基于微机械工艺的60 GHz波束扫描天线阵

提出了一种应用于高速率无线通信的基于微机械工艺的波束扫描天线阵.基于微机械工艺的空气填充的同轴线结构能提供低损耗的矩形微同轴传输线和馈电网络设计.设计的传输线仿真和测试插入损耗均小于0.18 dB.仿真和测试结果吻合良好.波束扫描天线阵的尺寸为17.5×14.5×0.42 mm3, -10 dB带宽为10 GHz(55~65 GHz), 其带宽覆盖60 GHz标准的全频段.波束扫描角度分别为±35°和±11°.在60 GHz中心频点, 增益分别为11.8 dBi和12.1 dBi.     

Integration of ultra-wideband slot antenna on LTCC substrate

An ultra-wideband slot antenna realised in low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology is reported. The antenna is developed for a single-package solution of ultra-wideband radio. The radiating element of the antenna has a shape of ellipse 11 mm wide and 17 mm long. It shares the ground plane with other radio circuitry and is fed through a microstrip line 41 mm long and 3 mm wide. The experimental result shows that the prototype antenna achieved a bandwidth of 7.6 GHz (return loss S11/spl les/-10 dB or VSWR 2:1 from 3 to 10.6 GHz). The antenna radiation patterns at 3.5, 6.85 and 10.1 GHz are also presented.     

Design considerations for 60 GHz CMOS radios

With the availability of 7 GHz of unlicensed spectrum around 60 GHz, there is a growing interest in using this resource for new consumer applications requiring very high-data-rate wireless transmission. Historically, the cost of the 60 GHz electronics, implemented in the compound semiconductor technology, has been prohibitively expensive. A fully integrated CMOS solution has the potential to drastically reduce costs enough to hit consumer price points. System, circuit, and device-level barriers to a low-cost 60 GHz CMOS implementation are described, potential solutions are explored, and remaining challenges are discussed.     

60 GHz band radial line slot array antenna fed by rectangularwaveguide

A single-layered radial line slot array (SL-RLSA) antenna etched on a substrate and fed by a rectangular waveguide is presented in the 60 GHz band. The design curves are obtained by an efficient electromagnetic coupling analysis using Ewald sum technique and Shanks' transformation. The antenna has rectangular waveguide feed structure using a rectangular waveguide-to-radial line transition. The prototype antenna of 10 cm diameter was tested and the gain of 30 dBi was measured at 60 GHz     

60 GHz SIW Steerable Antenna Array in LTCC

In this paper, we present a 60 GHz substrate-integrated waveguide fed-steerable low-temperature cofired ceramics array. The antenna is suitable for transmitting and receiving on the 60 GHz wireless personal area network frequency band. The wireless system can be used for HDTV, high-data-rate networking up to 4.5 GBit/s, security and surveillance, and similar applications.     

A 90-100 GHz double-folded slot antenna

A double-folded slot antenna (DFS) has been designed, fabricated, and tested at 90-100 GHz. The antenna shows a very wideband impedance around 20 Ω from 85 to 110 GHz. The low impedance is compatible with superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions, Schottky diodes or high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) amplifiers, which require a low impedance at millimeter wave frequencies. The antenna is placed on a dielectric lens to synthesize a semi-infinite substrate and realize high-directivity patterns. The measured radiation patterns agree very well with theoretical calculations and demonstrate symmetric main beams and sidelobe levels below -15 db over a 10% bandwidth. The double folded slot antenna is an attractive candidate for low-cost wideband millimeter-wave monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) front ends     

60 GHz triple folded reflector antenna

A planar reflectarray is used in a triple folded configuration to realise an antenna with low profile and ease of fabrication. At 60 GHz, design and results of two antennas with a diameter of 90 mm and a height of 12.5 mm only are presented     

Frequency notched wide slot antenna for UWB/2.4 GHz WLAN applications

A compact frequency notched microstrip slot antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) /2.4 GHz-band wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The antenna is similar to a conventional microstrip slot antenna; however, by introducing a cross wide slot and a meandered-slotted stub, both compact size and frequency notched function can be achieved. It has been studied both numerically and experi- mentally for its impedance bandwidth, surface current distribution, radiation patterns, and gain. As will be seen, an operation bandwidth of over 4.61 ranging from 2.39 to 11.25 GHz for return loss lower than having a frequency notched band ranging from 4.75 to 5.85 GHz has been achieved, and good radiation performance over the entire frequency range has also been achieved.     

