柔性染料敏化太阳能电池材料制备工艺参数的优化

采用水热法制备TiO2纳米浆,与P25粒子和TiO2散射大粒子混合制成级配浆料。将所得的浆料涂敷在铟掺杂氧化锡-聚苯二甲酸乙二醇酯导电聚合物基板上,并在120～150℃进行热处理制成光阳极薄膜。利用溅射法制备Pt对电极,将其组装成柔性的染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cell,DSC)。研究了对电极溅射时间、TiO2薄膜热处理温度、膜厚以及级配浆料中的酸添加量对电池光电性能的影响。结果表明:当对电极Pt溅射时间为30s,TiO2薄膜热处理温度为150℃,膜厚为10.5μm,浆料添加0.05mol/LHNO3时,柔性DSC的光电性能最好,光电转换效率可达4.05%。     

染料敏化太阳能电池碳对电极的制备及性能

用超声破碎法制备染料敏化太阳能电池的碳对电极：以炭黑纳米颗粒和石墨粉为原料,通过超声破碎制备均匀分散浆料,并将浆料丝网印刷在氟掺杂的氧化锡导电玻璃上得到碳对电极。与溅射法制备的铂对电极相比,超声破碎法制备的碳对电极具有更快的电荷传递速率;用碳对电极组装的电池在标准太阳光（AM1.5、100mW/cm2）下的光电转换效率...     

FTO@Cu_2S复合对电极的制备及性能研究

利用溶胶凝胶法合成10~20 nm的FTO颗粒,制备成FTO基底膜。运用离子交换法将Cu2S颗粒负载到FTO基底膜上,制备出FTO@Cu2S复合对电极。通过控制交换次数来调节Cu2S的负载量。封装电池光电性能测试结果表明,离子交换法制备的对电极可以有效降低电池的内部串阻,提高电池的填充因子,当交换次数为3时,电池的光电转换效率最高可达1.84%。     

负载Pt的透明TiO_2纳米管薄膜的非对称性光电性能

在FTO导电玻璃上采用磁控溅射法和阳极氧化法制备高度透明TiO_2纳米管(TNT)阵列薄膜,然后溅射沉积Pt纳米粒子,退火后获得半透明负载Pt的TiO_2纳米管阵列薄膜(TNT-Pt)。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱对薄膜的微观形貌和组成成分进行表征,证实了TNT-Pt薄膜中Pt纳米粒子的存在。测试结果表明,相对于纯TNT阵列薄膜,TNT-Pt薄膜的光吸收边缘明显发生红移,可见光照射下的光电转换效率提高到35倍。此外,鉴于薄膜的半透明性,TNT-Pt薄膜的正面和反面在可见光照射下均进行了光电流测试,薄膜表现出非对称性光电性能,即反面照射时的光电性能明显优于正面照射。     

TiO_2纳米管阵列膜的制备、机理与光电性能

采用两步阳极氧化法,在金属Ti箔片表面制备出了高度有序的Ti O_2纳米管阵列膜,分析了制备出的纳米管的表面形貌与晶向结构,并阐述了其生长机理;同时,将获得的Ti O_2纳米管阵列薄膜与染料、电解液、Pt/FTO对电极组装成染料敏化太阳能电池(dye sensitized solar cells,DSSCs),并探究其光电转化性能。实验表明,氧化时间为24 h条件下获得的纳米管组装成DSSCs的光电转换效率为4.9%。进一步的,通过采用Ti Cl_4溶液对纳米管进行表面修饰,组装DSSCs的光电性能提升至8.7%,更有利于实现DSSCs的工业化应用。     

