shales and some carbonates of the Derdere and Karababa-A member have mature hydrocarbon source-rock properties. To determine the porosity and hydrocarbon saturation value vs. depth and areal extends, geostatistical simulation for the three dimensional evaluation of the study area were constructed and the variogram functions were calculated and then three dimensional variograms which were obtained from the porosity and hydrocarbon saturation values were modelled spherically. According to the simulation results, the porosity values in the Karababa-C member decrease with increasing depth. The amount of hydrocarbon saturation tends to decrease with increasing depth, as well and the decrease ratio is 7.2%. The suitability of the model parameters were validated with back-kriging technique.     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE NOGAL BASIN AND SURROUNDING AREA,NORTHERN SOMALIA,PART 2: HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL

Seismic reflection profiles and well data show that the Nogal Basin, northern Somalia, has a structure and stratigraphy suitable for the generation and trapping of hydrocarbons. However, the data suggest that the Upper Jurassic Bihendula Group, which is the main source rock elsewhere in northern Somalia, is largely absent from the basin or is present only in the western part. The high geothermal gradient (～35–49 °C/km) and rapid increase of vitrinite reflectance with depth in the Upper Cretaceous succession indicate that the Gumburo Formation shales may locally have reached oil window maturity close to plutonic bodies. The Gumburo and Jesomma Formations include high quality reservoir sandstones and are sealed by transgressive mudstones and carbonates. ID petroleum systems modelling was performed at wells Nogal‐1 and Kalis‐1, with 2D modelling along seismic lines CS‐155 and CS‐229 which pass through the wells. Two source rock models (Bihendula and lower Gumburo) were considered at the Nogal‐1 well because the well did not penetrate the sequences below the Gumburo Formation. The two models generated significant hydrocarbon accumulations in tilted fault blocks within the Adigrat and Gumburo Formations. However, the model along the Kalis‐1 well generated only negligible volumes of hydrocarbons, implying that the hydrocarbon potential is higher in the western part of the Nogal Basin than in the east. Potential traps in the basin are rotated fault blocks and roll‐over anticlines which were mainly developed during Oligocene–Miocene rifting. The main exploration risks in the basin are the lack of the Upper Jurassic source and reservoirs rocks, and the uncertain maturity of the Upper Cretaceous Gumburo and Jesomma shales. In addition, Oligocene‐Miocene rift‐related deformation has resulted in trap breaching and the reactivation of Late Cretaceous faults.     

准噶尔盆地南缘若干不整合界面的厘定

通过对准噶尔盆地南缘及邻区18条野外地质剖面岩层岩性及产状的分析,识别出下石炭统齐尔古斯套群与上石炭统柳树沟组之间、中二叠统红雁池组与上二叠统泉子街组之间、下三叠统上仓房沟群与中上三叠统小泉沟群之间、中上三叠统小泉沟群与中下侏罗统水西沟群之间、中下侏罗统水西沟群与中侏罗统头屯河组之间、上侏罗统喀拉扎组与下白垩统之间、上白垩统东沟组与古新统紫泥泉子组之间、中新统塔西河组与上新统独山子组之间及上新统独山子组与第四系之间9个区域不整合界面,大多为角度不整合接触关系。测井曲线、地震剖面等地球物理证据及泥岩样品主微量元素、砂岩碎屑成分、碎屑岩微量元素、砂岩重矿物成分等地球化学证据证明了这9个不整合界面的存在,为准确合理划分研究区构造层序及构造阶段、确定研究区不同阶段成盆作用及改造作用提供了依据。图9参31     

CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS AT GIANT OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN SW IRAN AND THE ADJACENT OFFSHORE: A REVIEW OF STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE AND PORO‐PERM CHARACTERISTICS