Low-loss LTCC cavity filters using system-on-package technology at 60 GHz

In this paper, three-dimensional (3-D) integrated cavity resonators and filters consisting of via walls are demonstrated as a system-on-package compact solution for RF front-end modules at 60 GHz using low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology. Slot excitation with a /spl lambda/g/4 open stub has been applied and evaluated in terms of experimental performance and fabrication accuracy and simplicity. The strongly coupled cavity resonator provides an insertion loss <0.84 dB, a return loss >20.6 dB over the passband (/spl sim/0.89 GHz), and a 3-dB bandwidth of approximately 1.5% (/spl sim/0.89 GHz), as well as a simple fabrication of the feeding structure (since it does not require to drill vias to implement the feeding structure). The design has been utilized to develop a 3-D low-loss three-pole bandpass filter for 60-GHz wireless local area network narrow-band (/spl sim/1 GHz) applications. This is the first demonstration entirely authenticated by measurement data for 60-GHz 3-D LTCC cavity filters. This filter exhibits an insertion loss of 2.14 dB at the center frequency of 58.7 GHz, a rejection >16.4 dB over the passband, and a 3-dB bandwidth approximately 1.38% (/spl sim/0.9 GHz).     

60GHz single-chip CMOS digital radios and phased array solutions for gaming and connectivity

In this paper, we present four examples of highly integrated 60 GHz single-chip CMOS 90 nm digital radios and phased array solutions. These solutions include for the first time digital-to-analog/analog-to-digital conversion and embedded multi-gigabit mixed signal modem requiring no external processing. This convergence of 60 GHz CMOS digital radio, low power multi-gigabit mixed-signal processing and digital signal processing on a single chip offers the lowest energy per bit transmitted wirelessly at multi-gigabit rate to meet the very stringent low-power specifications for battery operated consumer electronic portable devices. Layout and temperature dependent 60 GHz CMOS 90 nm model development and critical high performance analog and mixed building blocks are presented as fundamental enablers for single chip integration. The designs have been optimized for robustness against process variation and temperature, and verified by measurement results.     

On-chip integrated antenna structures in CMOS for 60 GHz WPAN systems

This paper presents several on-chip antenna structures that may be fabricated with standard CMOS technology for use at millimeter wave frequencies. On-chip antennas for wireless personal area networks (WPANs) promise to reduce interconnection losses and greatly reduce wireless transceiver costs, while providing unprecedented flexibility for device manufacturers. This paper presents the current state of research in on-chip integrated antennas, highlights several pitfalls and challenges for on-chip design, modeling, and measurement, and proposes several antenna structures that derive from the microwave microstrip and amateur radio art. This paper also describes an experimental test apparatus for performing measurements on RFIC systems with on-chip antennas developed at The University of Texas at Austin.     

Active 60 GHz front-end with integrated dielectric antenna

The hybrid integration of a dielectric antenna together with an MMIC low-noise amplifier in a 60 GHz front-end is presented. It is demonstrated how a low-loss substrate integrated dielectric antenna can efficiently be interconnected at miniature scale with the coplanar waveguide input of the MMIC. The experimentally obtained return loss is better than 11 dB from 55 to 65 GHz. Transmission path loss measurements of a wireless link confirm the low-loss potential of this approach for millimetre-wave front-ends.     

Dual broadband design of rectangular slot antenna for 2.4 and 5 GHz wireless communication

A novel dual broadband rectangular slot antenna for 2.4 and 5 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) is proposed. With the use of a U-shaped strip inset at the centre of the rectangular slot antenna, the obtained impedance bandwidths for two operating bands can reach about 10.6% for the 2.4 GHz band and 33.8% for the 5 GHz band, which cover the required bandwidths of IEEE 802.11b/g (2.4-2.484 GHz) and IEEE 802.11a (5.150-5.950 GHz). Details of the antenna design and experimental results are presented and discussed.     