量子点敏化太阳能电池FTO/CoS/CuS对电极的制备与性能

采用恒电位电沉积法在FTO(fluorine-doped tin oxide)导电玻璃表面依次沉积CoS和CuS,形成FTO/CoS/CuS复合对电极,并用于量子点敏化太阳能电池。确定了电沉积电位和电沉积时间,并考察了电沉积温度对电极形貌及电催化活性的影响。采用SEM和TEM对电极的表面形貌和微观结构进行表征;采用紫外可见分光光度计对电极的光反射性能进行测试;通过测试交流阻抗、Tafel极化曲线、J-V曲线及IPCE谱图对电极的电化学性能进行表征。结果表明,FTO/CoS/CuS对电极具有更高的光反射率及电催化活性。与Au片、FTO/CoS和FTO/CuS对电极相比,光电转化效率分别提高了118.3%、48.8%、26.8%。     

染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极制备及其应用

本文采用二氧化钛(P25),粘结剂及溶剂,研磨数小时得到均匀分散的纳米二氧化钛浆料,通过涂布法在FTO导电玻璃衬底上制备了光阳极,并用其组装成染料敏化太阳能电池。经过优化二氧化钛和粘结剂的比例,得到平整、致密、均匀的二氧化钛薄膜。对二氧化钛薄膜进行FTIR、SEM和光学显微镜表征,并对组装电池进行光电性能测试,研究了二氧化钛浆料不同制备条件对太阳能电池性能的影响。结果表明,二氧化钛粉末和粘结剂质量比为4∶3时,制备的二氧化钛浆料稳定性高;涂布厚度为20μm时,电池性能较好。组装的染料敏化太阳能电池在100mW/cm2模拟太阳光照下,光电转换效率达到2.51%。     

不同浓度TiCl_4浸渍的SnO_2光阳极对染料敏化太阳能电池性能的影响

采用溶剂热法制备出花状Sn O2晶体,然后在FTO导电玻璃上制得Sn O2薄膜。将Sn O2薄膜在不同浓度Ti Cl4溶液中浸渍1 h,并经450℃煅烧30 min得到Sn O2-Ti O2复合薄膜光阳极。经N3染料浸渍后,与Pt对电极,I–/I3–电解质组装成染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC),测试了DSSC的性能。结果表明:Ti Cl4浸泡有利于提高Sn O2-DSSC的光电性能,当Ti Cl4浓度为0.15 mol/L时,Sn O2-Ti O2-DSSC的短路电流(Jsc)和开路电压(Voc)分别达到11.30 m A/cm2和0.55 V,电池的光电转换效率达到3.24%,与纯花状Sn O2-DSSC相比提高了近4倍。分析了不同浓度的Ti Cl4对光阳极的电子输运和光电转换效率的影响机制。     

制备方法对量子点敏化太阳能电池CuS纳米晶对电极微观结构和性能的影响

采用溶剂热法和原位法制备了两种具有不同形貌CuS对电极,并应用于量子点敏化太阳能电池(QDSC)中。结果表明:在原位法制备的CuS对电极中,由尺寸在20 nm左右的CuS纳米颗粒团聚成较大的不规则颗粒;在水热法制备的CuS对电极中,其微观结构为纳米棒和纳米片组成的复合结构。与Pt对电极相比,两种CuS对电极的电学性能均优于Pt对电极:原位法制备的CuS对电极的光电转换效率最大,为1.840%,界面传荷电阻Rct为3.346Ω;溶剂热法制备的CuS对电极的光电转换效率为1.450%,界面传荷电阻Rct为2.609Ω,Pt对电极的光电转换效率为0.940%,传荷电阻Rct为11.680Ω。     

染料敏化太阳能电池碳/碳化铁复合对电极的可控合成及电化学性能

通过溶胶-凝胶法合成了碳/碳化铁(C/Fe_3C)纳米复合物,由于兼具碳高的电子转移效率和碳化铁高的催化活性,可以作为染料敏化太阳能电池的对电极材料。先确定出C/Fe_3C复合物的最佳合成条件,用盐酸对复合物处理后得到不同碳含量的C/Fe_3C复合对电极材料。观察了其微观形貌,研究了由其和TiO_2光阳极组装成的电池的光电性能和由两个相同的C/Fe_3C复合对电极组装成的对称电池的交流阻抗,分析了对电极中碳含量对电池光电性能和交流阻抗的影响。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。