SW Iran and the adjacent offshore are prolific petroleum‐producing areas with very large proven oil and gas reserves and the potential for significant new discoveries. Most of the oil and gas so far discovered is present in carbonate reservoir rocks in the Dehram, Khami and Bangestan Groups and the Asmari Formation, with smaller volumes in the Dashtak, Neyriz, Najmeh, Gurpi, Pabdeh, Jahrum, Shahbazan, Razak and Mishan (Guri Member) Formations. The Permo‐Triassic Dehram Group carbonates produce non‐associated gas and condensate in Fars Province and the nearby offshore. The Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Khami Group carbonates are an important producing reservoir at a number of offshore fields and in the southern Dezful Embayment, and are prospective for future exploration. Much of Iran's crude oil is produced from the Oligo‐Miocene Asmari Formation and the mid‐Cretaceous Sarvak Formation of the Bangestan Group in the Dezful Embayment. This review paper is based on data from 115 reservoir units at 60 oil‐ and gasfields in SW Iran and the adjacent offshore. It demonstrates that the main carbonate reservoir units vary from one‐another significantly, depending on the particular sedimentary and diagenetic history. Ooidal‐grainstones and rudist‐ and Lithocodium‐bearing carbonate facies form the most important reservoir facies, and producing units are commonly dolomitised, karstified and fractured. In general, reservoir rocks in the study area can be classified into six major types: grainstones; reefal carbonates; karstified, dolomitised and fractured carbonates; and sandstones. The stratigraphic distribution of these reservoir rocks was principally controlled by the palaeoclimatic conditions existing at the time of deposition. A comparative reservoir analysis based on core data shows that dolomitised and/or fractured, grain‐dominated carbonates in the Dehram Group, Lower Khami Group and Asmari Formation typically have better reservoir qualities than the Cretaceous limestones in the Upper Khami and Bangestan Groups.     

BURIAL,TEMPERATURE AND MATURATION HISTORY OF THE AUSTRAL AND WESTERN MALVINAS BASINS,SOUTHERN ARGENTINA,BASED ON 3D BASIN MODELLING

This paper presents a numerical petroleum systems model for the Jurassic‐Tertiary Austral (Magallanes) Basin, southern Argentina, incorporating the western part of the nearby Malvinas Basin. The modelling is based on a recently published seismo‐stratigraphic interpretation and resulting depth and thickness maps. Measured vitrinite reflectance data from 25 wells in the Austral and Malvinas Basins were used for thermal model calibration; eight calibration data sets are presented for the Austral Basin and four for the Malvinas Basin. Burial history reconstruction allowed eroded thicknesses to be estimated and palaeo heat‐flow values to be determined. Six modelled burial, temperature and maturation histories are shown for well locations in the onshore Austral Basin and the western Malvinas Basin. These modelled histories, combined with kinetic data measured for a sample from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, were used to model hydrocarbon generation in the study area. Maps of thermal maturity and transformation ratio for the three main source rocks (the Springhill, Inoceramus and Lower Margas Verdes Formations) were compiled. The modelling results suggest that deepest burial occurred during the Miocene followed by a phase of uplift and erosion. However, an Eocene phase of deep burial leading to maximum temperatures cannot be excluded based on vitrinite reflectance and numerical modelling results. Relatively little post‐Miocene uplift and erosion (approx. 50–100 m) occurred in the Malvinas Basin. Based on the burial‐ and thermal histories, initial hydrocarbon generation is interpreted to have taken place in the Early Cretaceous in the Austral Basin and to have continued until the Miocene. A similar pattern is predicted for the western Malvinas Basin, with an early phase of hydrocarbon generation during the Late Cretaceous and a later phase during the Miocene. However, source rock maturity (as well as the transformation ratio) remained low in the Malvinas Basin, only just reaching the oil window. Higher maturities are modelled for the deeper parts of the Austral Basin, where greater subsidence and deeper burial occurred.     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN THE WEST DIKIRNIS AND EL‐TAMAD FIELDS,ONSHORE NILE DELTA,EGYPT: INTERPRETATION OF POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS

Crude oil in the West Dikirnis field in the northern onshore Nile Delta, Egypt, occurs in the poorly‐sorted Miocene sandstones of the Qawasim Formation. The geochemical composition and source of this oil is investigated in this paper. The reservoir sandstones are overlain by mudstones in the upper part of the Qawasim Formation and in the overlying Pliocene Kafr El‐Sheikh Formation. However TOC and Rock‐Eval analyses of these mudstones indicate that they have little potential to generate hydrocarbons, and mudstone extracts show little similarity in terms of biomarker compositions to the reservoired oils. The oils at West Dikirnis are interpreted to have been derived from an Upper Cretaceous – Lower Tertiary terrigenous, clay‐rich source rock, and to have migrated up along steeply‐dipping faults to the Qawasim sandstones reservoir. This interpretation is supported by the high C₂₉/C₂₇ sterane, diasterane/sterane, hopane/sterane and oleanane/C₃₀ hopane ratios in the oils. Biomarker‐based maturity indicators (Ts/Tm, moretanes/hopanes and C₃₂ homohopanes S/S+R) suggest that oil expulsion occurred before the source rock reached peak maturity. Previous studies have shown that the Upper Cretaceous – Lower Tertiary source rock is widely distributed throughout the on‐ and offshore Nile Delta. A wet gas sample from the Messinian sandstones at El‐Tamad field, located near to West Dikirnis, was analysed to determine its molecular and isotopic composition. The presence of isotopically heavy δ¹³ methane, ethane and propane indicates a thermogenic origin for the gas which was cracked directly from a humic kerogen. A preliminary burial and thermal history model suggests that wet gas window maturities in the study area occur within the Jurassic succession, and the gas at El‐Tamad may therefore be derived from a source rock of Jurassic age.     

THE MESOZOIC SEQUENCE IN SOUTH-WEST IRAN AND ADJACENT AREAS

New outcrop and subsurface data from SW Iran have permitted a review of the stratigraphy of the area to the SW of the Zagros Crush Zone and a comparison with neighbouing areas. The Triassic sequence consists mainly of an evaporite and dolomite sequence in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf which is the extension of the evaporite basin of Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Towards the high Zagros in the northeast, the evaporites are replaced by dolomites. Two unconformities are found at the base and top of the Triassic. The Jurassic in Fars and eastern Khuzestan consists of an argillaceous interval representing early Liassic time, overlain by a thick development of neritic carbonates of early to late Jurassic age. An evaporite unit developed in the upper Jurassic is present in coastal/subcoastal areas of Fars and eastern Khuzestan and is the north-eastwards extension of Hith Anhydrite of Saudi Arabia. The end of the Jurassic was marked by uplift and erosion, giving rise to an unconformity over a large area. In western Khuzestan and Lurestan, the Lower Jurassic is a sequence of alternating evaporites and dolomites. The Middle Jurassic is represented by deeper water bituminous shales and argillaceous limestones of the Sargelu Formation, which is cut by a regional unconformity in this area. The Upper Jurassic is represented by the evaporites of the Gotnia Formation which is terminated by the possible Upper Jurassic unconformity. The Jurassic sequence of this area can be correlated well with that of eastern Iraq. In the high Zagros area to the south of the Crush Zone, the Jurassic consists of a thick development of shelf carbonates with no evaporites. The Cretaceous System in SW Iran is divided into Lower (Neocomian-Aptian), Middle (Albian-Turonian) and Upper (Coniacian-Maastrichtian). The Lower Cretaceous is mainly made up of two shelf carbonate unit separated by shales in Fars and eastern Khuzestan. Towards Lurestan, the carbonates pass into deeper water black shales and limestones with radiolaria. The top of the Lower Cretaceous is marked by a regional unconformity in Fars and the Persian Gulf area. The Middle Cretaceous began with a transgression forming the shales and limestones of the Kazhdumi Formation which was followed by a shallowing of the sea and the deposition of Cenomanian and Turonian shelf carbonates over the entire area of Fars and Khuzestan. The Lurestan basin retreated northwards and northwestwards and covered only central Lurestan during Albian- Turonian time, with the deposition of dark grey to black shales and pelagic limestones of the Garau and the Oligostegina bearing limestones of the Sarvak Formation. At least two pronounced regional unconformities have been recognized, between the Cenomanian and Turonian and between the Turonian and Coniacian. The Upper Cretaceous is represented by limestones at the base and a transgressive shale unit at the top, which is terminated by a regional unconformity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Isopach and lithofacies maps of various units and correlations of outcrop and subsurface sections indicate several important unconformities and facies changes in SW Iran during the course of the Mesozoic. The general stratigraphy of the region shows similarities to the Mesozoic sequence of Iraq and Saudi Arabia, with a gradual facies change from carbonates to sandstone towards Saudi Arabia. This change is most evident in the Upper Triassic and in the Barremian-Cenomanian. The Upper Cretaceous sequence of SW Iran changes from mainly argillaceous sediments of deeper marine environment into carbonates of shallow water origin towards Saudi Arabia. The correlation of the Mesozoic sequence of SW Iran with those to the northeast of the Zagros Crush Zone indicates a rather abrupt change from the Upper Triassic onwards.     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY,BURIAL HISTORY AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION MODELLING OF THE UPPER JURASSIC MADBI FORMATION,MASILA BASIN,YEMEN