LTCC package for high temperature applications

There is a growing demand for sensors and electronics that can work in harsh environments and at high temperature. Applications include sensors and actuators for control in petroleum and geothermal industry, process monitoring and distributed control systems in the automotive and aerospace fields. Process development and packaging materials for electronic devices are closely connected to such packaging issues. In many cases the package is as important as the device itself in meeting the applications needs.Low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) and thick-film technologies have the potential to incorporate multilayer structures, enabling fabrication of specialized packaging systems. LTCC technology enables easy electrical or optical connections within and between layers in addition to enabling use of integrated passive components, heaters, sensors, converters etc.This paper presents attempts to develop a reliable packaging technology for silicon carbide (SiC) based hydrogen sensors operating at temperatures up to 300 °C. Some simulations of thermal properties were carried out and package structures were made and investigated. The package protects the sensor against mechanical damage and makes possible easy electrical connections. Moreover, the heater and temperature sensors allow for proper temperature regulation of the element. The manufacturing process, basic electrical parameters of the integrated heater as well as real temperature distribution are presented.     

A 60-GHz multilayer parasitic microstrip array antenna on LTCC substrate for system-on-package

This letter describes a compact and high-gain multilayer parasitic microstrip array antenna (MPMAA). The design and performance of the proposed array antenna are presented. The antenna employs three layers with a 2/spl times/2 parasitic array on each layer. The developed prototype MPMAA employs a multilayer low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate that is well suited to the assembly of MMIC chips. The fabricated MPMAA achieves a 7.17 dBi absolute gain at 60 GHz including the loss derived from the feeding parts and RF probe to measure its antenna performance. The spacing of the top layer of the parasitic array constructed by 2/spl times/2 elements has a free-space wavelength of 0.36 and the chip size is 10 mm/sup 2/. The fabricated MPMAA achieves both compact and high directional gain and satisfies the requirements for a millimeter-wave system-on-package (SOP).     

CPW-fed circular slot antenna with slit back-patch for 2.4/5 GHz dual-band operation

A circular slot antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed for dual-band operations. Dual frequency bands that cover the 2.4 GHz (2400-2484 MHz) and 5 GHz (5150-5825 MHz) bands were obtained by embedding a pair of slits in the circular back-patch that is printed on the backside of the substrate and concentric with the circular slot. This design resulted in broadside far-field patterns with low cross-polarisation levels in both frequency bands and a small antenna size of 40/spl times/40 mm with the ground plane regarded as part of the antenna structure.     

Two port frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radios

A two port frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radios is presented. It is composed of a disc monopole with two ports that excite at opposite sides; one port is very wideband and consists of a coplanar feed line and the other port is tunable narrowband and consists of a microstrip feed line with defect slots in its ground plane. The slots act as a filter that suppresses frequencies outside the desired band, its operating frequency band can be tuned by varying the length of the slots. The two ports are decoupled by at least 10 dB through the considered frequency range. It is believed that the proposed antenna can be a good candidate for cognitive radios in generic small base stations where the narrowband port is used for operation and the wideband one is used for sensing the spectrum. For accuracy, it is important that the sensing (measurement of the interference noise) is made with the same polarisation as the operation and the proposed antenna achieves this by having the two collinear ports. To examine the presented approach, simulated and measured results are presented and good agreement is reported.     

Integration of microstrip antenna on cavity-down ceramic ball grid array package

The integration of a microstrip antenna on a thin 17/spl times/17/spl times/2 mm cavity-down ceramic ball grid array package is reported. The antenna, intended for use in either single-chip or single-package wireless transceivers, has achieved an impedance bandwidth of 1.25% and gain of 4.6 dBi at 5.15 GHz.     

60 GHz multi-chip-module receiver with substrate integrated waveguide antenna and filter

A compact 60 GHz MCM receiver has been demonstrated by integrating millimetre-wave substrate-integrated waveguides and GaAs MMICs for the first time. The module includes a waveguide antenna and filter, MMIC LNA and mixer, and lumped elements for IF filtering embedded into the multilayer photo-imageable thick-film substrate. Cavities for MMIC attachment are photo-imaged as part of the standard process.     

A dual-polarized slot antenna for millimeter waves

We describe a new dual-polarized slot antenna to be used with quad-optical devices such as superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The radiation and impedance characteristics of the antenna were obtained from a moment-method calculation. The antenna has an excellent radiation pattern, a low impedance, wide bandwidth, and low cross polarization