The Masila Basin is an important hydrocarbon province in Yemen but the origin of its hydrocarbons is not fully understood. In this study, we evaluate Upper Jurassic source rocks in the Madbi Formation and assess the results of basin modelling in order to improve our understanding of burial history and hydrocarbon generation. This source rock has generated commercial volumes of hydrocarbons which migrated into Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoir rocks. Cuttings samples of shales from the Upper Jurassic Madbi Formation from boreholes in the centre-west of the Masila Basin were analysed using organic geochemistry (Rock-Eval pyrolysis, extract analysis) and organic petrology. The shales generally contain more than 2.0 wt % TOC and have very good to excellent hydrocarbon potential. Kerogen is predominantly algal Type II with minor Type I. Thermal maturity of the organic matter is R_r 0.69–0.91%. Thermal and burial history models indicate that the Madbi Formation source rock entered the early-mature to mature stage in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. Hydrocarbon generation began in the Late Cretaceous, reaching maximum rates during the Early Tertiary. Cretaceous subsidence had only a minor influence on source rock maturation and OM transformation.     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE BLUE NILE (ABAY) BASIN, ETHIOPIA

The Blue Nile Basin, a Late Palaeozoic ‐ Mesozoic NW‐SE trending rift basin in central Ethiopia, is filled by up to 3000 m of marine deposits (carbonates, evaporites, black shales and mudstones) and continental siliciclastics. Within this fill, perhaps the most significant source rock potential is associated with the Oxfordian‐Kimmeridgian Upper Hamanlei (Antalo) Limestone Formation which has a TOC of up to 7%. Pyrolysis data indicate that black shales and mudstones in this formation have HI and S₂ values up to 613 mgHC/gCorg and 37.4 gHC/kg, respectively. In the Dejen‐Gohatsion area in the centre of the basin, these black shales and mudstones are immature for the generation of oil due to insufficient burial. However, in the Were Ilu area in the NE of the basin, the formation is locally buried to depths of more than 1,500 m beneath Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and Tertiary volcanics. Production index, T_max, hydrogen index and vitrinite reflectance measurements for shale and mudstone samples from this areas indicate that they are mature for oil generation. Burial history reconstruction and Lopatin modelling indicate that hydrocarbons have been generated in this area from 10Ma to the present day. The presence of an oil seepage at Were Ilu points to the presence of an active petroleum system. Seepage oil samples were analysed using gas chromatography and results indicate that source rock OM was dominated by marine material with some land‐derived organic matter. The Pr/Ph ratio of the seepage oil is less than 1, suggesting a marine depositional environment. n‐alkanes are absent but steranes and triterpanes are present; pentacyclic triterpanes are more abundant than steranes. The black shales and mudstones of the Upper Hamanlei Limestone Formation are inferred to be the source of the seepage oil. Of other formations whose source rock potential was investigated, a sample of the Permian Karroo Group shale was found to be overmature for oil generation; whereas algal‐laminated gypsum samples from the Middle Hamanlei Limestone Formation were organic lean and had little source potential     

GEOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS FROM CENTRAL AND NE SYRIA

Eighteen crude oils and seven source rock samples from the Mesopotamian foredeep, NE Syria, and from the NE Palmyrides in the centre of the country have been characterized by geochemical techniques. The presence of two oil families ("A" and "B") generated by different source rock types of different ages has been established on the basis of biomarker and carbon isotopic analyses. The data indicates that Groups A and B oils were generated by marine clastic and marine carbonate-evaporitic source rocks, respectively. Group A oils, occurring in Middle Triassic, Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous reservoir rocks in the NE Palmyride area, are geochemically similar to extracts from the Lower Triassic Amanus Shale Formation. Group B oils, which are present in Middle Triassic, Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous reservoirs in the Mesopotamian foredeep, are geochemically similar to extracts of the Middle Triassic Kurra Chine Dolomite and Upper Cretaceous Shiranish Formations.     

MATURITY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING IN THE OFFSHORE ZAMBEZI DELTA DEPRESSION AND ANGOCHE BASIN,NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE

Petroleum systems analysis and maturity modelling is used to predict the timing and locations of hydrocarbon generation in the underexplored offshore Zambezi Delta depression and Angoche basin, northern Mozambique. Model inputs include available geological, geochemical and geophysical data. Based on recent plate‐tectonic reconstructions and regional correlations, the presence of Valanginian and Middle and/or Late Jurassic marine source rock is proposed in the study area. The stratigraphy of the Mozambique margin was interpreted along reflection seismic lines and tied to four wells in the Zambezi Delta depression. Thermal maturity was calibrated against measured vitrinite reflectance values from these four wells. Four 1‐D models with calibration data were constructed, together with another five without calibration data at pseudo‐well locations, and indicate the maturity of possible source rocks in the Zambezi Delta depressions and Angoche basin. Two 2‐D petroleum systems models, constrained by seismic reflection data, depict the burial history and maturity evolution of the Zambezi Delta basin. With the exception of the deeply‐buried centre of the Zambezi Delta depression where potential Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous source rocks were found to be overmature for both oil and gas, modelling showed that potential source rocks in the remaining parts of the study area are mature for hydrocarbon generation. In both the Zambezi Delta depression and Angoche basin, indications for natural gas may be explained by early maturation of oil‐prone source rocks and secondary oil cracking, which likely began in the Early Cretaceous. In distal parts of the Angoche basin, however, the proposed source rocks remain in the oil window.     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN ALBORZ REGION, NE IRAN

The Lower-Middle Jurassic Shemshak Formation is widely distributed in North, Central and East Iran. Being of great thickness and regional extent, the Formation is a significant source rock in the Eastern Alborz region and is considered as the most probable source for the Khangiran gas (NE Iran) as well as for the eastern Caspian oilfields in Russian Turkmenistan. A detailed geochemical analysis of outcrop samples from this Formation shows that it is an immature source rock, containing dominantly type III kerogen of terrestrial origin. Nevertheless, the depth of burial of the Shemshak Formation in the Dasht-e Gorgan and the southern Caspian depression suggests that it might have reached the level of thermal maturity required for the generation of hydrocarbons. It is concluded that although the hydrocarbon-generating potential of the sediments is relatively low, under favourable conditions this Formation is capable of generating enough crude oil and gas to supply a giant field.     

酒西盆地油气形成与勘探方向新认识(二)──烃源岩成烃演化与主力油源确认

酒西盆地各生油凹陷生油门限差异较大,下白垩统烃源岩的成熟度与上第三系和第四系沉积密切相关。可溶有机质转化率、镜质体反射率、热解、生物标志物特征等参数表明：青南凹陷中部的下白垩统烃源岩生油门限深度为４０００ｍ（相应的镜质体反射率为 ０ ６５％）,埋深 ４０００— ４４００ｍ为低成熟阶段,埋深 ４４００一５２００ｍ为成熟生油高峰阶段,因此中沟组烃源岩未成熟,下沟组上部烃源岩低成熟,下沟组下部和赤金堡组上部烃源岩处于成熟生油高峰阶段,赤金堡组下部烃源岩处于高成熟的凝析油－湿气阶段,目前尚无烃源岩达过成熟干气阶段。石北凹陷生油门限深度为３０００ｍ,只有凹陷内埋藏较深的赤金堡组烃源岩达到成熟生油阶段。烃源岩埋藏和演化历史分析揭示,下白垩统烃源岩在白垩纪末期埋藏均较浅,主要的生油期是晚第三纪以来,目前赤金堡组上部和下沟组下部烃源岩正处于生油高峰期,地质历史上只有一次生、排烃高峰。酒西盆地各油田原油十分相似,原油碳同位素和生物标志物特征等表明,下白垩统的水生有机质是形成石油的主要有机先质,赤金堡组是主要烃源岩,而下沟组是相对次要的烃源岩。图５（陈建平搞）     

松江盆地白垩系烃源岩地球化学特征及油源对比

松江盆地白垩系发育大砬子组和长财组两套烃源岩。通过对烃源岩及原油进行常规有机地化分析和生物标志化合物测试,研究了烃源岩和原油的地球化学特征并探讨油源关系。有机地化分析表明,其白垩系烃源岩有机质丰度高,Ⅱ₁-Ⅱ₂型有机质,低成熟-成熟。大砬子组烃源岩生烃潜力大,长财组次之。生物标志化合物分析表明,白垩系部分烃源岩和原油遭受了一定程度的生物降解作用。长财组烃源岩可分为3类,第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ类生烃母质以高等植物为主,为偏氧化的淡水和微咸水沉积,第Ⅲ类伽马蜡烷和β胡萝卜烷含量丰富,为咸水环境沉积。大砬子烃源岩为咸化的还原环境沉积,生烃母质为混合源。经油源对比表明,长财组下段原油来源于长财组第Ⅰ类烃源岩,长财组上段原油来源于第Ⅱ类烃源岩,而偏还原的大砬子组原油来源于大砬子组上段烃源岩。     

酒西盆地油气形成与勘探方向新认识（二）——烃源岩成烃演化与主力油源确认

酒西盆地各生油凹陷分隔性较强,烃源岩埋藏历史不尽相同,以往长期认为,下沟组是酒西盆地主力烃源岩,下白垩统烃源岩有身份个主要生油期（晚白垩世末,晚第三纪）,且生烃与排烃不同期,油气运移主要发生在晚第三纪,此外,还认为即使在同一凹陷很小的范围内,生烃门限度差别也很大,例如青西坳陷中部门限深度为３８００m,而边部仅２６００m,相差１２００m,石北凹陷中部为２２００m,边部仅１６００m,相差６００m,石北凹陷和青西坳陷则相差１０００－１６00m.     

East Venezuela盆地油气聚集与勘探潜力

East Venezuela盆地是一个大型的不对称前陆盆地,具有丰富油气资源。古生代以来,经历了晚三叠世—侏罗纪裂谷、白垩纪—始新世被动边缘和渐新世至今前陆盆地3个演化阶段。纵向上沉积地层可划分为前白垩系、白垩系和后白垩系3套巨层序。East Venezuela盆地最主要的烃源岩是Guayuta群和Tigre组海相泥页岩和碳酸盐岩。生油岩成熟度由北往南递减。北部烃源灶油气经断层、砂体长距离阶梯式向南部斜坡边缘运移。盆地最主要圈闭类型为背斜、断块、地层和岩性圈闭。Oficina组构造、构造—地层、地层圈闭组合和Naricual组构造圈闭组合是盆地内最主要的两套成藏组合。有潜力的勘探领域包括白垩系—下中新统被动边缘沉积层序、盆地中部前渊区、南部重油带和东部海域。